Les récepteurs du Fc des Immunoglobulines G (FcγR) sont impliqués dans de nombreuses réactions immunitaires. Deux groupes de faible affinité existent : les FcγRIIa/b/c et les FcγRIIIa/b, FcγRIIb étant le seul inhibiteur. Plusieurs polymorphismes, modifiant l’affinité au ligand et la réponse du récepteur, sont favorisés par une pression de sélection infectieuse et associés aux Maladies Auto-Immunes (MAI). Nous avons étudié l’association des polymorphismes FcγRIIa-R131H, FcγRIIb-I232T, FcγRIIIa-F158V, FcγRIIIb-Na1/Na2 aux Lupus érythémateux systémique (LES), la neuromyélite optique (NMO) et la sclérose en plaque (SEP) en Martinique. Nos résultats montrent une forte fréquence des allèles T232, V158 et des génotypes 232TT et 158VV dans la population générale, une augmentation de la fréquence de l’homozygote Na1, des allèles Na1 et 158F dans le LES, une augmentation du génotype 131RR ainsi que des allèles 131R et 158V dans le LES avec atteinte rénale, une augmentation du génotype 131RR et une diminution du NA2/NA2 dans la SEP ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’allèle 232T dans les NMO. L’étude de l’influence du FcγRIIb-I232T sur l’activation du récepteur à l’antigène des lymphocytes B (BCR) chez des lupiques et des témoins sains porteurs des formes IT, TT ou II montre que la régulation du BCR est effective même en présence de la forme TT. Ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois que la population martiniquaise possède un terrain génétique particulier qui faciliterait l’apparition de MAI avec pronostic plus sévère. / Receptors of Fc of Immunoglobulin G (FcγR) are involved in many immune responses. Two low affinity groups exist: FcγRIIa/b/c, and FcγRIIIa/b, FcγRIIb is the only inhibitor. Several polymorphisms, altering the affinity ligand and receptor response, are selected by an infectious pressure and associated with autoimmune diseases (AID). We studied the association of polymorphisms FcγRIIa-R131H, FcγRIIb-I232T, FcγRIIIa-F158V, FcγRIIIb-Na1/Na2 to systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple scelrosis (MS) in Martinique. Our results show a high frequency of alleles T232, V158 and 232TT and 158VV genotypes in Martinican, an increase in the frequency of the homozygous Na1, Na1 and 158F alleles in SLE, an increase of 131RR genotype, the 131R and 158V alleles in SLE with kidney disease, an increase of 131RR genotype and a decrease of NA2 / NA2 in MS but an increase in the 232T allele in NMO. Study of the influence of FcγRIIb-I232T on the activation of the B cells receptor (BCR) in lupus and healthy controls controls exibiting IT, TT or II forms, shows that the regulation of BCR is effective even in the presence TT form. These results show for the first time Martinican population has a particular genetic background which would facilitate the appearance of MAI particularly serious.

