När finanskrisen drabbade världen 2008 – 2009 intervenerade många länder på kapitalmarknaderna. Syftet var att rädda inhemska banker och finansiella institutioner från att försättas i konkurs. Länderna ville minska riskerna för att det skulle leda till spridningseffekter inom det övriga finansiella systemet. Många länder förde dessutom en väldigt expansiv finanspolitik i syfte att rädda inhemska arbetstillfällen. Resultatet blev att många länders budgetunderskott och statsskulder började växa lavinartat och eurokrisen var ett faktum. Eurokrisen var ett resultat av att alla EMU:s medlemsländer hade brutit mot reglerna i stabilitets- och tillväxtpakten. EU:s lösning på problemet är att införa finanspakten och ESM vars uppgift är att säkerställa att den ekonomiska stabiliteten upprätthålls i unionen och då främst inom euroområdet.   Uppsatsens syfte är att diskutera om eurokrisen är en faktor som leder till att centralstyrningen inom EU ökar. Frågan som ställs är om den överenskomna finanspakten kommer att innebära att ländernas möjligheter att bestämma över sin egen finanspolitik minskar.   Analysen och diskussionen i uppsatsen kommer fram till att ländernas möjligheter att självständigt bestämma över sin finanspolitik kommer att minska. EU kommer definitivt att få mer makt på det finansiella området. Hur mycket makt som flyttas över från de nationella länderna till EU:s institutioner är däremot i nuläget svårare att bedöma. Slutsatsen är också att eurokrisen tydligt har visat bristerna inom eurosystemet. Det kommer i framtiden att bli nödvändigt att implementera någon form av transfereringssystem eller stabiliseringsmekanism. Syftet är att omfördela ekonomiska resurser om länder drabbas av asymmetriska chocker. Hur ett sådant system ska se ut är däremot svårare att bedöma. ESM kan tolkas som ett första steg i riktningen mot en sådan lösning. Euroobligationer kan också vara en möjlighet när det gäller att stabilisera ekonomin inom euroområdet. Euroobligationer kan även innebära att euron blir en internationellt gångbar reservvaluta jämförbar med den amerikanska dollarn.

Smartphones são dispositivos móveis ricos em recursos de interação que permitem a usuários realizar inúmeras tarefas. À medida que são adotados por grande parte da população, eles se tornam ferramentas para que profissionais ou pesquisadores realizem intervenções junto a seus usuários-alvo, inclusive remotamente, por exemplo por meio de coleta de dados em ambiente natural. No entanto, para conduzir pesquisas com aplicativos móveis, profissionais de áreas como Saúde e Educação usualmente dependem de ferramentas que demandam adaptação severa de seus planejamentos, ou dependem de desenvolvedores de software para criar aplicativos de acordo com suas necessidades. Trabalhos relacionados contribuem com soluções fundamentadas em métodos como o Método de Amostragem de Experiências (Experience Sampling Method, ESM), o qual foi proposto para coleta de dados no ambiente natural dos usuários-alvo. Entretanto, intervenções demandam, além da coleta de dados, a programação individualizada de tarefas a serem realizadas pelos usuários e acompanhadas pelos especialistas. Uma solução para esse problema demanda mecanismos explícitos para o planejamento e a aplicação de intervenções individualizadas, como proposto na literatura, por exemplo, por meio da Instrução Programada (Programmed Instruction, PI). Considerando a ausência de modelos que integrem métodos para coleta de dados e para programação de intervenções, este trabalho tem por objetivo definir um método que permita a programação de intervenções aplicadas em ambiente natural, método esse denominado Experience Sampling and Programmed Intervention Method (ESPIM). O ESPIM é formalizado por um modelo computacional descrito por meio de diagramas recomendados para a sua representação. O modelo propõe um padrão para o desenvolvimento de sistemas e para o intercâmbio de informações de programas de intervenção. A partir do modelo, foram desenvolvidas provas de conceito para autoria e reprodução de intervenções e para visualização de seus resultados, as quais compõem o sistema ESPIM. O sistema foi utilizado empiricamente por oito especialistas que acompanharam cerca de 340 usuários-alvo em nove estudos de caso reais nas áreas da Saúde e da Educação. Essas experiências foram analisadas a fim de avaliar qualitativamente o modelo em sua capacidade de representação dos estudos de caso. Foi possível concluir que, para os especialistas entrevistados, o modelo e o sistema correspondente capacitaram o planejamento dos estudos sem limitar seus delineamentos originais. / Smartphones are mobile devices with rich interaction features that allow users to accomplish myriad tasks. As these devices are adopted by a large part of population, they become tools for professionals or researchers to carry out interventions with their target users, including remotely, through data collection in natural settings for instance. This being said, to conduct research making use of mobile apps, professionals in areas such as Health and Education usually rely on available apps that require severe adaptations of their design or depend on software developers to build apps according to their needs. Related works provide solutions based on methods such as the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), which was proposed for data collection in the natural settings of the subjects. However, in addition to data collection, interventions require the individualized programming of tasks to be carried out by the users and tracked by the specialists. A solution to this problem demands employing explicit mechanisms for planning and applying individualized interventions, as proposed in the literature, for example, through Programmed Instruction (PI). Given the absence of models that integrate methods for data collection and for programming interventions, this work aims to define a method that allows the programming of interventions implemented in natural settings, entitled Experience Sampling and Programmed Intervention Method (ESPIM). The ESPIM method is formalized by a computational model described by means of diagrams recommended for its representation. The model proposes a standard for the development of systems and for the exchange of data of intervention programs. From the model, we developed tools as a proof of concept for authoring and reproducing intervention programs and for visualizing its results, which compose the ESPIM system. The system was empirically used by eight specialists who accompanied about 340 target users in nine case studies in the areas of Health and Education. These experiments were analyzed in order to qualitatively evaluate the model in its capacity to represent the case studies. It was possible to conclude that, for these interviewed specialists, the model and its corresponding system enabled the planning of the studies without limiting their original designs.

The Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model (Wells & Matthew, 2015) states that psychological disorder results from an unhelpful thinking style called the Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS). The CAS incorporates worry/rumination, threat monitoring and unhelpful thought control strategies and is controlled by erroneous metacognitive beliefs. The contribution of the S-REF model to the understating of rumination (paper one) and suicidal ideation (paper two) is evaluated within this thesis. Rumination is one component of the CAS. According to the S-REF model, its execution is guided by metacognitive beliefs. Paper one describes a systematic review and meta-analysis that was undertaken to establish the nature and strength of the relationships between rumination and metacognitive beliefs. Robust relationships, of moderate strength, were observed between rumination and beliefs about its benefits and between rumination and beliefs about its negative consequences. Future research should aim to delineate causality in the observed relationships and consider confounder variables. In paper two it is argued that the S-REF conceptualisation represents a promising new approach to the understanding of suicidal ideation. The importance of considering CAS processes was supported by the study findings. Worry and punishment-related thought control strategies, alongside rumination, predicted suicidal ideation. Distraction, social control and reappraisal strategies negatively predicted suicidal ideation. Some evidence that CAS processes were controlled by erroneous metacognitive beliefs was also obtained. However, this was not conclusive and should be considered again in a larger sample. Paper three describes the development of papers one and two in more detail, highlighting and justifying the important decisions made. Further reflections on methodology are also provided to demonstrate the learning achieved.

This thesis deals with the creating, visualization and processing data in a military environment. The task is to design and implement a system that enables the creation, visualization and processing ESM data. The result of this work is a ESMBD application that allows using a classical approach, which is a relational database, and BigData technologies for data storage and manipulation. The comparison of data processing speed while using the classic approach (Postgres database) and BigData technologies (Cassandra databases and Hadoop) has been carried out as well.

No / One of the distinctive features of the post-war process of European economic and political integration is the debate about the emergence of a European Social Model (ESM). Advocates and critics have clashed over the precise meaning of the ESM concept, whether it exists in a meaningful and singular form, and whether it challenges or bolsters – by providing some sort of discursive justification – the current neoliberal trajectory of the European Union (EU). While some of the claimed elements of the ESM do exist/have been adopted, this article argues that they do not constitute a coherent alternative to the dominant market liberal model and bias towards negative integration that has underpinned the EU since the 1980s. Furthermore, contemporary developments have served to further entrench these tendencies at the expense of progressive social forces that seek to construct a genuine ESM.

