Uma parte significativa das perdas por atrito num motor automotivo resulta da ação de partículas abrasivas. Dentre as fontes possíveis, podem ser citados o próprio meio ambiente - partículas que passam pelo filtro de ar - o desgaste de partes metálicas do motor ou mesmo resíduos de combustão. Essas partículas podem ficar encrustadas em anéis do pistão, ou ficar na interface entre pistão e bloco ou camisa, e são responsáveis por sulcos axiais, na direção do movimento do pistão, observáveis em motores usados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de desgaste relacionados com o sulcamento de camisa/bloco e identificar conjuntos de testes laboratoriais capazes de reproduzi-los sob condições controladas. Amostras de ferro fundido cinzento (FoFo) e de aço AISI 1070 com dureza de matriz próxima daquela encontrada em FoFo (?200HV30) foram submetidas a ensaios de riscamento em tribômetros. Verificou-se que riscos executados com um endentador cônico submetido a cargas na faixa de 20 a 50 mN eram similares aos sulcos observados em camisas ou blocos. Ensaios com outros materiais, como alumínio e latão e mesmo aço de diferentes durezas contribuíram para melhorar o entendimento dos resultados. Não foi observada transição brusca entre mecanismos de abrasão. O cálculo do fator de remoção de material, fab, a partir de perfilometria óptica resultou em valores com dispersão elevada; não foi possível associa-los aos diferentes mecanismos de abrasão observados. Valores obtidos para o coeficiente de atrito no riscamento permitiram fazer uma estimativa inicial de energia gasta nos processos abrasivos do motor. / A significant part of the friction losses in an automotive engine results from the abrasive action of particles. Among possible sources of such particles one can mention the environment - particles that were not retained by the filters - metallic residues from worn parts or even combustion residues. They may be picked up by piston rings and become part of their surfaces or stay loose in the piston/liner interface. Those particles are responsible for axial grooves that are observed in the liners of used engines. The objective of this work was to get a better understanding of the wear mechanisms related to liner/bore grooving and to identify a laboratory testing setup that might reproduce them under controlled conditions. Specimens of Gray Cast Iron (GCI) and of AISI 1070 steel with matrix hardness close to that found in GCI (?200HV30) were submitted to scratch tests in a tribometer. It was found that scratches performed under 20-50 mN indenter load (conical tip) were similar to grooves observed in cylinder liners. Tests with other materials such as aluminum, brass and even steel with different hardness values contributed to a better understanding of the results. No sharp transition between abrasion mechanisms was observed. Calculation of material removal factor fab from optical profilometry resulted in values with a large dispersion; they could not be associated with different abrasion mechanisms. Friction coefficient values obtained from the tests were used to make preliminary estimates of energy consumption due to abrasive processes in the engine.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma alternativa para utilização de vidros laminados provenientes de rejeitos industriais ou pós-consumo. Reciclando o vidro laminado, por meio de uma série de moagens, pode-se obter dois tipos de rejeitos: vidros de partículas pequenas (200 e 325 mesh), que não conseguem ser reaproveitados pela indústria vidreira, e filme de poli(vinil butiral) - PVB - impregnado com uma pequena quantidade de carga, que tem como destino os aterros. No presente estudo, esses dois resíduos foram aproveitados na fabricação de vernizes curados por radiação ultravioleta empregados para proteção de pisos de madeira. O filme de PVB foi utilizado na formulação de um isolante, em razão de sua alta flexibilidade e boa aderência à madeira, e o vidro de baixa granulometria foi empregado como carga nos vernizes chamados de alto tráfego para o aumento da resistência à abrasão dos mesmos (propriedade fundamental de vernizes para pisos de madeira). Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o isolante preparado com o filme de PVB em solução alcoólica e misturado a um monômero acrílico trifuncional, como o trimetilolpropano triacrilato (TMPTA), quando aplicado sobre pisos de madeira, obteve-se bons resultados de aderência, arrancamento e flexibilidade, podendo assim substituir os isolantes utilizados atualmente, produtos com cura por radiação ultravioleta, em base aquosa, e que apresentam alto custo por serem preparados com resinas importadas. Foi observado que quanto maior a quantidade de solução de PVB, melhor a flexibilidade do filme e, conseqüentemente, melhor a resistência ao arrancamento do revestimento. Os vidros de baixa granulometria apresentaram resultados muito satisfatórios quando utilizados como carga nos vernizes de alto tráfego, especialmente ao se combinarem com o óxido de alumínio (carga atualmente utilizada nesses sistemas), aumentando ainda mais a resistência à abrasão dos vernizes e também a estabilidade dos vernizes (quanto à sedimentação e à geleificação). Para todas as combinações de cargas preparadas neste trabalho foram bons os resultados obtidos, podendo-se optar pela utilização daquelas com maior quantidade de vidro, uma vez que este, por tratar-se de um resíduo, torna tais combinações mais econômicas. / The present work features an alternative for the utilization of the windshield after its use. The recycling of the laminated glass, through a series of grindings, make possible to obtain two kinds of materials: glasses of small particles (200 and 325 mesh), that cannot be recovered in the glass industry, and a poly(vinyl butiral) - PVB - sheet impregnated with a small amount of filler, that has as final disposal the sanitary landfill. In this study these two materials were introduced in the formulation of ultraviolet curing varnishes used to the protection of wood flooring. The film of PVB was used in the formulation of a primer, due to its high flexibility and good adherence to the wood, and the glass of low granulometry was used as a filler in the so-called high traffic varnish, to increase the abrasion resistance (main property of these varnishes). The results obtained showed that the primer prepared with the PVB sheet in alcoholic solution, mixed with a trifunctional acrylic monomer, like TMPTA, when applied on wood flooring, obtained good results of adherence, scrape adhesion, flexibility and stability and could substitute the primers used nowadays that are UV curing products, however water based ones, and that has a high cost because of the imported resins that are used in their formulations. It was observed that larger the amount of solution of PVB, better the flexibility of the film and, consequently, better its scrape adhesion. The glasses of low granulometry also presented very satisfactory results when used as fillers in the high traffic varnishes, mainly when in combination with aluminium oxide (filler used in these systems), increasing more the abrasion resistance of the varnishes and also their stability (the sedimentation and geleification have showed better results). To all filler combinations studied in this work the results were good and the best one can be the ones that presented the largest amount of glass, since as a residue, make these combinations more economical.

Varicose veins is a condition, which affects numerous people. The condition is mostly not harmful but aesthetically unappreciated. Therefore many people choose to have them surgically removed. After the surgery is completed, the leg is bandaged, this for creating an ideal healing environment, without any complications occurring. It is important that a uniform pressure is distributed evenly along the bandaged leg, because high or low pressure can cause complications which prolongs healing. During the bandaging it is difficult to achieve an even pressure since the pressure varies due to the shape of the leg and who is bandaging the leg. PressCise has developed a compression bandage with a guide along the bandage, so that each bandaging will give the same pressure upon the leg. The bandage is designed after a specific mathematical formula that is derived from the law of Laplace. This means that no matter how thick or thin the leg is at different points, the pressure will distribute itself evenly over the entire bandaged leg. PressCise aims to obtain a CE-mark for the product before a launch. An analysis of demands and a wide test study therefor needs to be carried out. Demands and requirements for the product from different laws and regulations have been observed in order to determine which tests are necessary to execute. At this stage PressCise also needs to evaluate different parameters. To begin with, they need to see how the bandage behaves in different types of treatments, and secondly they need to evaluate the properties in order to give the correct information concerning usage and durability advices. In this report, a survey of the competitors was conducted in order to estimate which standards and tests the competitors are marketing their products with. An examination of the requirements of the product from the PressCise, CE marking and laws will be study, to see which demands and regulations lies upon the bandage. In this report a minor test study will be executed, where the product will go through a washing test, an abrasion test and a hysteresis test. The report will conclude with a requirement specification for the current product and its launching. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

