Increases in reactive nitrogen from human actions have led to negative impacts on surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) quality, and it is important to better understand denitrification processes in aquatic systems. The hyporheic zone has unique biogeochemical conditions, and is known to attenuate contaminants originating from SW and traveling through the hyporheic zone, together with necessary reactants. However, the ability of the hyporheic zone to attenuate contaminants from deeper upwelling GW plumes as they exit to SW is less understood. I used MODFLOW and SEAM3D to simulate hyporheic flow cells induced by riverbed dunes and upwelling GW together with mixing dependent denitrification of an upwelling nitrate (NO3-) plume. My basecase model scenario entailed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) advecting from SW and DO and NO3- advecting from GW, which is typical of water in agricultural land uses. I conducted a sensitivity analysis to determine controls on mixing dependent denitrification. Mixing dependent denitrification increased with increasing hydraulic conductivity, decreasing lower bottom flux, as well as increasing DOC in SW and NO3- in GW. Non-mixing dependent denitrification also occurred when there was SW NO3-, and I found its magnitude was much greater than mixing dependent denitrification. Nevertheless, potential for hyporheic zones to attenuate upwelling NO3- plumes seems to be substantial, though highly variable depending on biogeochemical reaction rates as well as geomorphic, hydraulic and biogeochemical conditions. Stream and river restoration efforts may be able to increase both mixing and non-mixing dependent reactions by increasing hyporheic zone residence times. / Master of Science

The pollution of streams and rivers is a growing concern, and environmental guidance increasingly suggests stream restoration to improve water quality. �Solute retention in off channel storage zones such as hyporheic zones and floodplains is typically necessary for significant reaction to occur. �Yet the effects of two common restoration techniques, in stream structures and inset floodplains, on solute retention have not been rigorously compared. �We used MIKE SHE to model hydraulics and solute transport in the channel, inset floodplain, and hyporheic zone of a 2nd order stream. �We varied hydraulic conditions (winter baseflow, summer baseflow, and storm flow), geology (hydraulic conductivity), and stream restoration design parameters (inset floodplain length, and presence of in stream structures). �In stream structures induced hyporheic exchange during summer baseflow with a low groundwater table (~20% of the year), while floodplains only retained solutes during storm flow conditions (~1% of the year). �Flow through the hyporheic zone increased linearly with hydraulic conductivity, while residence times decreased linearly. �Flow through inset floodplains and residence times in both the channel and floodplains increased non linearly with the fraction of bank with floodplains installed. �The fraction of stream flow that entered inset floodplains was one to three orders of magnitude higher than that through the hyporheic zone, while the residence time and mass storage in the hyporheic zone was one to five orders of magnitude larger than that in floodplain segments. �Our model results suggest that in stream structures and inset floodplains are complementary practices. / Master of Science

Increased reactive nitrogen from human activities negatively affects surface water (SW) quality. The hyporheic zone, where SW and groundwater interact, possesses unique biogeochemical conditions that can attenuate contaminants (e.g., denitrification), including mixing-dependent reactions that require components from both water sources. Previous research has explored mixing-dependent denitrification in the hyporheic zone but did not address the effects of varying SW depth as would occur from storms, tides, dam operation, and varying seasons. We simulated steady and unsteady hyporheic flow and transport through a riverbed dune using MODFLOW and SEAM3D, and varied SW depth, degree of sediment heterogeneity, amplitude and frequency of sinusoidal fluctuations, among others to determine these effects. We found that increasing steady state surface water depth from 0.1 to 1.0 m increased non-mixing dependent aerobic respiration by 270% and mixing-dependent denitrification by 78% in homogeneous sediment. Heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields yielded similar results, with increases in consumption due to variation in correlation length and variance of less than 5%. Daily SW fluctuation, including variation of amplitude, period, and sinusoidal versus instantaneous changes had significantly less impact than longer-term trends in SW depth. There is potential for the hyporheic zone to attenuate NO3- in upwelling groundwater plumes. Restoration efforts may be able to maximize the potential for mixing-dependent reactions in the hyporheic zone by increasing residence times. / Master of Science / Increased nitrogen in runoff from human activities negatively