Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T11:45:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose_Aluisio_Vieira.pdf: 688481 bytes, checksum: 400ed5239f3fabdbbc48b9fe8378f227 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-29 / The subject of this paper is to discuss fastly the internal control concepts and components, including the that publicated by Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission - COSO, the recomended principles recommended by Basel Committee, the brasilian regulations context and the Basel Accords I and II influences. After this fast concepts discuss, the papaer show a quickly analysis of compliance, comparing the brasilian rules with the international principles and requiriments, precisly the Basel Accords I and II. Concern the first Basel Accord, are criticaly presents the twenty-five principles and is maked a comparison with brasilian legislation published from 1994 at today. Yet concern the second Basel Accord, the analysis stay centred on the requiriments of disclosure and is maked a comparison with the actuals rules. In addition is maked a quick analysis the accounting impacts implementation that the requiriments are requesting of the financial instituitions and many comments about the Brasilian Central Bank Comunicate N?? 1.276 that was edited at the end 2.004 subjecting to begin the the New Basel Accord compliance process. How consequence of the analysis realized is attributed for each iten the compliance degree at the international rules. Finally, based on the precedent comparisons and analysis, is realized a valuation and present a table about the compliance degree of the brazilian rules to the international principles ane requirements essentially those recommended by Basel Committee. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir sucintamente os conceitos e componentes de controles internos, inclusive aqueles publicados pelo Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission - COSO, os princ??pios recomendados pelo Comit?? da Basil??ia, o contexto das normas brasileiras em vigor e as influ??ncias dos Acordos da Basil??ia I e II. Ap??s essa breve discuss??o conceitual, o trabalho apresenta uma r??pida an??lise de ader??ncia, comprando as normas brasileiras com os princ??pios e requerimentos internacionais, mais precisamente os Acordos da Basil??ia I e II. Com rela????o ao primeiro Acordo da Basil??ia s??o apresentados criticamente os vinte e cinco princ??pios e ?? feito um confronto com a legisla????o brasileira editada a partir de 1994 at?? os dias atuais. J?? com respeito ao segundo acordo, a an??lise fica centrada nos requerimentos de divulga????o (disclosure) e ?? feita uma compara????o com as normas em vigor. Adicionalmente ?? feita uma breve avalia????o dos impactos cont??beis da implementa????o que os requerimentos est??o a exigir das institui????es financeiras e alguns coment??rios sobre o Comunicado N?? 1.276 do Banco Central do Brasil que foi editado ao final de 2.004 objetivando iniciar o processo de ader??ncia ao segundo Acordo da Basil??ia. Como consequencia da an??lise levada a efeito ?? atribuido a cada ??tem o grau de ader??ncias ??s normas internacionais. Por fim, com base nos confrontos e an??lises precedentes, ?? feita uma avalia????o e apresentada uma tabela sobre o grau de ader??ncia das normas brasileiras aos princ??pios e requerimentos internacionais assencialmente aqueles recomendados pelo Comit?? da Basil??ia.