Esse estudo avaliou in vitro o efeito dos desafios erosivo ou erosivo/abrasivo sobre materiais restauradores contendo fluoreto ou cálcio e sobre as estruturas dentárias adjacentes às restaurações realizadas com esses materiais. Fragmentos de esmalte e de dentina bovinos (4 mm × 4 mm × 2 mm), foram incluídos em resina acrílica e planificados. Uma cavidade padrão com dimensões 1,2 mm × 4 mm × 1,5 mm foi preparada nos espécimes, e restaurada de acordo com o material a ser testado: 1. Z350 - resina composta (Filtek Z350, 3M ESPE); 2. VB - compósito experimental contendo apenas vidros de bário; 3. DCPD30% - compósito experimental contendo 10% de vidros de bário e 30% partículas de fosfato di-cálcio di-hidratado (DCPD) funcionalizadas com dimetacrilato de dietilenoglicol (DEGDMA); 4. DCPD60% - compósito experimental contendo 60% partículas de DCPD funcionalizadas com DEGDMA; 5. Beautifil - GIOMER (Beautifil II, Shofu Dental Corporation); 6. Fuji IX - cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional de alta viscosidade (Fuji IX, GC Corporation); 7. Fuji II LC - cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Fuji II LC, GC Corporation). Na sequência, os espécimes foram polidos e submetidos a dois tipos de tratamentos: erosão somente (n=10) ou erosão mais abrasão por escovação (n=10). A erosão foi realizada pela imersão dos espécimes em ácido cítrico a 0,3% (pH~2,6) por 5 min, seguido de 60 min de imersão em saliva artificial. Esse procedimento foi repetido 4×/dia, por 5 dias. A escovação foi realizada com uma suspensão de dentifrício padrão (Colgate Total 12 Mint Clean; 1450 ppm F-, como NaF) por 15 s (2 min de exposição total a suspensão de dentifrício), 2×/dia, 30 min após o primeiro e o quarto desafios erosivos. Ao final da ciclagem, a perda superficial (em ?m) do esmalte, da dentina e dos materiais restauradores foi determinada com um perfilômetro ótico. Para cada modelo (erosão e erosão-abrasão), os dados de perda superficial de esmalte, dentina e restauração foram analisados de maneira independente. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Tukey. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. No modelo de erosão, para esmalte, ambos cimentos ionoméricos apresentaram menor perda superficial do que o compósito Z350, apesar de Fuji II LC não ter se diferenciado significativamente dos grupos Beautifil e DCPD30%. Os outros grupos não foram diferentes de Z350 nem entre si. Para dentina, nenhum dos grupos foi diferente de Z350, com exceção de DCPD60%, o qual apresentou a maior perda superficial. Ambos cimentos ionoméricos apresentaram menor perda do que DCPD30%, Beautifil e DCPD60%. Em relação à restauração, os materiais Z350, Beautifil, VB, DCPD30% apresentaram perda superficial mínima, sem diferenças entre eles. Os cimentos ionoméricos apresentaram os maiores valores de perda, não se diferenciando de DCPD60%. No modelo erosão-abrasão, para esmalte, a menor perda superficial foi observada em Fuji II LC, sem diferença da Beautifil. Os outros grupos não se diferenciaram entre si nem da Beautifil. Para dentina, os grupos DCPD60%, Beautifil, Fuji II LC, Z350 e Fuji IX não se diferenciaram e, apresentaram menor perda superficial do que VB. Os cinco grupos citados também não foram diferentes de DCPD30%, com exceção de Fuji IX. Em relação à restauração, a maior perda foi observada para Fuji IX, sem diferenças de Fuji II LC e Beautifil. DCPD30%, Z350, VB e DCPD60% apresentaram valores mínimos de perda superficial, sem diferenças entre si. Concluiu-se que o cimento ionomérico Fuji II LC foi único capaz de proteger o esmalte adjacente à restauração contra desafios erosivos e erosivos/abrasivos, apesar de ter sido um dos materiais mais susceptíveis ao desgaste por ambos desafios. Para dentina, nenhum material exibiu efeito protetor. / This in vitro study evaluated the effect of erosive or erosive/abrasive challenges on restorative materials containing fluoride and calcium, and on the dental hard tissues adjacent to