affects surface water quality. The hyporheic zone is where surface water and groundwater interact, and the mixing between the waters can help to this nitrogen to undergo reaction (denitrification), potentially stopping the contaminant from spreading. Previous research has explored this idea, but has not addressed the impact of varying surface water depth, as would realistically occur due to storms, tides, dam operation, and varying seasons. We simulated both constant and fluctuating surface water conditions on a riverbed dune to see the effects on hyporheic flow and denitrification. Test variables included the surface water depth, the degree of sediment heterogeneity, the amplitude and frequency of surface water fluctuations. We found that increasing the steady-state surface water depth had the most dramatic increase on the amount of reaction undergone. This trend was also seen in heterogeneous sediment. Any daily-scale surface water fluctuations, including runs that varied the amplitude, period, and sinusoidal vs instantaneous changes in surface water depth, had significantly less impact than longer-term trends in surface water depth.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 乙第13628号 / 論地環博第18号 / 新制||地環||53(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 勝見 武, 准教授 高井 敦史, 教授 安原 英明, 教授 越後 信哉 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Measuring void fraction distribution in two-phase flow has been a challenging task for many decades because of its complex and fast-changing interfacial structure. In this study, a non-intrusive X-ray measurement system is developed and calibrated to mitigate this challenge. This approach has several advantages over the conventional methods such as the multi-sensor conductivity probe, wire-mesh sensor, impedance void meter, or direct optical imaging. The X-ray densitometry technique is non-intrusive, insensitive to flow regime changes, capable of measuring high temperature or high-pressure flows, and has reasonable penetration depth. With the advancement of detector technology, the system developed in this work can further achieve high spatial resolution (100 micron per pixel) and high temporal resolution (1000 frames per second). This work mainly focuses on the following aspects of the system development: establishing a geometrical model for the line detector system, conducting spectral analysis for X-ray attenuation in two-phase flow, and performing calibration tests. The geometrical model has considered the measurement plane, geometry of the test-section wall and flow channel, relative position of the X-ray source and detector pixels. By assuming axisymmetry, an algorithm has been developed to convert void fraction distribution along the detector pixels to the radial void profile in a circular pipe. The X-ray spectral analysis yielded a novel prediction model for non-chromatic X-rays and non-uniform structure materials such as the internal two-phase flow which contains gas, liquid and solid wall materials. A calibration experiment has been carried out to optimize the detector conversion factor for each detector pixels. Finally, the data measured by the developed X-ray system are compared with the double-sensor conductivity probe and gas flow meter for sample bubbly flow and slug flow conditions. The results show reasonable agreement between these different measuring techniques. / Master of Science / Two-phase flow is a widely observed phenomenon in a nuclear reactor operation and thermal hydraulic applications during thermal energy transfer process. Hence, precise understanding of two-phase flow model is essential to a thermal hydraulic design and safe operation of nuclear reactor operation systems. However, two-phase flow analysis, via measuring void fraction distribution of a two-phase flow, has been a challenging task for many decades because of its complex and dynamical interfacial characteristics. In this study, a nonintrusive X-ray measuring technique is developed to mitigate some of the conventional challenges of void fraction measurement of a two-phase flow. The void fraction imagery via X-ray densitometry technique is insensitive to flow regime changes at high temperature or high pressure flows conditions with reasonable penetration depth capabilities. Together, with the advanced detector technology and spectral analysis of the X-ray attenuation in two-phase flow, this study delivers both qualitative and quantitative geometrical model for the line detector system to provide a radial void profile of a circular pipe. Moreover, the X-ray spectral analysis yielded a novel prediction model of a non-chromatic X-rays and non-uniform structure materials such as the internal two-phase flow which contains gas, liquid, and solid pipe materials. A calibration experiment has been carried out to optimize the detector conversion factor for each detector pixels. Finally, the data measured by the developed X-ray system are compared with the double-sensor conductivity probe and gas flow meter for sample bubbly flow and slug flow conditions. The results show reasonable agreement between these different measuring techniques.