Importantes mudanças foram implementadas por órgãos normatizadores do mercado de capitais, no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, relativas às atividades de controle e fiscalização na elaboração e divulgação de demonstrações contábeis. A percepção da necessidade dessas mudanças decorreu, em grande parte, das fraudes corporativas que se utilizaram de instrumentos contábeis, revelados a partir da segunda metade da década de 1990 nos dois países. Nos Estados Unidos, mais precisamente, nos anos de 2001 e 2002. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar, comparativamente, as principais normas publicadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos entre 1998 e 2004, que buscaram o aprimoramento da governança corporativa através da estruturação de controles internos e de fiscalização sobre a elaboração e divulgação de demonstrações contábeis em setores empresariais regulamentados. As normas estudadas foram: a Lei Sarbanes-Oxley, sancionada nos Estados Unidos em 2002, as Resoluções 2554 e 3198 do Conselho Monetário Nacional - CMN, editadas em 1998 e 2004, respectivamente, a Resolução 118 de 2004 do Conselho Nacional de Seguros Privados - CNSP e as Circulares 249 e 280 de 2004 da Superintendência de Seguros Privados - SUSEP. Para a realização da análise comparativa foram coletadas opiniões, através da aplicação de questionário junto a participantes especialistas ativos das indústrias bancária, de seguros e das companhias abertas brasileiras, sobre a eficácia e suficiência das normas estudadas e foram levantados artigos acadêmicos, teses, dissertações e outros trabalhos que já tenham se proposto a analisar as referidas normas. As principais conclusões obtidas revelam que as normas estudadas são em geral eficazes e eficientes e abordaram aspectos importantes para a redução dos riscos de elaboração e divulgação de relatórios financeiros inadequados; que as medidas determinadas na Seção 404 da Lei Sarbanes-Oxley revelam pouca eficácia para a redução daqueles riscos e a custos muito elevados, principalmente para pequenas empresas; que, no Brasil, é necessário que os órgãos normatizadores das indústrias bancária, de seguros e das companhias abertas, bem como da profissão de contabilidade e auditoria desempenhem suas atividades de fiscalização e monitoramento de forma mais ampla e ativa. / Stock market regulatory agencies in Brazil and the United States have effected major changes in the control and inspection of the preparation and disclosure of financial statements. The need for these changes was made mostly evident when corporate frauds perpetrated using accounting tools started to be disclosed in the second half of the 1990s in both countries. In the United States more precisely in 2001 and 2002. The purpose of this thesis was to compare the main regulations enacted in Brazil and the United States between 1998 and 2004, which sought to improve corporate governance by structuring internal and inspection controls over the preparation and disclosure of financial statements in regulated industries. The following regulations were studied: Sarbanes-Oxley Act approved in the United States in 2002, Resolutions No. 2554 and 3198 passed by the National Monetary Council (CMN) in 1998 and 2004, respectively, Resolution No. 118 of 2004 of the National Council of Private Insurance (CNSP) and Circular Letters No. 249 and 280 issued by the Superintendence of Private Insurance (SUSEP) in 2004. For a comparative analysis, opinions were collected by sending out questionnaires to experts from the banking and insurance industries and Brazilian public companies on the effectiveness and sufficiency of the regulation studied. Also, academic papers, dissertations, theses and other works that analyzed those regulations were surveyed. The main conclusions show that the studied regulations are in general effective and efficient and address major issues involved in reducing the risks of preparing and disclosing inadequate financial statements; that the provisions set forth in Section 404 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act have little effectiveness in reducing those risks and the costs are very high, specially for small companies; that in Brazil regulatory agencies of the banking and insurance industries and public companies, as well accountants? and auditors? professional bodies, must perform their inspection and monitoring activities more actively and widely.