Sedan radar började användas under första hälften av 1900-talet har duellen mellan radar och signalspaning pågått. Genom att utnyttja radar har alltid en medveten risk tagits, risken att bli upptäckt av motståndarens signalspaning. Duellen gavs möjlighet att ta en paus då radarsystem med låg uteffekt introducerades på marknaden under slutet av 1980-talet, nu fanns plötsligt en möjlighet att använda radar samtidigt som de samtida signalspaningssystemen inte kunde upptäcka dessa radarsystem. I föreliggande magisteruppsats i krigsvetenskap med militärteknisk inriktning undersöks räckviddsförhållanden mellan dessa radarsystem och signalspaningssystem. Genom scenarier i den marina arenan försöker jag värdera de taktiska vinster en användare av radar med låg uteffekt kan göra. Analysen visar på att det fram till dess att signalspaningssystem med förmåga att upptäcka radar som utnyttjar låg uteffekt finns tillgängligt är det möjligt att nå taktiska fördelar med dessa system. / Since the advent of radar during the early 20th century the duel between radar and electronic support measurement systems has been practised. Using radar has always been associated with a risk of being detected by an opponent’s electronic support measurement systems. The duel came to a halt when radar systems using low output power were introduced on the market during the late 1980s, now it was possible to use radar without being detected by contemporary electronic support measurement systems. The present master of science (one year) thesis in war science with specialization in military technology looks into the range relationships between radar and electronic support measurement systems. Through scenarios in the naval domain, I seek to assess the tactical benefits a user of low probability of intercept radar may have. The analysis indicates that until electronic support measurement systems with the ability to detect radar systems using low output power are available it is still possible to gain tactical advantages with such systems.

Modern society has seen an increase in automation using AI in a variety of applications. To keep up with recent development, it is therefore logical to investigate the application of AI programs to military tasks. The great advantage with automation lies in the possible increase in efficiency and possible relocation of resources of personnel to other tasks. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in classification of communication and radar emitters based on collected Electronic Support Measures (ESM) data and to estimate to what extent human analysts could be replaced. The evaluation was performed by applying the concept of military Utility as a framework for evaluation with the addition of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) to survey how far the technology has developed. Data was collected using two methods: Firstly, through a literature review of research done on the application of CNNs in classifying information such as spectrograms and images. Secondly, by interviewing a subject matter expert from SAAB, who mainly helped estimate the TRL of the technology’s components. The study found that CNN appears suitable to apply on the proposed task and that the program could potentially replace human analysts to a great extent, at least when doing routine classifications. Full automation seems unlikely as analysts would be required with more challenging classifications, especially those outside the range of the training data used in teaching the CNN. Finally, challenges involved with deep learning programs inherent structure, demands and application to military tasks are discussed and subjects for future research are proposed. / Det moderna samhället har sett en ökad automatisering med AI i en mängd olika applikationer och för att hålla jämna steg med den senaste utvecklingen är det därför logiskt att undersöka tillämpningen av AI-program på militära uppgifter. Den stora fördelen med automatisering ligger i den möjliga ökningen av effektivitet och möjlig flytt av personalresurser till andra uppgifter. Därför syftar denna studie till att utvärdera användningen av convolutional neural networks (CNN) vid klassificering av kommunikations- och radarsändare baserat på insamlade data från elektronisk stödverksamhet (sv. ES motsvara eng. ESM) och att uppskatta i vilken utsträckning mänskliga analytiker kan ersättas. Utvärderingen genomfördes genom att använda konceptet militär nytta som ett ramverk för utvärdering med tillägg av technology readiness level (TRL) för att kartlägga hur långt tekniken har utvecklats. Data samlades in med två metoder: För det första genom en litteraturöversikt av forskning som gjorts om tillämpningen av CNN för att klassificera information såsom spektrogram och bilder. För det andra genom att intervjua en ämnesexpert från SAAB, som främst hjälpte till att uppskatta TRL för teknikens komponenter. Studien fann att CNN verkar lämplig att använda till den föreslagna uppgiften och att programmet potentiellt skulle kunna ersätta mänskliga analytiker i stor utsträckning, åtminstone for rutinklassificeringar. En fullständig automatisering verkar osannolik eftersom analytiker skulle krävas med mer utmanande klassificeringar, särskilt de som ligger utanför utbildningsdata som används för att lära upp programmet. Slutligen diskuteras utmaningar kopplade till djup-inlärningsprogrammens struktur, krav och tillämpning på militära uppgifter samt att ämnen för framtida forskning föreslås.