The continuous demand on new residential and economic areas of the modern society has to face up with problems posed by polluted sites related to former industrial activities, typically located in suburbs areas. These sites, known as brownfields, are often located nearby navigable rivers to facilitate transport operations of industrial manufacturing, which increase their potential environmental threat due to the possible migration of pollutants in groundwater to surface water bodies through groundwater discharge. In this context, the objective of this research, performed in the scope of the FP6-IP AquaTerra project, was to contribute to a better assessment of the risk of groundwater contaminant dispersion for a brownfield located next to the Meuse River (Belgium), in a context where strong groundwater - surface water interactions prevail. The brownfield of interest corresponds to the site of the former coke factory of Flémalle. Resulting from industrial activities, soil and groundwater located in the alluvial aquifer are heavily contaminated with various types of organic (BTEX, PAHs, mineral oils...) and inorganic (As, Zn, Cd...) pollutants. To do so, detailed characterisation campaign was performed, consisting of, on the one hand, classical field experiments such as pumping tests, injection tests and tracer experiments; on the other hand, advanced and original field experiments such as detailed monitoring of groundwater - surface water interaction and dynamics, and the development and application of an innovative tracer technique, the Finite Volume Point Dilution Method (FVPDM), used to quantify and monitor groundwater fluxes. Monitoring and field works data was subsequently used to develop and calibrate a groundwater flow model using the finite difference code MODFLOW, with an automatic parameter estimation approach based on an original combined regional scale (zonation) and local scale (pilot points) approach. A transport model was also developed using MT3DMS and calibrated using tracer experiments performed in the brownfield. This groundwater flow and transport model was used to better quantify the dynamics of groundwater - surface water interactions and to model various scenarios of contaminant dispersion through the aquifer - river system. For these scenarios, benzene was considered because it is one of the main pollutants encountered in the site, its large solubility and mobility in groundwater and its acute toxicity. These scenarios were established considering various groundwater flow conditions (steady state vs. transient) and various hydrodispersive processes possibly affecting the mobility of benzene in groundwater, namely advection, hydrodynamic dispersion, sorption - desorption and, as evidenced by the research results of the University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland), benzene degradation under sulphate reducing conditions. These simulations indicate that benzene attenuation is mainly controlled by ongoing benzene degradation processes, aquifer heterogeneity and river stage fluctuations. Based on this analysis, the risk of benzene dispersion is low, and monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is a valuable option with (1) monitoring benzene at control planes downstream from the sources; (2) further investigation on risk of sulphate depletion in the alluvial aquifer; and (3) further investigation on mobilisation/immobilisation of heavy metals related to dynamics of organic pollutant plumes.