by Lam Man-ho, Leung Yee-mei, Annie. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-70). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Objective of Study --- p.2 / Scope --- p.3 / Limitations --- p.3 / Chapter II. --- THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL AUDITING --- p.5 / "Nature, Roles and Value" --- p.5 / Historical Development --- p.7 / Audit Committee --- p.8 / Evolution of Audit Approaches --- p.10 / Implications of Behavioural Issues --- p.12 / Chapter III. --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.13 / The Need for Behaviouralism in Internal Auditing --- p.13 / Job Satisfaction --- p.14 / Stress --- p.15 / Sources of Stress --- p.15 / Organizational Factors --- p.16 / Organizational Status --- p.16 / Relations with Audit Committee --- p.17 / Career Prospect --- p.17 / Departmental Support --- p.17 / Task and Role Factors --- p.18 / Audit Scope --- p.19 / Internal Auditor Role --- p.21 / Interpersonal Factors --- p.22 / Internal Auditor-Auditee Relations --- p.23 / Working Relationship with External Auditors --- p.27 / Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS --- p.29 / Methodology --- p.29 / Structure of Questionnaire --- p.29 / Organizational Factors on Job Satisfaction --- p.30 / Organizational Status --- p.30 / Audit Committee --- p.34 / Career Prospect --- p.37 / Departmental Support --- p.37 / Task and Role Factors on Job Satisfaction --- p.39 / Audit Scope --- p.39 / Internal Auditor Roles --- p.42 / Interpersonal Factors on Job Satisfaction --- p.43 / Internal Auditor-auditee Relations --- p.46 / Relations with External Auditors --- p.49 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.51 / Summary and Conclusions --- p.52 / Organizational Factors --- p.52 / Task and Role Factors --- p.53 / Interpersonal Factors --- p.53 / Recommendations --- p.54 / APPENDICES / Chapter I. --- The Structure of Hong Kong Banking Industry --- p.60 / Chapter II. --- Survey Questionnaire Sample --- p.63 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.68

網路環境中，電子商務上的帳務稽核系統，需要內部控制與內部稽核機制的輔助；尤其是在科技快速發展的今日，沒有人能保證百分百的安全，當安全的環境產生漏洞後，需要有一道最後的防線來偵測環境的漏洞，以減少公司的損失，Olden[2000] 認為稽核(Auditing)是網路環境下，電子商務安全基礎建設(Security Infrastructure)中最重要的功能，此稽核的工作包括：(1)促使公司追蹤網站上的活動。(2)產生交易日誌及相關的安全事件。(3)利用稽核日誌以證明某一活動或交易的執行，並且可以追蹤與重新建立因為安全入侵或詐欺等受到影響的事件。因此需要一個網路環境帳務稽核日誌系統，以利後續的審計軌跡的追蹤與查核。本研究試著提出適合在網路環境交易上的帳務稽核日誌系統架構，以解決網路環境交易上帳務稽核的需求，提供一個容易瞭解的稽核方式，幫助管理者更容易掌握網路上的相關問題，並且加以改進。對於日誌的稽核方面，提出重要的整體檢驗概念：(1)個別系統異常的檢查及異常的交互核對，以便找出不易發現的錯誤。(2)應用系統使用者主管角色檢查，以防止內部控制不當的缺失。 　在系統雛型建置上，由於各系統所產生的日誌並非為了帳務稽核之目的而設計，難免無法完全滿足帳務稽核日誌所需要的欄位，尤其是無法支援由任一日誌交叉查詢至其他三種日誌所需要的欄位，及受限於研究資源及時間的限制，在雛型系統的實作上，本研究只實作當交易日誌找出異常資料時，再交叉查詢到其他三種日誌。同時，因為重點是放在交叉查詢的檢查，為了減少資料量，因此交易日誌的檢查只舉出經過簡化的十個例子來示範。 / It is hard to implement perfect safe systems in network environment for electronic commerce, so we need internal control and audit mechanism to help detecting unsafe events or error events. Olden[2000] claims that auditing is one of the most critical functions of an e-commerce security infrastructure. The auditing component, which enables an organization to track a Website's activities, should generate logs of transactions and relevant security events. Audit logs serve as proof that an activity or transaction was performed. The logs are often the best way to track and recreate events leading to a security breach or fraudulent activities. In an effective e-commerce security infrastructure, every activity should automatically generate a log entry that can be accessed later. In this study, an implementation model of accounting auditing log system in network environment is proposed. It is essential for the auditing log system to integrate with, and leverage, existing technologies and environment platform logs for finding critical errors. The system should also perform user role conflict check for finding lack of user internal control. This research implemented a prototype system (Network Accounting Auditing log system, NAA) in the environment of NT windows and SQL server database system, in which NT system log, IIS log, FTP log, SQL server log, program maintenance log, five logs are assumed to be kept. For simplification, only 10 scenarios are checked whether there are any abcdrmal transaction events. If any abcdrmal event is found, the NAA system will further cross-check the above logs to find the possible reasons.