Suicide is a complex phenomenon that occurs on a continuum with thoughts of suicide, plans and attempts that can eventually result in death. Suicide is one of the top ten reasons for death in most countries. Governments are challenging healthcare systems to reduce suicide through preventative healthcare. The first paper explores psychological interventions for people with suicidal thoughts and behaviours delivered through technology. It explores the evidence-base for internet-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, telephone based interventions, CD-ROMs and other Internet-based therapies. Nineteen papers were identified with four papers of good quality evidence supporting Internet-based cognitive behavioural interventions. The second paper is a feasibility and acceptability study which explores a diary and intervention delivered through a mobile phone. Twenty participants were recruited through adult secondary care community mental health teams in the North West of England. High completion rates and low dropout rates were found. Participants rated the technology and interventions high in terms of practicality, ease of use and overall satisfaction with the programme and reported that it was moderately helpful. Preliminary data on effectiveness suggests reactivity to the method in the short term but a reduction in symptoms overall. These results and ESM methodology must be treated with caution for people with suicidal thoughts due to the increase in symptoms found following the intervention. The third paper offers a critical reflection on the first and second papers.

Ausgehend von einer Charakterisierung des Flow-Erlebens als gaenzliches Aufgehen in einem glatt laufenden Taetigkeitsvollzug, den man trotz hoher Beanspruchung noch unter Kontrolle hat, wird auf die Erfassung dieser Motivationskomponente eingegangen. Dargestellt und diskutiert werden Vor- und Nachteile der bisherigen qualitativen (Interviews) und quantitativen Flow-Erfassung (Experience Sampling Method (ESM)) . Ausfuehrlicher wird eine "Flow-Kurzskala" (FKS) beschrieben, die mit zehn Items alle qualitativ verschiedenen Komponenten des Flow-Erlebens oekonomisch und reliabel erfasst. Sie liefert einen Gesamtwert sowie Werte fuer zwei Subskalen (glatter automatisierter Verlauf sowie Absorbiertheit). Daneben erfassen drei zusaetzliche Items die Besorgnis in der aktuellen Situation. Berichtet werden Vergleichskennwerte aus punktuellen Messungen und ESM-Studien. Die hoechsten Werte fuer Flow und Besorgnis wurden bislang bei Graffiti-Sprayern gefunden. Bei einer intellektuell herausfordernden Aufgabe (Postkorbuebung) sind die FKS-Werte mit der Hoffnung-auf-Erfolg-Komponente des Leistungsmotivs korreliert. Furcht-vor-Misserfolg korreliert dagegen mit dem Besorgniswert der FKS. Flow waehrend der Bearbeitung von Uebungsaufgaben fuer Statistik lieferte einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Vorhersage der nachfolgenden Klausurleistung. Dieser Beitrag blieb erhalten, auch wenn Faehigkeitsmasse kontrolliert wurden. (Buch/A.G. - ZPID)

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM), a research technique, was initiated to understand human experience and behavior upon a certain subject. This subject can be a commercial product, a period of time or even the quality of our lives. The mostly used pattern in the ESM is questionnaire, a common example of which can be customer satisfactory survey. During the past three decades, the technology used in this kind of research has changed dramatically: from primitively written on paper to vividly popping up in your modern devices [1]. Therefore, a new approach called Mobile Experience Sampling has been developed, which relies on the ubiquitous computing technologies to collect data. Among these technologies, there is an emerging star— social network. Nowadays, everyone is networking, not really by actual socializing but via countless social network sites: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc. Life details are generously shared on these sites: what they do, where they go and, of course, how they feel. As the user population rockets, this special kind of sites has potentially become an ideal source for information/data collection of Experience Sampling. In this paper, quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are combined with the ESM to study the influence of social network on Mobile Experience Sampling. The study shows that the social network sites significantly affect the response and participation rate in the Mobile Experience Sampling experiment designed by the researcher, which indicates its influence on articipants compliance and motivation levels.