Es wurden die mikrobiellen Abbauprozesse an einem Standort mit gaswerkstypischer Schadstoffkontamination, v. a. BTEX und PAK, untersucht. Ziel war es, die relevanten mikrobiologischen Abbauprozesse mit gängigen Analysemethoden zu identifizieren und das Natural Attenuation-Potential zu bewerten. Neben einer Betrachtung der Schadstoffe im Feld wurde ein ausführliches hydrogeochemisches und mikrobiologisches Analyseprogramm durchgeführt. Der Schadstoffabbau wurde in Labor-Mikrokosmen unter für den Standort charakteristischen, überwiegend anaeroben Bedingungen untersucht. Methodik und Umfang der Untersuchungsmethoden wurden im Hinblick auf eine Anwendung an weiteren Standorten bewertet. Die Schadstoffausbreitung in der Fahne, die Keimzahluntersuchungen und eine deutliche Redoxzonierung mit einer Sukzession von Methanogenese, Sulfatreduktion und Fe(III)-Reduktion spiegelten mikrobielle Abbauprozesse wider. Dabei beeinflussten und überlagerten die Prozesse im Schadensherd die Prozesse in der Fahne stark. Die Felddaten gaben Hinweise auf abiotische Sekundärreaktionen zwischen den Redoxpaaren Fe(III)/Fe(II), Sulfat/Sulfid und O2/H2O. Die Berechnung der Assimilativen Kapazität (AC) zeigte ein gutes Angebot an CO2 und Sulfat, während die übrigen TEA Sauerstoff, Nitrat und auch Fe(III) am Standort stark limitiert waren. Dem stand eine von den Redoxbedingungen abhängige, unterschiedlich gute Abbaubarkeit der Modellschadstoffe Benzen, Toluen, Ethylbenzen, Naphthalin, Acenaphthen, Phenanthren und Pyren im Laborversuch gegenüber. Methanogenese wurde in keinem der Versuchsansätze beobachtet. Unter sulfatreduzierenden Bedingungen fand ein Abbau weniger Modellschadstoffe (Toluen, z.T. auch Ethylbenzen und Naphthalin) statt. Mit den TEA Nitrat und insb. Fe(III) erweiterte sich das Abbauspektrum gegenüber sulfatreduzierenden Bedingungen. Mit Sauerstoff fand ein Abbau aller im Grundwasser enthaltenen BTEX und PAK statt. Vor dem Hintergrund der AC und den Ergebnissen der Mikrokosmen bedarf es für einen vollständigen Schadstoffabbau im Feld einer Kombination verschiedener TEA-Prozesse, insb. eines Zusammenwirkens von Fe(III)- und Sulfatreduktion und eines Einflusses von Sauerstoff an den Fahnenrändern. Die unterschiedlichen Abbaumuster bzw. Abbaugeschwindigkeiten in Abhängigkeit der TEA machen das Einbeziehen der Redoxzonierung in eine Modellierung des Standortes erforderlich. Neben den TEA hatte die Verfügbarkeit der Makroelemente Phosphor und Stickstoff sowie von Mikroelementen einen Einfluss auf den Abbau. In den Respirometeruntersuchungen mit hohen Substratkonzentrationen war Phosphat in allen und Ammonium in einem Teil der Grundwässer, in Abhängigkeit von der Entnahmestelle im Feld, limitierend. Bei niedrigen Substratkonzentrationen in den Mikrokosmen trat kein Mangel an N und P auf. In allen Fällen hatte aber eine Zugabe von Mikroelementen einen förderlichen Effekt auf den Abbau. Die Methodik der Standortuntersuchungen folgte dem Prinzip der multiple lines of evidence. Die hydrochemischen Parameter O2, NO3-, Fe2+, Mn2+, SO42-, S2-, CH4, NH4+, PO43 waren geeignet, einen mikrobiellen Abbau und potentielle Limitationen durch Nährstoffe zu zeigen. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse der tiefenhorizontierten Beprobung mit einem stärker räumlich integrierenden Ansatz zeigte, dass ohne eine entsprechende räumliche Auflösung die AC überschätzt würde. Die Summenparameter, insb. die Toxizität, lieferten wertvolle Zusatzinformationen über die Gesamtkontamination. Der Abbau der (Modell-)Schadstoffe in den Mikrokosmen ermöglichte eine Einschätzung der generellen Abbaubarkeit der Schadstoffe am Standort, der Einflussparameter auf den Schadstoffabbau sowie möglicher Stimulationsmaßnahmen.