<p>Several industrial scandals, especially those about Enron and WorldCom, have lead to an intense debate about the independent audit and the independent auditor. A substantial part of the auditor’s income originates from counselling, and therefore the role of the auditor may be seen as double, and the auditor’s objectivity may be questioned. In the year of 2002, a new Auditors Act was legislated in Sweden. In the 21 § of the act, a model based on principles was introduced, to test the auditor independence in every single case. The question is if the new Auditors Act better ensures an independent audit than the preceding Act did. After the collapse of Enron, the international work on the development of rules that better can guarantee the independent audit, has been intensified. Will the wording and effect of the Swedish Auditors Act stand, will the international progress on this area influence the interpretation of the Act, or will the Swedish legislator be forced to rewrite the Act? Three problems are discussed in this thesis; 1. How shall an independent audit be ensured?, 2 What kind of activity may the auditor exercise?, 3 How should the auditor’s activities be organised to ensure the independence? This thesis describes howthe role of the auditor and his independence is regulated today, partly by legislation, partly by self- regulation, both national and international. Different regulations are compared and differences and similarities are described. A number of specific problems that may influence the independence of the auditor, in relation to his clients, and a discussion about how these problems may be avoided, is presented.</p>

Several industrial scandals, especially those about Enron and WorldCom, have lead to an intense debate about the independent audit and the independent auditor. A substantial part of the auditor’s income originates from counselling, and therefore the role of the auditor may be seen as double, and the auditor’s objectivity may be questioned. In the year of 2002, a new Auditors Act was legislated in Sweden. In the 21 § of the act, a model based on principles was introduced, to test the auditor independence in every single case. The question is if the new Auditors Act better ensures an independent audit than the preceding Act did. After the collapse of Enron, the international work on the development of rules that better can guarantee the independent audit, has been intensified. Will the wording and effect of the Swedish Auditors Act stand, will the international progress on this area influence the interpretation of the Act, or will the Swedish legislator be forced to rewrite the Act? Three problems are discussed in this thesis; 1. How shall an independent audit be ensured?, 2 What kind of activity may the auditor exercise?, 3 How should the auditor’s activities be organised to ensure the independence? This thesis describes howthe role of the auditor and his independence is regulated today, partly by legislation, partly by self- regulation, both national and international. Different regulations are compared and differences and similarities are described. A number of specific problems that may influence the independence of the auditor, in relation to his clients, and a discussion about how these problems may be avoided, is presented.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Lincoln University, 2008. / Also available via the World Wide Web.

Considerando a importância da avaliação do sistema de Contas a Pagar, bem como os riscos envolvidos, e que as entidades privadas sem finalidade de lucros devem obedecer, primeiramente, os princípios fundamentais e as normas da Contabilidade, o que se constata na realidade é que essas entidades não vem dando a devida atenção a estes procedimentos. Por isso, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o Sistema de Contas a Pagar de uma dessas instituições, e apresentar sugestões para a segurança e o aperfeiçoamento do Sistema. A organização estudada é sem fins lucrativos e se dedica à capacitação de servidores municipais nas várias áreas de atuação municipal. Primeiramente, buscou-se, por meio de referências bibliográficas, estabelecer o conceito de auditoria, suas origens, evolução da mesma no Brasil e a sua divisão em Auditoria Independente e Auditoria Interna. Num segundo momento foi analisado o sistema contábil existente, com especial atenção ao módulo do Contas a Pagar. Essa análise demonstrou haver fragilidades no sistema de controle interno. Constatada essa situação, foi então desenvolvida toda uma série de instrumentos e de procedimentos para dotar a organização de um sistema de Contas a Pagar confiável, bem como adotar uma sistemática de controles por projetos. Uma vez adotados os sistemas propostos será possível à organização controlar, efetivamente, o seu Contas a Pagar e a ter, tempestivamente, uma visão dos riscos envolvidos. Além disso, a nova formatação do sistema por projetos permitirá operacionalizar as prestações de contas aos stakeholders envolvidos. / Considering the importance of evaluating a Payables system, as well as the risks involved, and that the non-profit private entities must obey, first of all, the Accounting fundamental principles and norms, what we find in the day to day reality is that such entities are not giving the appropriate attention to these procedures. Thus, this study aims at evaluating the Payables System of one of these institutions, and presenting suggestions to the safeguard and betterment of the System. The organization studied is a non-profit one and it is dedicated to capacitating county personnel in the various areas of the municipal activities. Firstly, by using the available bibliographic references, the concept of Auditing, its origins and its evolution in Brazil, and its ramification in Independent Audit and in Internal Audit. have been established Afterward, the existing accounting system has been analyzed with special emphasis on the Payables module. This analysis has shown that a whole serie o fragilities did exist in their internal control system. Based on these findings a whole lot of instruments and procedures have been developed so that the organization would have a trustworthy Payables system, as well as an indication to provide the organization with a systematic projects control system. Whenever the proposed systems are implemented it will be possible to the organization to effectively control its Payables and to have, forthrightly, a perception of the risks involved. Furthermore, the new projects system format will enable the organization to be more accountable to all its stakeholders.

