Les caillots sanguins sont responsables de nombreuses pathologies, telles que les thromboses veineuses profondes (TVP), les embolies pulmonaires (EP) ou les accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC). La thromboembolie veineuse, regroupant les thromboses veineuses profondes et les embolies pulmonaires, ainsi que les accidents vasculaires cérébraux sont parmi les principales causes de décès. La formation d’un caillot sanguin survient suite à une lésion de la paroi endothéliale, d’un changement hémodynamique de l’écoulement sanguin ou de conditions d’hypercoagulation du sang. Lors de situations pathologiques, le caillot ne se dissout pas naturellement et des anticoagulants sont prescrits. Leur but est d’empêcher l’évolution du caillot et de prévenir des risques de récidives. Dans le cas d’un accident vasculaire cérébral ou de certaines embolies pulmonaires, de l'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène recombinant (rt-PA) peut être prescrit pour dissoudre directement le caillot. Ces traitements comportent des risques d’hémorragie interne, et une incertitude persiste encore sur leur durée d’administration. La caractérisation des caillots sanguins vise à mieux comprendre leur développement pour pouvoir adapter les traitements et potentiellement à confirmer leur effet. Un moyen de caractériser les tissus est d’utiliser des méthodes ultrasonores. L’élastographie, une de ces méthodes, permet de calculer la rigidité d’un tissu, caractérisé par son module d’Young. On appelle élastographie dynamique les méthodes d’élastographie basées sur la propagation d’ondes de cisaillement dans le tissu pour calculer son module d’Young (relié à la vitesse de l’onde). Plusieurs études ont montré que le module d’Young de caillots sanguins augmentait avec le temps et que des caillots plus vieux et plus denses étaient plus résistants à la dissolution. La dispersion de l’onde de cisaillement reliée à la contribution visqueuse du tissu est un paramètre nouvellement disponible sur certains échographes cliniques qui est peu étudié dans le cadre des caillots sanguins. L’atténuation de l’onde de cisaillement est également un paramètre acoustique, non explorée dans le cas des caillots sanguins. L’utilisation de l’atténuation de l’onde de cisaillement a montré des résultats encourageant en simulations et sur fantômes. Cependant, avec les méthodes actuelles, le calcul de l’atténuation d’onde de cisaillement suppose un milieu homogène ne favorisant pas la présence de résonances acoustiques, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour des caillots cylindriques dans des vaisseaux sanguins. L’enveloppe ultrasonore peut également être étudiée de manière statistique et les paramètres issus de ces statistiques reflètent la microstructure des tissus imagés. L’objectif général de cette thèse est de caractériser les caillots sanguins pendant leur évolution à l’aide des différents paramètres découlant des ultrasons. Cette caractérisation vise à permettre aux soignants d’adapter l’administration du traitement. Un autre objectif consiste à évaluer l’effet du traitement sur les différents paramètres ultrasonores afin d’attester son efficacité. Pour réaliser ces objectifs l’étude se sépare en trois parties. La première partie est une étude in vivo en partenariat avec le centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble qui vise à étudier le module d’Young et les paramètres d’ultrasons statistiques au cours du temps chez des patients présentant des thromboses veineuses profondes. Les patients étaient sous anticoagulants ; le module d’Young n’a pas montré de changement significatif entre les mesures aux jours 0, 7 et 30. Les paramètres statistiques (étudiés suivant la distribution statistique homodyne K) ont montré une augmentation de l’intensité des rétrodiffuseurs (probablement liée à une augmentation du nombre de brins de fibrine et/ou du nombre de globules rouges) et une désorganisation des rétrodiffuseurs. Une des conclusions est que les paramètres statistiques pourraient permettre d’améliorer la caractérisation de caillots sanguins même quand le module d’Young ne varie pas significativement. La deuxième partie se concentre sur l’analyse du phénomène de résonance acoustique présent lors du passage d’ondes de cisaillement dans le caillot. Le but était de trouver une région d’intérêt où le calcul de l’atténuation de l’onde de cisaillement présente le moins de variation associée à ce phénomène. Les paramètres liés à la résonance, le module d’Young, la dispersion et l’atténuation de l’onde de cisaillement ont pu être reportés dans des fantômes de différents diamètres ainsi que dans des caillots in vitro pendant leur coagulation. Une région d’intérêt minimisant la résonance lors du calcul de l’atténuation de l’onde de cisaillement a pu être trouvée. La troisième étude porte sur l’effet de traitement avec du rt-PA sur le module d’Young, la dispersion de l’onde de cisaillement, l’atténuation de l’onde de cisaillement et les paramètres d’ultrasons statistiques. Du sang de porc a été collecté et 3 caillots par échantillon ont été préparés, chacun subissant une condition différente de traitement (pas de traitement, traitement à 20 