The bacterium Streptococcus sanguinis is a primary member of the human oral microflora and also has been recognized as a key player in the bacterial colonization of the mouth. It is considered the most common viridians streptococcal species implicated in infective endocarditis. In all kingdoms of life, ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are essential to many cellular functions. Sequencing of the SK36 genome provided the opportunity to study ABC transporter mutants and their relationship with acidity of the oral environment. Despite numerous studies that have focused on carbohydrate uptake systems in closely related streptococcal species such as S. mutans, S. pneumonia and S. pyogenes, the mechanism of the response of these ABC transporters to acidic conditions in S. sanguinis is still unknown. The capability of S. sanguinis to adapt in these harsh environments suggests this bacterium is capable of responding to various environmental stimuli. The purpose of this study was to examine ABC mutants to identify functions that contribute to acid tolerance in S. sanguinis. This study demonstrates that two acid-sensitive mutant genes, SSA_1507 and SSA_1508, identify genes involved in acid tolerance. The two mutants grew on different sugars and none of them showed a defect in sugar utilization at acid pH. We couldn’t recognize any significant differences in sugar uptake for the two acid sensitive mutants or in mutants of their neighboring genes. Thus, the observed acid sensitivity is not due to a failure to take up any of the common sugars tested. The cytoplasmic pH of S. sanguinis was studied with the fluorescent pH indicator (BCECF) and SK36 was observed to have a wider pH range than either of the two acid-sensitive mutants SSA_1507 or SSA_1508. In these two mutants, intracellular pH was not as well maintained. At all pH values tested, the mutants displayed a lower intracellular pH than the wild type. These observations indicate that the cell membrane of these two mutants is unable to protect the interior components from adverse effects of higher pH values and lower pH values, and prove that these two mutant genes SSA_1507 and SSA_1508 are unable to grow in lower pH values. These results support a role for these ABC transporters in proton pump or export and indicate that the mutants are less able to pump out protons.

The company operates in an industry where demand can change rapidly. Therefore, the future places high demands on the company to keep its material management in shape to deliver with the right products, in due time and in the right quantity. To maintain Inwido competitive, material management needs to be streamlined. This thesis focuses on streamlining material management in the external material flow. It focuses on providing suggestions on how the company could improve controls for the inventory to solve issues that cause interference in the material flow. The thesis emphasizes ABC classification, which is a method to categorize the supply items in order to place an appropriate service level. When the service level is set for each category, the fluctuation stock is dimensioned to maintain that service level for each supply item. The thesis charts the turnover of the external material flow, which will facilitate the company's handling of purchases and lot sizing. The purpose is to reduce tied up capital and lower the lead times, which will minimize costs and increase revenues. In the conclusion of the thesis, it appears that by using an ABC analysis it is possible to meet the goals that the company previously set. The objectives can be met by applying methods we recommend for lot sizing and material management. The thesis presents a proposal whereby it is possible to lower the capital bond by 18.7% while fulfilling a 97% service level for material stocks that hold external articles. / Företaget verkar i en bransch där efterfrågan kan förändras snabbt. Därför ställer framtiden höga krav på Inwido att hålla sin materialstyrning i form för att kunna genomföra leveranser med rätt produkter, i rätt tid och i rätt kvantitet. För att upprätthålla Inwido konkurrenskraftigt behöver materialstyrningen effektiviseras. Detta examensarbete kretsar kring effektivisering av materialstyrningen i det externa materialflödet. Det lägger fokus på att ge förslag om hur företaget skulle förbättra styrningen av materiallagret för att lösa problem som orsakar störningar i materialflödet. Examensarbetet lägger vikt på ABC-klassificering, som är en metod för att kategorisera artiklar för att kunna applicera en lämplig servicenivå. När en servicenivå är satt för varje kategori dimensioneras säkerhetslagret för att kunna upprätthålla servicenivån för varje artikel.   Examensarbetet kartlägger det externa materialflödets omsättning vilket ska underlätta för företaget att hantera inköp samt partiformning, vars syfte är att minska kapitalbindningen och ledtider vilket i sin tur minimerar kostnaderna och ökar intäkterna. I slutsatsen av examensarbetet så framgår det att med hjälp av en ABC-analys så är det är möjligt att uppfylla de målen som företaget haft på arbetet. Målen kan uppfyllas genom att applicera de rekommenderade metoderna för partiformning och materialstyrning. Examensarbetet presenterar ett förslag där det är möjligt att sänka kapitalbindningen med 18,7 % och samtidigt uppfylla en servicenivå på 97 % för materiallagret som håller externa artiklar.