Considerando a importância da avaliação do sistema de Contas a Pagar, bem como os riscos envolvidos, e que as entidades privadas sem finalidade de lucros devem obedecer, primeiramente, os princípios fundamentais e as normas da Contabilidade, o que se constata na realidade é que essas entidades não vem dando a devida atenção a estes procedimentos. Por isso, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o Sistema de Contas a Pagar de uma dessas instituições, e apresentar sugestões para a segurança e o aperfeiçoamento do Sistema. A organização estudada é sem fins lucrativos e se dedica à capacitação de servidores municipais nas várias áreas de atuação municipal. Primeiramente, buscou-se, por meio de referências bibliográficas, estabelecer o conceito de auditoria, suas origens, evolução da mesma no Brasil e a sua divisão em Auditoria Independente e Auditoria Interna. Num segundo momento foi analisado o sistema contábil existente, com especial atenção ao módulo do Contas a Pagar. Essa análise demonstrou haver fragilidades no sistema de controle interno. Constatada essa situação, foi então desenvolvida toda uma série de instrumentos e de procedimentos para dotar a organização de um sistema de Contas a Pagar confiável, bem como adotar uma sistemática de controles por projetos. Uma vez adotados os sistemas propostos será possível à organização controlar, efetivamente, o seu Contas a Pagar e a ter, tempestivamente, uma visão dos riscos envolvidos. Além disso, a nova formatação do sistema por projetos permitirá operacionalizar as prestações de contas aos stakeholders envolvidos. / Considering the importance of evaluating a Payables system, as well as the risks involved, and that the non-profit private entities must obey, first of all, the Accounting fundamental principles and norms, what we find in the day to day reality is that such entities are not giving the appropriate attention to these procedures. Thus, this study aims at evaluating the Payables System of one of these institutions, and presenting suggestions to the safeguard and betterment of the System. The organization studied is a non-profit one and it is dedicated to capacitating county personnel in the various areas of the municipal activities. Firstly, by using the available bibliographic references, the concept of Auditing, its origins and its evolution in Brazil, and its ramification in Independent Audit and in Internal Audit. have been established Afterward, the existing accounting system has been analyzed with special emphasis on the Payables module. This analysis has shown that a whole serie o fragilities did exist in their internal control system. Based on these findings a whole lot of instruments and procedures have been developed so that the organization would have a trustworthy Payables system, as well as an indication to provide the organization with a systematic projects control system. Whenever the proposed systems are implemented it will be possible to the organization to effectively control its Payables and to have, forthrightly, a perception of the risks involved. Furthermore, the new projects system format will enable the organization to be more accountable to all its stakeholders.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / This dissertation deals with an audit of community tourism projects that were invested in, in the Eastern Cape as part of government intervention to create job opportunities and contribute to the growth of the Eastern Cape economy through the tourism industry. The focus is on projects that received capital allocations for infrastructural development rather than operational costs. The study sought to achieve the following objectives: • Determine the status quo of publicly funded capital tourism projects developed since 2004. • Determine the modus operandi followed with regard to capital tourism projects. • Determine the reasons for the successes or failures of these projects. • Provide recommendations to address gaps and failures in tourism projects. The key informants to the study were steering committees that were established to implement community tourism projects. The steering committees are represented by government officials (local, provincial and national), consultants and community trusts or any community structure that represents the broader community. The study revealed three types of community projects, namely: • Projects that are operational – although there are projects operating, the number is insignificant and it is unlikely that they would achieve the objectives that they were built for. The overall operational status does not warrant the R500m that was invested by government. • Projects that operated before but closed hence, referred to as ‘white elephants’ – there are a number of projects that were in business but currently closed due to poor management and lack of skills. • Projects that were under planning during the survey – these are projects that have been under planning for a very long time.