minutes après le début de la coagulation et traitement à 60 minutes après cette phase initiale). Les résultats montrent que le module d’Young diminue significativement avec l’ajout du traitement, la dispersion de l’onde de cisaillement augmente pour les caillots traités à 60 minutes comparés à ceux non traités, l’atténuation de l’onde de cisaillement augmente pour les caillots traités à 20 minutes comparés à ceux non traités et l’intensité des rétrodiffuseurs diminue significativement dans les deux conditions de traitement. Ces paramètres pourraient aider à confirmer l’effet du traitement et déceler si des patients y sont résistants ou non. Cette thèse a permis une meilleure compréhension des propriétés mécaniques et acoustiques des caillots sanguins au cours de la coagulation et en fonction de traitements. Tout ceci constitue autant de propriétés qui pourraient être utilisées afin d’adapter la dose et la durée d’un traitement afin de réduire les effets secondaires lors de la prise en charge des patients. / Blood clots are the cause of numerous pathologies, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE) and stroke. Venous thromboembolism, which includes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and stroke are among the leading causes of death. Blood clots form as a result of damage to the endothelial lining, hemodynamic changes in blood flow or hypercoagulable blood conditions. In pathological situations, the clot does not dissolve naturally, and anticoagulants are prescribed. Their purpose is to prevent the clot from progressing and to reduce the risk of recurrence. In the case of stroke or certain pulmonary embolisms, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) may be prescribed to dissolve the clot. While these treatments can be effective, they do pose a risk of causing internal bleeding, and there is currently uncertainty regarding the optimal duration for administering them. Blood clot characterization aims to better understand how blood clots develop, so as to be able to adapt treatments and potentially confirm their effect. One way of characterizing tissues is to use ultrasound methods. Elastography, one such method, calculates the stiffness of a tissue characterized by its Young's modulus. Elastography methods based on shear wave propagation in a tissue to calculate the Young's modulus (related to the wave velocity) are known as dynamic elastography approaches. Several studies have shown that the Young's modulus of blood clots increases with time, and that older and denser clots are more resistant to dissolution. Shear wave dispersion related to the viscous contribution of a tissue is a newly available parameter on some clinical ultrasound scanners. However, little is known in the context of blood clots. Shear wave attenuation is also an acoustic parameter related to tissue viscosity and it is unexplored in the case of blood clots. The use of shear wave attenuation has shown encouraging results in simulations and on phantoms. However, with current methods, the calculation of the shear wave attenuation assumes a resonance-free homogeneous medium, which is not the case for cylindrical clots in blood vessels. The ultrasound envelope can also be studied statistically, and the parameters derived from these statistics reflect the microstructure of the tissues imaged. The general aim of this thesis is to characterize blood clots as they evolve, using various parameters derived from ultrasound. This characterization is intended to enable caregivers to adapt treatment administration. Another objective is to evaluate the effect of treatment on the various ultrasound parameters, in order to attest its effectiveness. To achieve these objectives, the study is divided into three parts. The first part is an in vivo study in partnership with Grenoble University Hospital to investigate the Young's modulus and statistical ultrasound parameters over time in patients with deep vein thrombosis. The patients were on anticoagulants, and the Young's modulus showed no significant changes between measurements on days 0, 7 and 30. Statistical parameters (studied according to the homodyne K statistical distribution) showed an increase in the intensity of scatterers (probably linked to an increase in the number of fibrin strands and/or number of red blood cells) and a disorganization of scatterers. One conclusion is that statistical parameters might be used to improve the characterization of blood clots even when the Young's modulus does not vary significantly. The second part focuses on the analysis of the resonance phenomenon present when shear waves pass through the clot. The aim was to find a region of interest where the calculation of the shear wave attenuation shows the least possible variation due to this behavior. Parameters related to resonance, the Young's modulus, shear wave dispersion and shear wave attenuation were plotted in phantoms of different diameters and in in vitro blood clots during coagulation. A region of interest was found, which minimized resonances when calculating shear wave attenuation. The third study investigates the effect of in vitro treatments with rt-PA on the Young's modulus, shear wave