Die opportunistische Hefe Candida albicans ist in der Lage durch ein koordiniertes Zusammenspiel bestimmter zellulärer Eigenschaften sich unterschiedlichen Umweltbedingungen anzupassen und unterschiedliche Nischen innerhalb des menschlichen Wirts zu kolonisieren. Die Sekretion hydrolytischer Enzyme, wie Proteinasen und Phospholipasen, stellt eine wichtige Eigenschaft des Pilzes dar, die als wesentlicher Faktor für die Aufrechterhaltung der Pathogenität von C. albicans angesehen wird. Ein Schwerpunkt der hier vorliegenden Studie ist die funktionale Charakterisierung des caPLB5-Gens, eines neuen Mitglieds der insgesamt 5 Mitglieder umfassenden Phospholipase-B-Genfamilie. Im Gegensatz zu den gut untersuchten sekretorischen PLBs caPlb1p and caPlb2p scheint das caPlb5-Protein GPI-verankert und letztlich zellwandgebunden zu sein. Mittels Northernexpressions-Studien ließen sich in verschiedenen C.-albicans-Stämmen und unterschiedlichen Wachstumsbedingungen caPLB5-spezifische Transkripte nachweisen. Während des Hefe-Hyphe-Wechsels in Lee’s Medium zeigte sich interessanterweise eine differentielle Regulation der Gene caPLB5, caPLB1 and caPLB2. Durch Sequenzanalyse einzelner caPLB5-Allele konnte die Anwesenheit zweier unterschiedlicher Allele in C. albicans bei verschiedenen Stämmen nachgewiesen werden. Die gezielte Geninaktivierung beider Allele in zwei verschiedenen Stämmen resultierte in einer attenuierten Virulenz, was sich im Mausmodell für systemische Infektion anhand des Kolonisationsgrads des Wirtsgewebes messen ließ. Die Phänotypen sowohl der Nullmutanten als auch der caPLB5-Revertanten belegen, dass die Phospholipase B caPlb5p für die vollständige Virulenz des Pathogens benötigt wird und dabei eine Rolle bei der in vivo Organbesiedlung spielt. Diese Arbeit präsentiert zudem die Isolierung und Charakterisierung des ATP-Binding-Cassette-(ABC)-Transporter-Gens caMLT1 aus C. albicans. CaMlt1p zählt zur MRP/CFTR-Unterfamilie ATP-bindender Transportproteine, eine Proteinkategorie, die in diesem Pilz bislang noch nicht beschrieben wurde. Energiebetriebene Transportproteine der ABC-Superfamilie schleusen eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Substrate aktiv durch biologische Membranen und erfüllen dabei wichtige Funktionen im zellulären Metabolismus und in der Entgiftung. Das caMlt1-Protein zeigt hohe sequenzielle und strukturelle Ähnlichkeiten zu den vakuolaren Efflux-Pumpen Ycf1p und Bpt1p von S. cerevisiae. Durch genomische Markierung mit dem grün fluoreszierenden GFP-Protein konnte caMlt1p in der vakuolaren Membran lokalisiert werden. Northernblothybridisierungen belegten die Induzierbarkeit der Gentranskripte durch die metabolischen Gifte Cadmium und CDNB, beides Substrate der scYcf1-Pumpe. Obwohl diese Untersuchungen darauf hindeuten, dass caMlt1p ein Ortholog von scYcf1p sein könnte, zeigte sich bei dem Komplementationsversuch einer scycf1-negativen S.-cerevisiae-Mutante mit einer caMLT1-Genkopie keine Reversion des sensitiven Phänotyps gegenüber Cadmium oder CDNB. Auch wiesen die in dieser Arbeit konstruierten, camlt1-negativen Mutanten in C. albicans, die zur Identifizierung potentieller caMlt1p-Substrate eingesetzt wurden, keinen hypersensitiven Phänotyp gegenüber CdCl2, CDNB oder irgendeiner anderen getesteten inhibitorischen Substanz auf. CaMlt1p ist demzufolge kein funktionales Homolog von scYcf1p. Als vakuolar lokalisiertes Protein weist caMLT1 ein für diese Proteingruppe typisches Transkriptionsprofil auf. Die mRNA-Expression erfolgt dabei wachstumsphasenabhängig mit der höchsten Geninduktion während des Diauxic-Shifts, wenn ein Mangel an Glucose (und anderen Nährstoffen) im Medium entsteht. Eine generierte camlt1-Nullmutante war interessanterweise in einem murinen Peritonitismodell in ihrer Fähigkeit die Leber zu invadieren drastisch reduziert. Durch Reintegration einer funktionalen caMLT1-Genkopie konnte der Virulenzdefekt aufgehoben werden. CaMlt1p scheint in die Fähigkeit von C. albicans involviert zu sein an intestinale Organe adhärieren und Gewebebarrieren penetrieren zu können, möglicherweise durch Einbindung des Transporters in Stressantwort- und Detoxifikationsmechanismen. Beide Gene, caMLT1 und caPLB5, wurden auf zweierlei Weise inaktiviert: mittels einer klassischen Mutagenesemethode für C. albicans (dem URA3-Blaster-System im Ura--auxotrophen Stamm CAI4) und durch Entwicklung eines neuen dominanten Selektionssysstems. Die dominante Selektion