Au début du 20ème siècle, l'étang de Berre était occupée par de larges prairies sous-marines de Zostera qui ont fortement réduit sous l'impact des pollutions et arrivées massives d'eau douce par le canal EDF. Pollutions et arrivées d'eaux ont beaucoup réduit mais les herbiers ne s'étendent pas vers le large. Cette thèse a donc pour but d'analyser les interactions entre les herbiers sous-marins de l'étang de Berre basé sur l'hypothèse que la dynamique hydro-sédimentaire peut jouer un rôle dans le maintien des herbiers à l'état relique. Dans cette lagune, le vent conditionne l'hydrodynamisme en générant des vagues de vent et des courants.L'atténuation des vagues par l'herbier est en lien avec la hauteur des vagues (dépendant de la vitesse du vent, la longueur de fetch et des effets de réfraction lié à la morphologie de la anse) et est modulée par la biométrie de l'herbier, le niveau d'eau ou la présence de courants. Alors qu'au dessus de l'herbier, les courants sont rapides et fortement influencés par le vent et les vagues de vent, une couche de transition eau-canopée permet la dissipation de l'énergie des vagues et des courants. Dans la canopée, les courants sont très atténués grâce à la présence de l'herbier. L'herbier apparaît comme un élément important de la dynamique sédimentaire car il peut, par sa simple présence, réduire l'hydrodynamisme et modifier l'évolution du fond dans et en arrière de l'herbier et protéger la plage. Le niveau de récurrence de vents forts semble contrôler les évolutions sédimentaires.Les fortes interactions de l'herbier avec la dynamique hydro-sédimentaire laissent penser qu'elle pourrait limiter leur extension dans des zones plus exposées. / Berre lagoon was occupied by extensive meadows at the turn of the 20th century which regressed down under the impact of urban and industrial pollution and inflow of the EDF canal. Even though freshwater inputs and pollutions were drastically reduced respectively in the 1980s and 1990s, meadows have not significantly gained ground. This thesis aims at analysing the interactions between seagrass meadows of Berre lagoon, hydrodynamics and sedimentary processes, based on the postulate that these mechanisms are important in the maintenance of the meadows in their present dispersed form. In the lagoon, winds constitute the dominant influence on hydrodynamics in the lagoon by generating wind waves and currents. Wave attenuation is linked to wave height, which is, in turn, dependent on wind intensity and fetch length and modified by the bay morphology. Wave attenuation is also modulated by meadow biometry, and by water levels and currents.Whereas currents are strong and strongly influenced by wind and wind waves above the meadow, a transition canopy-water layer dissipates waves and currents. In the canopy, currents are thus attenuated.The meadow is not just a passive element in the overall sediment dynamics since it reduces energy and thus modifies substrate changes within and in the back of the meadow, thus protecting the shoreline. However, it is the recurrence of strong wind that seems to drive sedimentary changes. The strong interactions between the meadow and the hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes could limit the extension of the meadow in areas more exposed to waves.

Es wurden die mikrobiellen Abbauprozesse an einem Standort mit gaswerkstypischer Schadstoffkontamination, v. a. BTEX und PAK, untersucht. Ziel war es, die relevanten mikrobiologischen Abbauprozesse mit gängigen Analysemethoden zu identifizieren und das Natural Attenuation-Potential zu bewerten. Neben einer Betrachtung der Schadstoffe im Feld wurde ein ausführliches hydrogeochemisches und mikrobiologisches Analyseprogramm durchgeführt. Der Schadstoffabbau wurde in Labor-Mikrokosmen unter für den Standort charakteristischen, überwiegend anaeroben Bedingungen untersucht. Methodik und Umfang der Untersuchungsmethoden wurden im Hinblick auf eine Anwendung an weiteren Standorten bewertet. Die Schadstoffausbreitung in der Fahne, die Keimzahluntersuchungen und eine deutliche Redoxzonierung mit einer Sukzession von Methanogenese, Sulfatreduktion und Fe(III)-Reduktion spiegelten mikrobielle Abbauprozesse wider. Dabei beeinflussten und überlagerten die Prozesse im Schadensherd die Prozesse in der Fahne stark. Die Felddaten gaben Hinweise auf abiotische Sekundärreaktionen zwischen den Redoxpaaren Fe(III)/Fe(II), Sulfat/Sulfid und