dispersion, shear wave attenuation and statistical ultrasound parameters. Porcine blood was collected and 3 clots per sample were prepared, each undergoing a different treatment condition (no treatment, treatment at 20 minutes after the beginning of coagulation and treatment at 60 minutes after the onset of coagulation). The Young's modulus decreased significantly with treatment, the shear wave dispersion increased for clots treated at 60 minutes compared to those untreated, the shear wave attenuation increased for clots treated at 20 minutes compared to those untreated, and the backscatter intensity decreased significantly in both treatment conditions. These parameters might help confirm the effect of a treatment and detect whether or not patients are resistant to it. This thesis has led to a better understanding of the mechanical and acoustic properties of blood clots during coagulation and as a function of a treatment. These properties can be used to adapt the dose and duration of treatment to reduce side effects in the management of patients.

Underwater explosions pose a significant threat to waterborne infrastructure though destructive pressure waves that can travel significant distances through the water. However, the use of bubble screens can attenuate the peak pressure and energy flux created by explosions to safe levels. This study investigates the prediction of pressure wave characteristics based on accumulated data, the damage potential of underwater explosions based on applied loads and effective material strength, and the bubble screen parameters required to prevent damage. The results were compiled to form a procedure for the design and implementation of a bubble screen the protection of waterborne infrastructure.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / In support of the X-33 single-stage-to-orbit program, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center was selected to provide continuous range communications of the X-33 vehicle from launch at Edwards Air Force Base, California, through landing at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana, or at Michael Army Air Field, Utah. An extensive real-time range simulation capability is being developed to ensure successful communications with the autonomous X-33 vehicle. This paper provides an overview of the various levels of simulation, integration, and test being developed to support the X-33 extended range subsystems. These subsystems include the flight termination system, L-band command uplink subsystem, and S-band telemetry downlink subsystem.

This thesis aims to investigate the acoustic properties of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) at high ultrasound frequencies. In recent years, there has been increasing development in the use of high frequency ultrasound in the fields of preclinical, intravascular, ophthalmology and superficial tissue imaging. Although research studying the acoustic response of UCAs at low diagnostic ultrasonic frequencies has been well documented, quantitative information on the acoustical properties of UCAs at high ultrasonic frequencies is limited. In this thesis, acoustical characterisation of three UCAs was performed using a preclinical ultrasound scanner (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Canada). Initially the acoustical characterisation of five high frequency transducers was measured using a membrane hydrophone with an active element of 0.2 mm in diameter to quantify the transmitting frequencies, pressures and spatial beam profiles of each of the transducers. Using these transducers and development of appropriate software, high frequency acoustical characterisation (speed and attenuation) of an agar-based tissue mimicking material (TMM) was performed using a broadband substitution technique. The results from this study showed that the acoustical attenuation of TMM varied nonlinearly with frequency and the speed of sound was approximately constant 1548m·s-1 in the frequency range 12-47MHz. The acoustical properties of three commercially available lipid encapsulated UCAs including two clinical UCAs Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, USA) and SonoVue (Bracco, Italy) and one preclinical UCAs MicroMarker (untargeted) (VisualSonics, Canada) were studied using the software and techniques developed for TMM characterisation. Attenuation, contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) and subharmonic to fundamental ratio were measured at low acoustic pressures. The results showed that large off-resonance and resonant MBs predominantly contributed to the fundamental response and MBs which resonated at half of the driven frequency predominantly contributed to subharmonic response. The effect of needle gauge, temperature and injection rate on the size distribution and acoustic properties of Definity and SonoVue was measured and was found to have significant impacts. Acoustic characterisations of both TMM and UCAs in this thesis extend our understanding from low frequency to high frequency ultrasound and will enable the further development of ultrasound imaging techniques and UCAs design specifically for high frequency ultrasound applications.