basiert dabei auf der genomischen Insertion einer Einzelkopie eines mutierten caIMH3-Allels (MPAR), das Transformanten Resistenz gegenüber Mycophenolsäure (MPA) verleiht. Dieses System ermöglicht die genetische Manipulation von C. albicans Wildtypstämmen, wodurch die mühselige Konstruktion auxotropher und oft avirulenter Stämme nicht mehr nötig ist. / A coordinated interplay of certain traits enables the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans to adapt to different environmental conditions and to colonize different niches of the human host. Secretion of hydrolyzing enzymes, like proteinases and phospholipases, is an important characteristic of C. albicans which is considered to be integral to pathogenesis. This study focuses on the functional characterisation of the caPLB5 gene, a new member of the phospholipase B multigene family with five putative members. In contrast to the well characterized secretory PLBs caPlb1p and caPlb2p, the putative caPlb5-protein is likely to be GPI-anchored and ultimately bound to the cell wall. Northern expression studies showed caPLB5-specific transcripts in several strains of C. albicans under each growth condition tested. Interestingly, differential regulation of caPLB5, caPLB1 and caPLB2 could be detected during the yeast to hyphae transition in Lee’s medium. Sequence analysis of single caPLB5 allels resulted in the identification of two different alleles in several strains of C. albicans. The targeted gene disruption of both alleles in two different strains resulted in attenuated virulence as measured by host tissue colonization in a mouse model of systemic infection. The phenotypes expressed by null mutants and revertant strains of caPLB5 indicate that the phospholipase is required for complete virulence of this pathogen by playing a role for in vivo organ colonization. This study further presents the isolation and characterisation of the ABC-transporter gene caMLT1 in C. albicans belonging to the MRP/CFTR-subfamily of ATP-binding casette (ABC) transporters, a class of proteins so far not described in this fungus. Energy-driven transport proteins within the ABC-superfamily actively transport a wide variety of substances across biological membranes and fulfill important functions in cellular metabolism and detoxification. The protein encoded by the caMLT1 gene shows high similarities to the vacuolar efflux-pumps Ycf1p and Bpt1p of S. cerevisiae. Genomic tagging with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) revealed vacuolar membrane localization of caMlt1p. Northern hybridisation experiments documented the inducibility of gene transcripts by the metabolic poisons cadmium and CDNB, which are also substrates of the scYcf1-pump. While caMlt1p could be an orthologue of scYcf1p, complementation of a scycf1-negative S. cerevisiae mutant with a caMLT1-gene copy did not reverse the sensitive phenotype to these toxins. Moreover, the construction of camlt1-negative mutants in C. albicans allowed for screening of substrates putatively transported by caMlt1p. These null mutants showed no hypersensitive phenotype to neither CdCl2 nor CDNB or any other tested inhibitory substances, hence caMlt1p is not a functional homologue of scYcf1p. The caMLT1 mRNA expression pattern is typical for a vacuolar gene, showing an extensively growth phase dependent regulation with the highest gene induction during the diauxic transition when glucose (and other nutrients) becomes limited. Most interestingly, a generated mlt1 null mutant showed a dramatic reduction in liver invasion in a mouse peritonitis model. Reintegration of a functional caMLT1 gene copy reverted the virulence defect. CaMlt1p seems to be involved in the capability of C. albicans to adhere to the intestinal organs and penetrate tissue barriers putatively because of its involvement in mechanisms of stress response and detoxification. Both genes, caMLT1 and caPLB5, were inactivated by using a classical disruption method for C. albicans (the URA3-Blaster-system in Ura- auxotrophic strain CAI4) and by developing a new dominant selection system. Dominant selection is based on genomic insertion of a single copy of a mutated caIMH3 allel (MPAR) that renders transformants resistant to mycophenolic acid (MPA). Using this system, the cumbersome generation of auxotrophic strains, which are often avirulent, is obsolete, while C. albicans wild-type strains become amenable to genetic manipulation.