restorations performed with these materials. Enamel and dentin specimens (4 mm × 4 mm × 2 mm), obtained from bovine incisors, were embedded in acrylic resin, flattened and polished. In the specimens, a standard cavity of 1,2 mm × 4 mm × 1,5 mm was prepared and restored with the following materials: 1. Z350 - Composite resin without actives, Filtek Z350 (3MESPE); 2. VB - experimental composite containing barium glass only; 3. DCPD30% - experimental composite containing 10% of barium glass and 30% of DCPD particles functionalized with DEGDMA; 4. DCPD60% - experimental composite containing 60% of DCPD particles functionalized with DEGDMA; 5. Beautifil - GIOMER (Beautifil II, Shofu Dental Corporation); 6. Fuji IX - high viscosity glass ionomer (Fuji IX, GC Corporation); 7. Fuji II LC - resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC, GC Corporation). The specimens were polished again and then submitted to one of the two treatments: erosion only (n=10) or erosion plus toothbrushing abrasion (n=10). Erosion was performed by immersing the specimens in 0.3% citric acid solution (p~2.6), for 5 min, followed by 60 min exposure to artificial saliva. This procedure was repeated 4 times a day, for 5 days. Toothbrushing was performed with a slurry of a standard dentifrice (Colgate Total 12 Mint Clean; 1450 ppm F, as NaF), for 15 s (2 min total exposure time to the slurry), 2 times a day, 30 min after the first and last erosive challenges. At the end of cycling, enamel, dentin and restorative material surface loss (in ?m) were determined by optical profilometry. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests. The level of significance was 5%. In the erosion model, for enamel, both ionomeric cements presented lower surface loss than the Z350, although Fuji II LC did not differ significantly from Beautifil and DCPD30% groups. The other groups were no different from Z350 and from each other. For dentin, none of the groups were different from Z350, except for DCPD60%, which presented the highest surface loss. Both ionomeric cements presented lower loss than DCPD30%, Beautifil and DCPD60%. Regarding the restoration, the materials Z350, Beautifil, VB, DCPD30% showed minimal surface loss, with no differences between them. The ionomeric cements had the highest loss values, not differing from DCPD60%. In the erosion-abrasion model, for enamel, the lowest loss was observed for Fuji II LC, with no difference to Beautifil. The other groups showed no difference among them and from Beautifil. For dentin, the groups DCPD60%, Beautifil, Fuji II LC, Z350 and Fuji IX were no significant different and presented lower loss than VB. These five groups were also no different from DCPD30%, except Fuji IX. Regarding the restoration, the highest loss was observed for Fuji IX, with no difference from Fuji II LC and Beautifil. DCPD30%, Z350, VB and DCPD60% presented minimum values of surface loss, without differences between them. It was concluded that Fuji II LC ionomeric cement was the only material able to protect the enamel adjacent to the restoration against erosive and erosive/abrasive challenges, although it was one of the materials that was most susceptible to be wear off by both challenges. For dentin, no material exhibited a significant protective effect.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar in vitro o desgaste dental de pré-molares (PM) e molares (M) e sua relação com o valor de dureza Vickers dos materiais utilizados como antagonistas em uma máquina de abrasão simulada para provocar o desgaste nos dentes testados. Os materiais antagonistas utilizados foram VeraBond II (liga de Ni-Cr), Solidex (resina composta) e IPS Empress 2 (cerâmica). Para cada ensaio de dureza, foram preparados seis corpos-de-prova de cada material, os quais foram polidos sob refrigeração, com ciclo de 20 min para cada granulação. Num microdurômetro (HMV-2), foram realizadas três mossas por quadrante, cada uma sob carga de 19,614 N por 30 s, totalizando 12 mossas de base quadrada com ângulo de 136 entre os planos. O teste de abrasão foi realizado numa máquina simuladora de abrasão, freqüência de 265 ciclos/min e 4,4 Hz, com um percurso do antagonista de 10 mm à velocidade de 88 mm/s. Cada dente foi testado em oposição a um antagonista (foram 6 pares dente/material para cada grupo), em água deionizada, sob carga de 5 N, por 150 min, num total de 39.750 ciclos. Foram utilizados dezenove dentes 1 pré-molares, dezenove 3 molares e confeccionados doze antagonistas em cada material em forma de pastilha. Cada grupo de seis dentes foi testado