Issues d'un gène ancestral commun, les molécules CD5 et CD6 sont présentes à la surface de tous les lymphocytes T (LT) matures ainsi qu'à la surface de certains lymphocytes B (LB). Ces deux protéines font partie de la famille des « Scavenger Receptor Cystein Rich » (SRCR) protéines mais la régulation, l'expression et les fonctions de ces deux molécules ne sont pas totalement résolues. Ainsi, CD5 est impliquée dans la régulation du récepteur à l’antigène des LB et des LT, dans la tolérance des LB et elle est présente à la surface des LB régulateurs. A l’opposé, CD6 possède un rôle dans la prolifération des lymphocytes, la survie, la migration et l’adhésion cellulaire. Les expressions de CD5 et CD6 diffèrent au sein des LB normaux ainsi qu'en pathologie. Dans le cadre du lupus érythémateux systémique (LES), le nombre de molécules CD5 à la surface des LB CD5+ est réduit. Dans une autre maladie auto-immune (MAI), le Syndrome de Gougerot Sjögren (SGS), l'expression de CD6 à la membrane des LB n'est pas affectée mais la distribution des LB mémoires CD6+, mais pas des LB naïfs, est modifiée par rapport aux témoins sains. En effet, les LB CD6+ sont sous représentés dans le sang périphérique et ce, en raison de leur délocalisation dans les glandes salivaires (GS) des patients. Cette délocalisation est liée à la surexpression d’ALCAM, le ligand naturel de CD6, par les cellules épithéliales au cours du SGS. L'étude de la diminution de l'expression de CD5 à la surface des LB de patients atteints de LES a permis de montrer qu'il existait un défaut dans le processus de la méthylation de l'ADN chez ces patients. Ce même défaut a été retrouvé dans les GS de patients atteints de SGS. Enfin, les LB de patients atteints de leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC) sont porteurs des deux molécules à leur membrane. Nous avons testé l'effet in vitro et in vivo d'un l'anticorps monoclonal (Acm) humanisé anti-CD6, T1H, dans la LLC. De façon intéressante, il s’avère que cet Acm favorise la lyse des LB de LLC et ceci, de façon équivalente au rituximab dans un modèle murin in vivo. T1H est internalisé par les LT et est donc inefficace sur ces cellules. Ces résultats nous permettent de conclure que même si les molécules CD5 et CD6 sont proches phylogénétiquement, elles possèdent des fonctions et des modes de régulation différents entre les LB et les LT mais aussi au sein des différentes populations de LB. Une meilleure compréhension des fonctions et des modes d'actions de ces deux protéines ouvre des perspectives thérapeutiques dans le traitement des MAI et de la LLC. / Derived from a common ancestral gene, CD5 and CD6 molecules are present on the surface of all mature T lymphocytes (LT) and some B lymphocytes (LB). These two proteins are members of the "Scavenger Receptor Cystein Rich" family proteins (SRCR) but the regulation, the expression and the function of these molecules is not totally resolved. CD5 is involved in the regulation of antigen receptor in LB and in LT, in the LB tolerance and is present on the surface of regulator B cells. In contrast, CD6 plays a role in lymphocyte proliferation, survival, migration, and cell adhesion. Expressions of CD5 and CD6 differ within normal LB and and LB present in different in pathologies. In the context of systemic lupus erythematosus (LES), the number of CD5 molecules on the surface of CD5+ LB is reduced. In another autoimmune disease (MAI), the Sjogren Syndrome (SS), the expression of CD6 at the membrane of B cells is not affected but the distribution of CD6 + memory LB but not naive LB is changed compared to healthy controls. Indeed, LB CD6 + are underrepresented in the peripheral blood and, it’s due to their relocation in the salivary glands (GS) of patients. This relocation is related to overexpression of ALCAM, the natural ligand of CD6, by epithelial cells in SS. The study of the decreased expression of CD5 on the surface of LB SLE patients has shown that there was a defect in the process of DNA methylation in these patients. The same defect was found in the GS of SS patients. Finally, B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients (CLL) are holders of the two molecules on their membrane. We tested the effect in vitro and in vivo of a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) anti-CD6, T1H, in the CLL. Interestingly, it appears that this mAb promotes lysis of CLL LB and this effect is equivalent to the one that rituximab was shown to have in an in vivo mouse model. T1H is internalized by LT and is therefore ineffective on these cells. These results allow us to conclude that even if the CD5 and CD6 molecules are phylogenetically close, they have different functions and modes of regulation between LB and LT but also within different populations of LB. A better understanding of their functions and action pathway of these two proteins opens up therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of MAI and CLL.