Detta examensarbete har bedrivits på Högskolan i Borås med företaget Ludvig Svensson AB (LSAB) som ”case”. Arbetets inriktning har varit att analysera färdigvarulagret med ambitionen att uppnå förbättringsmetoder. De nya arbetssätten ska i slutändan kunna generera en snabbare lageromsättningshastighet.  Problemet som LSAB hade var att många artiklar fastnade på lager alldeles för länge. Detta ledde till inkurans och stora lagerkostnader.  I grunden berodde detta på stora säkerhetslager och ett orderhanteringssystem som inte var synkroniserat med den prognostiserade försäljningshistoriken.Nulägesanalysen gav en bild av hur lagerhanteringen fungerar i dagsläget. Analysen visar på ett system som inte tar hänsyn till avvikande data eller prognoser. Det finns heller inget samspel mellan säkerhetslager och beställningspunkten . Detta gjorde att fokus hamnade på att ta fram ett konsekvent system där säkerhetslager och beställningspunkt kontinuerligt justeras utefter försäljningshistoriken. Försäljningshistoriken utgörs utav ett rullande periodsystem på 12 månader.  Med förändringen togs det fram nya formler för säkerhetslager och beställningspunkt. All data sammanställdes i en Pivottabell som är en plattform för att kunna analysera data och fatta beslut. Alla produkter delades in i en så kallad ABC-analys. Detta gjorde att alla produkter kunde hanteras unikt.  Resultatet blev ett system där säkerhetslager och beställningspunkt är synkroniserade. Alla produkter fick nya säkerhetslager och beställningspunkt som var baserade på föregående års (2017) försäljningshistorik. Det finns även en metod för hur avvikande data ska hanteras.  Implementeringen utav det nya systemet kommer att kräva förändringar i hur LSAB arbetar idag. Detta i form av planeringsstruktur och underhåll av systemet. Underhåll av systemet innebär att uppdatera siffror i Pivottabellen eftersom att dem kontinuerligt förändras. / This Bachelor thesis has been written at University of Borås with Ludvig Svensson AB (LSAB) as a case study. The thesis alignment centers about analyzing a finished stock with intention of improving the stock storage methods. The goal with the new methods is to improve the stock turnover rate.  LSAB were having problems managing the inventory. The root of this problem is items’ getting stuck in inventory, for periods greater than the product’s life span. This lead to obsolescence and additional inventory costs for items that was undesirable. Our analysis resulted in the conclusion that the main reason was large safety stock and an order management system which was unsynchronized with the forecast for the sales history.  The status analysis gave us a general understanding regarding they way inventory stock was managed in LSAB´s current system. The analysis showed a system not accounting for neither deviant data nor forecast. There was neither any coherence between safety stock and the ordering point. This lead to focusing on coming up with a consistent system where the safety stock and the ordering point continuously adjusted according to the sales history. The sales history contains data from the latest 12 months.  With the new system, a new safety stock and ordering point could be calculated. All data was compiled in Microsoft Excel with a Pivot table. All products were divided into a so called ABC-analysis. This made it possible to manage all the products separately.  The result of this bachelor thesis is a system in which the safety stock and ordering point are synchronized. All products received new safety stock and ordering point which is based on the last years (2017) sales history. The result also lead to a new method managing deviant data. The implementation of the system requires LSAB to change today's current stock management approach. To achieve this, LSAB must utilize the new planning structure and the maintenance of the system. Maintenance of system means to continually update the Pivot table because of the changes in demand.

Det problem som utgör grunden för studien är förankrat i bristen på forskning om hur teknisk utveckling och implementering av högteknologi i lagerverksamheter påverkar fördelningen av indirekta kostnader. I dagsläget råder det osäkerheter kring hur traditionella kostnadskalkyler kan hantera den ökade mängden indirekta kostnader som förorsakas av implementation och användning av högteknologi. Möjligen skulle ABC-kalkylering kunna användas för att fördela den ökade mängden indirekta kostnader på ett rättvist och logiskt sätt.