em oposição a seis antagonistas do mesmo material. Ademais, um dente 1 pré-molar (PM) e um dente 3 molar (M) foram testados em oposição ao Plexiglass. Com relação ao desgaste do esmalte dentário (PM+M) segundo o material antagonista, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis evidenciou diferença significativa com p-valor < 0,001 e o teste de Mann-Whitney evidenciou diferença significativa nas comparações PM+M/resina X PM+M/metal (p-valor < 0,001), PM+M/resina X PM+M/cerâmica (p-valor < 0,001) e PM+M/metal X PM+M/cerâmica (p-valor = 0,002). A análise isolada, considerando pré-molares e molares separadamente, encontrou diferença significativa em relação ao desgaste do esmalte dentário no teste de Kruskall-Wallis, porém não detectou diferença significativa no teste de comparação múltipla Mann-Whitney quando comparou o desgaste sofrido pelo PM/metal em relação ao PM/cerâmica. Em relação à dureza Vickers detectou-se diferença significativa da dureza dos materiais no teste de Kruskall-Wallis (p-valor < 0,001) e também no teste de Mann-Whitney nas comparações múltiplas com p-valor = 0,002. Comparando-se a dureza com a perfilometria, observou-se uma correlação estatisticamente significativa (p &#8804; 0,05) na correlação negativa (&#961;= -0,829) entre a dureza do metal como material antagonista e o desgaste do esmalte dentário do dente molar. Os resultados sugeriram que todo material restaurador indireto estudado causou desgaste ao esmalte dentário quando submetido a forças de simulação de abrasão com carga. Embora tenha sido observada correlação entre dureza e resistência à abrasão, essa correlação foi pouco significativa. / The objective of this study was to compare the dental wear of pre-molars (PM) and molars (M) in vitro, and the relationship between dental wear and the Vickers hardness values of the materials used as antagonists in a machine simulating abrasion to produce wear on the teeth tested. The materials used as antagonists were VeraBond II (Ni-Cr alloy), Solidex (composite resin) and IPS Empress 2 (ceramic). Six specimens of each material were prepared for each hardness trial. The specimens were polished under refrigeration, with a 20-min cycle for each grit number. Three dents per quadrant were made in a microhardness tester (HMV-2), under a 19.614 N load for 30 s, for a total of 12 square-base dents with a 136 angle between planes. The abrasion test was performed in an abrasion-simulating machine set to a frequency of 265 cycles/min and 4,4 Hz. The course of the antagonist was 10 mm, at a speed of 88 mm/s. Each tooth was tested against an antagonist material (6 tooth/material pairs per group), in deionized water, under a 5 N load, for 150 min, for a total of 39,750 cycles. Nineteen first pre-molars (PM) and 19 third molars (M) were used, and 12 antagonistic discs were made in each material, for the tests. Each group of six teeth was tested against six antagonists of the same material. Additionally, 1 first pre-molar (PM) and one third molar (M) were tested against Plexiglass. Regarding the dental enamel wear on pre-molars and molars (PM+M) according to the antagonist material, the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences (p-value < 0.001) and the Mann-Whitney test also revealed significant differences for the following comparisons: PM+M/resin versus PM+M/metal (p-value < 0.001), PM+M/resin versus PM+M/ceramic (p-value < 0.001), and PM+M/metal versus PM+M/ceramic (p-value = 0.002). An analysis conducted with the Kruskall-Wallis test, considering pre-molars (PM) and molars (M) separately, found significant differences in relation to dental enamel wear (PM+M). However, when the multiple-comparison Mann-Whitney test was used, no significant difference was detected between the wear produced in the pre-molar/metal pair and that produced in the pre-molar/ceramic pair. Regarding Vickers hardness, both the Kruskall-Wallis test (p-value < 0.001) and Mann-Whitneys multiple-comparisons test (p-value = 0.002) revealed significant differences between materials. When hardness was compared with the profilometry data, a significant negative correlation was observed (p &#8804; 0.05, &#961; = -0.829) between the hardness of the metal as an antagonist material and the dental enamel wear of the molar tooth. The results suggested that all the indirect restorative materials tested caused wear of the dental enamel when submitted to the forces of simulated abrasion with load. Although a correlation was observed between hardness and resistance to abrasion, this correlation was hardly significant.