Distinct cellular level of the Ca2+ binding chaperone calreticulin (CRT) is essential for cardiac development and postnatal function. However, CRT is also a potential autoantigen eliciting formation of antibodies (Ab), whose role is not yet clarified. Immunization with CRT leads to cardiac injury, and overexpression of CRT in cardiomyocytes induces dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in experimental animals. Hence, we analysed levels of anti-CRT Ab and calreticulin in the sera of patients with idiopatic DCM and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). ELISA and immunoblot using human recombinant CRT and Pepscan with synthetic, overlapping decapeptides of CRT were used to detect anti-CRT Ab. Significantly increased levels of anti-CRT Ab of IgA (P<0.001) and IgG (P<0.05) isotypes were found in patients with both DCM (12/34 seropositive for IgA, 7/34 for IgG) and HCM (13/38 seropositive for IgA, 11/38 for IgG) when compared with controls (2/79 for IgA, 1/79 for IgG). Titration analysis in seropositive DCM and HCM patients documented anti-CRT Ab detected at 1/1600 dilution for IgG and 1/800 for IgA (and IgA1) and at least at 1/200 dilution for IgA2, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3. Pepscan identified several immunogenic CRT epitopes: EVKIDNSQVESGSLED, IDDPTDSKPE, DKAPEHIPDPDA and RKEEEEAEDKEDDAEDKDEDEEDE recognised by IgA and...

The last half-century has seen a dramatic and alarming rise in the incidence of autoimmune disease in industrialized nations too rapid to be accounted for by genetics alone. Among those, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has risen from a western disease affecting industrialized populations to an emerging global threat affecting diverse populations around the world. IBD is a complex disease that combines genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure, but one aspect appears to be clear: the involvement of the gut microbiome. Current thought holds that IBD is an autoimmune attack on commensal microbiota, causing extensive collateral damage to the host intestinal tissues in the process. However, it has remained unclear in the field whether the changes observed in the IBD microbiome are causative in nature or whether the microbiome is responding to already-underway inflammatory processes within the host. This dissertation investigates one host factor in particular with regard to the microbiome and the development of inflammation: sodium-hydrogen exchange at the brush border, mediated by sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3). NHE3 is inhibited during active IBD, but its loss in knockout animals is also enough to promote spontaneous colitis in a microbiome-dependent fashion. This dissertation investigates the specific contribution of the microbiome in NHE3 knockout animals to determine whether loss of NHE3 may be mediating the onset of colitis through pro-inflammatory changes in the microbiome. Our results suggest that the microbiome fostered in an NHE3-deficient environment may accelerate the onset and severity of experimental colitis, though likely in concert with additional host factors.

Antibodies are a class of proteins that are made by the immune system to recognize harmful organisms and molecules. Their exceptional capability of specifically recognizing molecules has been investigated for over a century and information thereof has been utilized for a variety of applications including vaccine and generation of therapeutic antibodies. Occasionally, instead of protecting the host against pathogens, antibodies can recognize constituents of the host and thereby cause an autoimmune reaction that eventually can lead to a disease. Therefore, it is of great interest to understand what the antibodies bind to and their specificities.   The last decades of technical development and availability of protein and peptide microarrays have enabled large-scale profiling of antibodies and precise determination of their specificities through epitope mapping. In this thesis the aim was to use affinity proteomics tools to profile antibodies, determine their specificities, and discover potential associations of autoantigens to disease by analyzing blood-derived samples with microarray-based methods.   In Paper I, 57 serum samples from patients with the suggested autoimmune disease narcolepsy, were analyzed on planar antigen microarrays with 10,846 human protein fragments. Verification on an independent sample collection consisting of serum samples from 176 individuals, revealed METTL22 and NT5C1A as two potential autoantigens. In Paper II, antibodies from 53 plasma samples from patients with first-episode psychosis, a condition suggested to have a partial autoimmune component, were analyzed on planar antigen microarrays with 2,304 human protein fragments. After a follow-up study of the patients, antibodies toward an antigen representing the three proteins, PAGE2, PAGE2B, PAGE5, was found associated to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. In Paper III, serum and plasma samples from patients with the autoimmune diseases multiple sclerosis and narcolepsy, were epitope mapped on high-density peptide microarrays with approximately 2.2 million peptides. Technical and biological verification, by using other microarray technology and analyzing  samples from 448 patients, revealed one peptide for multiple sclerosis and narcolepsy, representing the proteins MAP3K7 and NRXN1, with higher antibody reactivity towards in each group, respectively. In Paper IV, purified polyclonal antibodies raised against a surface antigen found on malaria-infected erythrocytes, were profiled on the peptide microarrays representing all proteins found on malaria-infected erythrocytes derived from Plasmodium falciparum. Then, different Plasmodium falciparum strains were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy and western blots, using the epitope mapped antibodies. The performance of the immunoassays were compared to the identified epitopes, and validated by RNA sequencing.   In conclusion, these investigations describe multiplex methods to identify and characterize antibodies, their disease association and epitopes. Follow-up studies are needed to determine their potential use and clinical value. / <p>QC 20170905</p>