The rapid emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial strains represents a major global healthcare issue. Amongst five known classes of membrane transporters, which play a huge role in multidrug efflux, primary-active ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are ATP powered whilst secondary-active transporters utilize electrochemical ion gradients to drive substrate transport. Mechanistic insights into transport by these proteins can help with the design and development of novel therapeutic agents against multidrug resistance, and can increase our understanding of the physiological functions of these transporters. Although available crystal structures illustrate a common alternate access model for transport by ABC transporters, the mechanisms by which metabolic energy is coupled to the transport cycle is still elusive. This thesis presents a series of functional studies using whole cells as well as artificial phospholipid membranes to study the energetics of transport, and the influence of membrane phospholipids on substrate transport by the homodimeric Escherichia coli lipid A/multidrug ABC exporter MsbA. Current alternating access models for ABC exporters involve cycling between conformations with inward- and outward-facing substrate-binding sites in membrane domains (MDs) in response to engagement and hydrolysis of ATP at the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). Here we report that MsbA also utilizes another major energy currency in the cell by coupling substrate transport to a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient. In this thesis, analogous substrate transport reactions are also studied for two other ABC exporters, the MsbA homologue LmrA and the human multidrug transporter ABCG2. The dependence of ATP-dependent transport on proton coupling, and the stimulation of MsbA-ATPase by the chemical proton gradient highlight the functional integration of both forms of metabolic energy. It also raises questions about the role of NBDs in the transport process. Comparisons of drug transport and resistance in cells expressing MsbA-MD (truncated MsbA lacking the NBD) and full length MsbA (MsbA-WT) demonstrate increased transport efficiency of MsbA-WT compared to MsbA-MD. In addition, growth studies using E. coli WD2 cells, which are conditionally defective in MsbA’s essential activity in lipid A transport, show that lipid A transport can be restored by the expression of MsbA-WT but not MsbA-MD or ATP-hydrolysis impaired Walker A mutant (MsbA- ΔK382). Lastly, we also present biochemical experiments with proteoliposomes with a defined phospholipid composition, which suggest that cardiolipin is essential for the transport activity of MsbA. These techniques open the way to further explore lipid-proteins interactions and examine the physiological role(s) of MsbA. In conclusion, this thesis produces new insights in the mechanisms of transport and energy coupling in ABC exporters.

One of the extraordinary properties of the Sun is the observed range of motion scales from the convection granules to the cyclic variation of magnetic activity. The Sun's magnetic field exhibits coherence in space and time on much larger scales than the turbulent convection that ultimately powers the dynamo. Motivated by the scale separation considerations, in this thesis we study the parametric scale selection of dynamo action. Although helioseismology has made a lot of progress in the study of the solar interior, the precise motions of plasma are still unknown. In this work, we assume that the model flow is forced with helical viscous body forces acting on different characteristic scales and weak and strong large-scale shear flows that are believed to be present near the base of the convection zone. In this thesis, we look for numerical evidence of a large-scale magnetic field relative to the characteristic scale of the model flow. The investigation is based on the simulations of incompressible MHD equations in elongated triply-periodic domains. To commence the investigation, a linear stability analysis of the coarsening instability in a one-dimensional periodic system is performed to study the stability threshold in the mean-field limit that assumes large scale separation in the system. The simulations are used to discriminate between different forms of the mean-field α -effect and domain aspect ratio. The notion of scale selection refers to methods for estimating characteristic scales. We define the dynamo scale through the characteristic scales of the underlying model flow, forcing and the realised magnetic field. The aspect ratio of the elongated domains plays a crucial role in all considered cases. In Part II, we examine the dynamo generated by the imposed model flows. The transition from large-scale dynamo at the onset to small-scale dynamo as we increase Rm is smooth and takes place in two stages: a fast transition into a predominantly small-scale magnetic energy state and a slower transition into even smaller scales. The long wavelength perturbation imposed on the ABC flow in the modulated case is not preserved in the eigenmodes of the magnetic field. In the presence of the linear (semi-linear shearing-box approximation) and the sinusoidal shearing motions, the field again undergoes a smooth transition at the slow non-sheared rate, which is associated with the balance of the advection and diffusion terms in the induction equation. Part III considers the nonlinear extension of the analysis in Part II, where the incompressible cellular and sheared flows interact with the exponentially growing magnetic field via the Lorentz force in the dynamical regime. Both sheared and non-sheared helical cellular flows become unstable to large-scale perturbations even in the limit of high viscosity. Due to the helical properties of the imposed forcing, the inverse cascade of helicity leads to energy accumulation in the largest scales of the domain, albeit the characteristic lengthscale exhibits the transitional nature at a highly reduced rate in the mean-field limit. As Rm is increased, the transition resembles that of the kinematic regime. The unique properties of the anisotropic shear reduce the componentality of the system, which in turn is able to half the rate of transition from the large-scale dynamo at the onset to a small-scale one.