Submitted by ÉRICA CRASTECHINI null (e_cras@ig.com.br) on 2017-03-17T12:34:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado - Érica Crastechini.pdf: 1828754 bytes, checksum: fd9d04fce38028ef480de9b998017af4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-21T19:10:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 crastechini_e_dr_sjc.pdf: 1828754 bytes, checksum: fd9d04fce38028ef480de9b998017af4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T19:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 crastechini_e_dr_sjc.pdf: 1828754 bytes, checksum: fd9d04fce38028ef480de9b998017af4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de agentes remineralizantes contendo silicato de cálcio / fosfato e flúor ou fluoreto de sódio somente, sobre a redução da microdureza do esmalte causada pelo clareamento dental, cor dos dentes e perda de estrutura resultante da abrasão. Duzentos e quarenta amostras circulares de esmalte bovino foram preparadas, embutidas e polidas. Em seguida foram realizados testes iniciais de cor, microdureza e perfilometria. As amostras foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n=40): Grupo C –(controle negativo) – nenhum tratamento; Grupo CL (controle positivo)- Aplicação do agente clareador a base de peróxido de hidrogênio a 40% (Opalescence boost, Ultradent); Grupo CL/Rs – Aplicação do agente clareador seguido da aplicação do gel remineralizante a base de silicato de cálcio/fosfato (Regenerate Boosting serum- Unilever); Grupo Rs/CL - Aplicação do gel de silicato de cálcio/fosfato seguido da aplicação do agente clareador; Grupo Rs/CL/Rs - Aplicação do gel de silicato de cálcio/fosfato seguida da aplicação do agente clareador e aplicação novamente do gel de silicato de cálcio/fosfato; Grupo CL/F – Aplicação do agente clareador seguida da aplicação do gel de fluoreto de sódio a 2%. Após a etapa de clareamento (3 aplicações de 20 min) foram novamente realizadas as leituras de cor e microdureza. Em seguida os espécimes foram submetidos a 100.000 ciclos abrasivos em máquina de escovação. Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos de acordo com o dentifrício utilizado (n=20): Subgrupo Cp –creme dental Close Up proteção bioativa (Unilever); Subgrupo Rp- creme dental Regenerate (Unilever). Os perfis finais das superfícies do esmalte foram avaliados e o desgaste calculado. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste de análise de variância ANOVA e Tukey. Diferenças significativas foram observadas para a variação de cor (∆E) (p = 0,000). Os resultados do teste Tukey foram: C (1,31±0,58)a , Rs/CL/Rs (3,72±1,28)b, CL (3,75±1,04)b , CL/Rs (3,87±0,91)b, Rs/CL (3,88±0,94)b, CL/F (4,03±1,22)b. Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram observadas para a microdureza (Knoop) após os tratamentos (p= 0,00001). Os resultados do teste Tukey foram: CL (246,28±30.46)a, Rs/CL/Rs (263,55±18,66)b, CL/Rs (264,06±28,54)b, Rs/CL (265,22±23,58)b, CL/F (269,10±25,66)b C (323,28±10,96)c. Para o desgaste dental (µm) o teste ANOVA a dois fatores mostrou diferenças significativas entre os grupos e os dentifrícios. Os resultados do teste de Tukey para os grupos foram: CL/F (2,12±0,70)a, Rs/CL (2,13±0,85)a, Rs/CL/Rs (2,19±0,70)a, CL/Rs (2,23±0,91)a, C (2,85±0,98)b , CL (3,36±0,84)c. Os resultados do teste de Tukey para os dentifrícios foram: Rp (2,04±0,80)a, Cp (2,92±0.88)b. Concluiu-se que todos os tratamentos com géis remineralizantes testados minimizaram a redução da microdureza promovida pelo clareamento, embora não evitaram que ela acontecesse. Além disso, a aplicação desses não interferiu na