To compare ultrasound-based acoustic structure quantification (ASQ) with established non-invasive techniques for grading and staging fatty liver disease.

The aim of nuclear structure studies is to observe and describe the structures and associated symmetries in nuclei, which in turn help us in understanding the nature of nucleon-nucleon interactions in a nucleus as a many-body quantum system. The protons and neutrons as constituents of a nucleus and their interactions are responsible for nuclear properties. The evolution of nuclear structure as a function of valence nucleon number, i.e., the number of nucleons beyond a magic number, can be inferred from the experimental level scheme and transition rates. In particular, the studies of low-lying, low-spin excited states in stable nuclei provide valuable information on the interplay of valence neutrons and protons in nuclear structure. The decay scheme and knowledge of transition strengths in the low-lying states become a benchmark for testing theoretical model predictions and understanding the underlying microscopic foundations of nuclear structure. Along with the experimental techniques, theoretical models have been developed to explain and describe the observed nuclear properties, e.g., shell model, Fermi-gas model, optical and liquid-drop models, and several “collective” models. 94/40Zr50 nucleus with 2 protons and 4 neutrons above the shell closures of the 88/38Sr50 core nucleus is considered as a nearly spherical nucleus. Such nuclei present a vibrational structure; surface vibration of the nucleus about a spherical shape. In addition to the symmetric excitations, in which proton and neutron oscillations are in phase, there are another class of excitations in which the wave function is not fully symmetric with respect to the exchange of protons and neutrons. These states are so called mixed-symmetry (MS) states. Such excitations have been observed in the N= 52 neighboring isotones. In this study, the low-lying structure of 94/40Zr has been studied with the (n, n'ƴ) reaction at the University of Kentucky and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratories (TUNL) facilities, to identify symmetric and MS excitations in this nucleus. A decay scheme has been established based on excitation function and coincidence measurements. Branching ratios, multipole mixing ratios, and spin assignments have been determined from angular distribution measurements at En= 2.3, 2.8, and 3.5 MeV. Lifetimes of levels up to 3.4 MeV were measured by the Doppler-shift attenuation method (DSAM), and for many transitions reduced transition probabilities were determined. The experimental results were used for the identification of collective symmetric and mixed-symmetric (MS) multiphonon excitations. The 2+/2 state at 1671.4 keV has been identified as the lowest MS state in 94Zr; B(M1; 2+/ms → 2+/1 ) = 0.31(3) μ2/N. This state has an anomalous decay behavior, i.e., B(E2; 2+/ ms → 0+/1 ) = 7.8(7) W.u., which is unusually large compared to the B(E2; 2+/1 → 0+/1 ) = 4.9(3) W.u. More anomalies were identified in the states above the 2+/ms state. For example, the 4+/2 state at 2330 keV decays strongly to the 2+/1 state, B(E2; 4+/2 → 2+/1 ) = 20+3/−2 W.u., compared to the 4+/1 state at 1469 keV, B(E2; 4+/1 → 2+/1 ) = 0.878(23) W.u. The experimental results revealed additional interesting and unusual properties of the low-lying states in 94Zr. Shell model calculations were performed with the Oxbash code, using the Vlow k interaction. Also, the IBM-2 predictions in the vibrational limit were compared with the experimental results. The results from neither of these nuclear models were in good agreement with the observed transition strengths, e.g., the B(E2; 2+/ms → 0+/1 ) value. These observations may indicate that the contributions of valence nucleons in the low-lying excited states of 94Zr differ from what has been perscribed by the shell model and the IBM-2 model. The effects of the Z = 40 and N = 56 subshell closures should be also considered. In a simple interpretation, the excited states are classified in two distinct categories, i.e., those populating the 2+/2 state and those decaying to the 2+/1 state. This approach suggests that in 94Zr the low-lying states may be related to two-configurations coexistence.