Bostadsaffären är för de allra flesta den största affären i livet. Varje år säljs ett stort antal fastigheter i Sverige. En stor del av dessa fastigheter säljs med hjälp av en traditionell fastighetsmäklare och de mäklarförmedlade fastigheterna säljs i de allra flesta fall med prissättningsmetoden provision. Provision är ett omtalat ämne som ofta möter motstånd. Syftet med vår uppsats var att ta reda på hur hem- och villaintresserade personer samt traditionella fastighetsmäklare ställer sig till provision. Syftet var även att ta reda på om provision verkligen är den ultimata prissättningsmetoden eller om det skulle kunna vara aktuellt att istället ta betalt per aktivitet. För att besvara våra frågor har vi vävt samman teori med vår empiri. Empirin har vi kommit fram till genom metodtriangulering. Slutsatsen av vår uppsats är att hem- och villaintresserade har en ganska negativ inställning till provision men att fastighetsmäklarna ser denna metod som den mest ultimata. Vi har kommit fram till att betalning per aktivitet inte skulle vara möjligt att använda med dagens arbetssätt men att fastighetsmäklarna snart måste förändra antingen hem- och villaintresserades bild av provision eller själva prissättningsmetoden provision.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential biological process in animal development and tissue homeostasis that is necessary to ensure the physiological well-being of the organism. During PCD, phagocytes facilitate the selective removal of excess, damaged, and potentially deleterious cells, in a multi-step engulfment process. Genetic studies in Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mammals have identified two evolutionarily conserved signal transduction pathways that act redundantly to regulate engulfment: the CED-1/-6/-7 and CED-2/-5/-12 pathways. Of these cell death (CED) proteins, the ABC transporter CED-7 is the only protein reported to be required in both the engulfing cell and the dying cell. However, its function in the cell death process remains the most enigmatic and the ced-7 ortholog previously has not been identified in Drosophila. Homology searches revealed a family of putative ced-7 orthologs that encode transporters of the ABCA family in Drosophila. To determine which of these genes functions similarly to ced-7/ABCA1 in PCD, we analyzed their engulfment function in oogenesis, during which 15 germ cells in each egg chamber undergo programmed cell death and are removed by neighboring phagocytic follicle cells. It has been shown that genetically knocking down individual engulfment genes results in inefficient clearance of the germ cells, which then persist in late-stage egg chambers. Only two of the putative ced-7/ABCA1 genes are expressed significantly in the ovary, CG31731 and CG1718, and we have characterized these genes using transposon insertions, deficiencies, and RNAi knockdowns. Our genetic analysis reveals that CG31731 is necessary for germ cell clearance in the Drosophila ovary. Immunostaining shows that genetically knocking down CG31731 results in uncleared germ cells which persist in late-stage egg chambers. Altogether, our findings suggest that CED-7/ABCA1/CG31731 play evolutionarily conserved roles during engulfment.

Este trabalho busca investigar as políticas e práticas das administrações públicas dos municípios do Grande ABC paulista quanto a seus documentos de arquivo. Procura identificar quem detém sua custódia, e quais as ações destas administrações quanto a seu controle, mais especificamente os processos pragmáticos de avaliação e microfilmagem documental, tendo como contraponto a teoria arquivística. A região estudada compreende os municípios de Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires e Rio Grande da Serra. Considerando as experiências de ação integrada que têm se verificado na região a partir da constituição de organismos supramunicipais como o Consórcio Intermunicipal do Grande ABC, a Câmara do Grande ABC e o Forum da Cidadania, entre outros, aponta as condições e elementos para o estabelecimento de uma política pública de arquivos para a região.