mudança da cor promovida pelo clareamento dental. O clareamento sozinho aumentou o desgaste abrasivo dos dentes, porém todos os tratamentos da superfície com géis remineralizantes testados reduziram a perda de estrutura por abrasão. O dentifrício Regenerate resultou em menor desgaste abrasivo do esmalte em relação ao Close UP. Não existiram diferenças significativas entre os diferentes tratamentos remineralizantes com relação aos efeitos sobre a microdureza, cor e desgaste. / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of remineralizing agents containing calcium/phosphate silicate and fluoride or only sodium fluoride on the reduction of enamel microhardness caused by tooth bleaching, tooth color and loss of structure resulting from abrasion. Two hundred and forty circular bovine enamel samples were prepared, embedded and polished. After that, initial tests of color, microhardness and profile were performed. Samples were randomized into six groups (n=40): Group C - (negative control) - no treatment; Group CL (positive control) – application of 40% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent (Opalescence boost, Ultradent); Group CL/Rs - Application of bleaching agent followed by remineralizing gel based on calcium/phosphate silicate (Regenerate Boosting serum- Unilever); Group Rs/CL – Application of calcium/phosphate silicate gel followed by bleaching agent; Group Rs/CL/Rs – Application of calcium/phosphate silicate gel followed by bleaching agent and new application of calcium/phosphate silicate gel; Group CL/F – Application of bleaching agent followed by 2% sodium fluoride gel. After bleaching stage (3 applications/20 min), color and microhardness readings were performed. Then, the specimens were subjected to 100.000 abrasive cycles in a brushing machine. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the dentifrice used (n=20): Subgroup Cp –Close Up bioactive protection toothpaste (Unilever); Subgroup Rp- Regenerate toothpaste (Unilever). Final profiles of enamel surface were evaluated and the wear was calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey variance analysis. Significant differences were observed for color variation (∆E) (p=0.000). Tukey test results were: C (1.31±0.58)a, Rs/CL/Rs (3.72±1.28)b, CL (3.75±1.04)b, CL/Rs (3.87±0.91)b, Rs/CL (3.88±0.94)b, CL/F (4.03±1.22)b. Statistically significant differences were observed for microhardness (Knoop) after treatments (p=0.00001). Tukey test results were: CL (246.28±30.46)a, Rs/CL/Rs (263.55±18.66)b, CL/Rs (264.06±28.54)b, Rs/CL (265.22±23.58)b, CL/F (269.10±25.66)b, C (323.28±10.96)c. For dental wear (µm), two-factor ANOVA test showed significant differences among groups and dentifrices. Tukey test results were were: CL/F (2.12±0.70)a, Rs/CL (2.13±0.85)a, Rs/CL/Rs (2.19±0.70)a, CL/Rs (2.23±0.91)a, C (2.85±0.98)b, CL (3.36±0.84)c. Tukey test results for the dentifrices were: Rp (2.04±0.80)a, Cp (2.92±0.88)b. It was concluded that all treatments with the remineralizing gels minimized the reduction of microhardness promoted by bleaching, although they did not prevent it from happening; In addiction, their application did not interfere in the color change promoted by dental bleaching. Bleaching alone increased the abrasive wear of the teeth. However, all surface treatments, with the remineralizing gels, reduced abrasion structure. Regenerate toothpaste resulted in less abrasive enamel wear regarding Close up toothpaste. There were no significant differences among the different remineralizing treatments with regarding their effects on microhardness, color and wear.