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / In Littoral Warfare (LW), naval operations face a whole new range of missions and types of threats. In such situations, Electronic Warfare (EW) systems are extremely important, yet constantly challenged to perform faster and more accurate detection and recognition of potential threats. However, meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) factors can severely modify the effectiveness of EW systems, particularly against low detectable targets in warm waters. Therefore, this thesis analyzes the effects of tropical littoral environments in the expected performance of generic RF and IR systems when used under these scenarios. It analyzes the outputs of propagation models included in the software suites AREPS and TAWS when using actual data from different sources in the Yucatan Channel. The results of this study demonstrated how radically the environmental conditions can change, clearly modifying the efficiency of surveillance and detection systems in shipborne platforms. Further, several issues related to the need of valuable data and additional research are addressed, while providing useful insights to operational commanders and decision makers for the use of EW systems and available Tactical Decision Aids (TDAs) at the typical scenarios of Littoral Warfare in tropical waters. / Lieutenant Commander, Mexican Navy

I quantified seasonal variations in corticular photosynthesis in 1st through 5th order branches of Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae) in order to determine whether corticular photosynthesis contributes to whole plant carbon gain by reducing respirational CO2 loss. Maximum % refixation was 110 ± 39 % of CO2 efflux in the dark (Rd) in 1st order branches during winter, minimum was 18 ± 3 % in 5th order branches during summer. Variations in % refixation paralleled changes in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). As light attenuated with increasing branch order % refixation decreased. Increased PAR in the winter due to a more sparse canopy lead to increases in % refixation. Total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a:b ratios were consistent with shade acclimation as branch order increased. Corticular photosynthesis may be a mechanism to enhance shrub expansion due to increased whole plant carbon use efficiency (CUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) attributed to refixation.

The main objective of the thesis is to study artificial wastewater recharge in the area of Řevničov and reassessment of related problems such as groundwater chemical changes, colmatage, and unfavorable legislation in the Czech Republic. Individual chapters describe the experience with the above mentioned topic in the Czech Republic, but classifies it into the global context. The major part of the thesis focuses on the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative impacts of wastewater artificial recharge in the geological environment. These conclusions are drawn from monitoring changes of groundwater quality, which are controlled on the network of monitoring boreholes in the Řevničov experimental catchment. The natural attenuation of geological environment has considerable impact to final composition of contaminated water, which is compared to legal limits of underground and potable water in Czech Republic. In the research area several tracing tests were also applied, with the aim of proving the expected flow of wastewater into monitoring borehole. The obtained data specify the situation in the area of interest, or may serve as a source of information for future studies dealing with similar topics. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This study examines wind generated waves during winter storms, their transformation/attenuation near the marsh edge, and the resulting saltmarsh edge erosion. A simple numerical model for wave generation, transmission and marsh edge erosion was developed and validated against observations from Lake Borgne, Louisiana. Results suggest that meteorological conditions modify the local water depth via wind or wave setup and atmospheric pressure, thus exerting a first order control on the location of wave attack, which in turn determines the type of wave forces (shear vs. impact) that dominate the erosion process. Scarp failure follows, at a location determined by water level, creating multiple erosive scarps and terraces. High measured erosion, likely due to marsh edge destabilization followed by subsequent frontal passage forces differential marsh erosion, exposing underlying substrate to further erosion. A conceptual model for marsh edge retreat is developed using these observations and supported further by model predictions.