O2/H2O. Die Berechnung der Assimilativen Kapazität (AC) zeigte ein gutes Angebot an CO2 und Sulfat, während die übrigen TEA Sauerstoff, Nitrat und auch Fe(III) am Standort stark limitiert waren. Dem stand eine von den Redoxbedingungen abhängige, unterschiedlich gute Abbaubarkeit der Modellschadstoffe Benzen, Toluen, Ethylbenzen, Naphthalin, Acenaphthen, Phenanthren und Pyren im Laborversuch gegenüber. Methanogenese wurde in keinem der Versuchsansätze beobachtet. Unter sulfatreduzierenden Bedingungen fand ein Abbau weniger Modellschadstoffe (Toluen, z.T. auch Ethylbenzen und Naphthalin) statt. Mit den TEA Nitrat und insb. Fe(III) erweiterte sich das Abbauspektrum gegenüber sulfatreduzierenden Bedingungen. Mit Sauerstoff fand ein Abbau aller im Grundwasser enthaltenen BTEX und PAK statt. Vor dem Hintergrund der AC und den Ergebnissen der Mikrokosmen bedarf es für einen vollständigen Schadstoffabbau im Feld einer Kombination verschiedener TEA-Prozesse, insb. eines Zusammenwirkens von Fe(III)- und Sulfatreduktion und eines Einflusses von Sauerstoff an den Fahnenrändern. Die unterschiedlichen Abbaumuster bzw. Abbaugeschwindigkeiten in Abhängigkeit der TEA machen das Einbeziehen der Redoxzonierung in eine Modellierung des Standortes erforderlich. Neben den TEA hatte die Verfügbarkeit der Makroelemente Phosphor und Stickstoff sowie von Mikroelementen einen Einfluss auf den Abbau. In den Respirometeruntersuchungen mit hohen Substratkonzentrationen war Phosphat in allen und Ammonium in einem Teil der Grundwässer, in Abhängigkeit von der Entnahmestelle im Feld, limitierend. Bei niedrigen Substratkonzentrationen in den Mikrokosmen trat kein Mangel an N und P auf. In allen Fällen hatte aber eine Zugabe von Mikroelementen einen förderlichen Effekt auf den Abbau. Die Methodik der Standortuntersuchungen folgte dem Prinzip der multiple lines of evidence. Die hydrochemischen Parameter O2, NO3-, Fe2+, Mn2+, SO42-, S2-, CH4, NH4+, PO43 waren geeignet, einen mikrobiellen Abbau und potentielle Limitationen durch Nährstoffe zu zeigen. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse der tiefenhorizontierten Beprobung mit einem stärker räumlich integrierenden Ansatz zeigte, dass ohne eine entsprechende räumliche Auflösung die AC überschätzt würde. Die Summenparameter, insb. die Toxizität, lieferten wertvolle Zusatzinformationen über die Gesamtkontamination. Der Abbau der (Modell-)Schadstoffe in den Mikrokosmen ermöglichte eine Einschätzung der generellen Abbaubarkeit der Schadstoffe am Standort, der Einflussparameter auf den Schadstoffabbau sowie möglicher Stimulationsmaßnahmen.

This work investigates the application of active noise control (ANC) to speech. ANC has had success reducing tonal noise. In this work, that success was extended to noise that is not completely tonal but has some tonal elements such as speech. Limitations such as causality were established on the active control of human speech. An optimal configuration for control actuators was developed for a sphere using a genetic algorithm. The optimal error sensor location was found from exploring the nulls associated with the magnitude of the radiated pressure with reference to the primary pressure field. Both numerically predicted and experimentally validated results for the attenuation of single frequency tones were shown. The differences between the numerically predicted results for attenuation with a sphere present in the pressure field and monopoles in the free-field are also discussed.The attenuation from ANC of both monotone and natural speech is shown and a discussion about the effect of causality on the results is given. The sentence “Joe took father’s shoe bench out” was used for both monotone and natural speech. Over this entire monotone speech sentence, the average attenuation was 8.6 dB with a peak attenuation of 10.6 dB for the syllable “Joe”. Natural speech attenuation was 1.1 dB for the sentence average with a peak attenuation on the syllable “bench” of 2.4 dB. In addition to the lower attenuation values for natural speech, the pressure level for the word “took” was increased by 2.3 dB. Also, the harmonic at 420 Hz in the word “father’s” of monotone speech was reduced globally up to 20 dB. Based on the results of the attenuation of monotone and natural speech, it was concluded that a reasonable amount of attenuation could be achieved on natural speech if its correlation could approach that of monotone speech.