No description available.

The advent of scRNA-seq has rapidly advanced our understanding of complex systems by enabling the researcher to look at the full transcriptional profile within each cell, with the potential to reveal intercellular communications within a tissue. To map these communications, I created SignallingSingleCell, an R package that provides an end-to-end approach for the analysis of scRNA-seq data, with a particular focus on building ligand and receptor signaling networks. Using these powerful techniques, we sought to dissect the heterogenous population of cells recently reported within the BMDC culture system. From this data we were able to determine the cell type composition, identify the different myeloid responses to similar stimuli, and unify recent conflicting studies about the populations within this system. We then applied these tools to study vitiligo, an autoimmune disease of the skin, to answer fundamental questions about the initiation and progression of disease. We found signatures of increased antigen presentation through MHC-I, loss of immunotolerance cytokines such as TGFB1 and IL-10, and changes in the complex chemokine circuits that influence T cell localization, including an essential role for CCR5 in Treg function. In order to identify and characterize the autoreactive T cells that are responsible for the targeted destruction of melanocytes, we then paired scRNA-seq with TCR-seq and MHC-II complexes loaded with melanocyte antigen. From this data we contrast the transcriptional state of melanocyte specific T cells to bystanders found within the skin and circulation.

No description available.

Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse belegen eine essentielle Rolle der Beseitigung von intrazellulären DNA-Metaboliten aus der DNA-Reparatur für die Aufrechterhaltung von Immuntoleranz. So führt eine unangemessene Akkumulation körpereigener DNA im Zytosol, über die Erkennung durch Nukleinsäuresensoren, zu einer Aktivierung des angeborenen Immunsystems. Dies weist auf einen bisher unbekannten Zusammenhang zwischen DNA-Schäden, der DNA-Schadensantwort und einer Typ 1-IFN-vermittelten Aktivierung des angeborenen Immunsystems bei der Pathogenese von Autoimmunität hin.

5 Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the maintenance of peripheral self-tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity by suppressing the response of self-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. However, while interactions of Tregs with CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied, their effect on the self-tolerance of CD8+ T cells has not been explored in detail. The main aim of this diploma project was to provide evidence whether and how Tregs prevent autoimmunity induced by CD8+ T cells. We used an experimental mouse model of autoimmune diabetes allowing us to acutely deplete Tregs and titrate the number of self-reactive T cells, self- antigen affinity, and self-antigen doses. We found out that Tregs play an important role in the prevention of CD8+ T-cell mediated autoimmunity. Moreover, we revealed that Tregs suppress both high-affinity T cells that escape negative selection and relatively weakly self-reactive, but numerous, positively selected T cells. Tregs do so by increasing requirement for the number of self-reactive CD8+ T cells required for the autoimmunity induction. Intriguingly, presence of Tregs does not impact threshold for self-antigen. Moreover, for the first time, we showed that Tregs can suppress CD8+ T-cell-mediated autoimmunity in the absence of conventional CD4+ T cells. This means that...