Slope stability plays an important role in rock engineering. During the design, construction and post design phases of rock slope stability, engineers and geologists need to pay close attention to the rock conditions within the rock slope to prevent slope failures, protect employees and maintain economic profit. This dissertation is based on a general four step procedure to construct and maintain rock slope stability with confidence. These four steps include field investigations, material testing and rock strength database, slope modelling and slope monitoring. The author provides past, present and alternatives methods for each step for the introduced slope stability procedure. Specific topics within each step are investigated displaying results, recommendations and conclusions. Step one involves data collection during field investigations for rock slope design. Orientation of rock core during drilling programs has become extremely pertinent and important for slope stability and underground mining operations. Orientation is needed to provide essential data to describe the structure and properties of discontinuities encountered during the design process to understand favourable and unfavourable conditions within a rock slope and underground openings. This chapter examines and discusses the limitations and benefits of four methods of obtaining borehole discontinuity orientations from drilling programs including clay-imprint, ACT I, II, III Reflex, EZY-MARK, and OBI/ABI Televiewer systems. Results, recommendations and conclusions are provided in this study. During step two to maintain rock slope stability, a rock strength database was created and used to correlate and compare RQD values to rock abrasion, shear strength and other rock characterization methods. Rock abrasion plays a significant role in geotechnical design, tunneling operations and the safety of foundations from scour; however, rock abrasion can be used to develop higher confidence in important parameters such as RQD and hardness. More rock abrasivity research is needed to provide a more accurate and compatible method for all subsurface material properties used in mining and civil engineering projects. This report will provide simple correlations relating abrasion resistance to RQD, UCS, Geological Strength Index (GSI) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) of metamorphic rock. Results, discussions and conclusions are provided. Step 3 to determine rock slope stability entails utilizing computer modeling to predict failure conditions and wear rock mass properties. Computer modeling and slope monitoring for rock slopes have become essential to assess factor of safety (FOS) values to predict slope instability and estimate potential failure. When utilizing computer models, the limit equilibrium method (LEM) provides FOS values according to force and moment equilibrium; the shear strength reduction (SSR) technique calculates FOS using stress- and deformation-based analyses. Currently, both methods are prevalent in the engineering industry and applied by geotechnical engineers to analyze and determine stability in rock slopes for mining and civil engineering projects. Slope modeling techniques are then used to observe slope conditions and predict when slope failure may occur (FOS = 1.0). Comparison, results and conclusions are presented. Lastly, the dissertation (step 4: slope monitoring) will investigate past studies of FOS comparisons, review calculation methods and provide procedures and results using remote sensing data. The main objective of the dissertation is to provide engineers with essential information needed to ensure high confidence in factor of safety predictions and how alternative methods can be utilized. Recommendations, future research and conclusions regarding FOS and slope monitoring are provided within the dissertation.

Les composites renforcés avec des nanotubes de carbone présentent un réel potentiel en terme de renforcement mécanique, d'amélioration de conductivités électrique et thermique des matériaux cependant les effets toxicologiques des nanotubes de carbone sur la santé humaine sont toujours à l'étude, et tout laisse à penser que ceux-ci feront prochainement l'objet de normes et autres législation. C'est pourquoi les fabricants de composites renforcés nanotubes de carbone ont tout intérêt à prendre les devants sur de futures législations en contrôlant le relargage de nanotubes isolés lors de différentes sollicitations de ces matériaux telles que la casse ou l'abrasion. Un bon état de dispersion des nanotubes au sein de la matrice est un paramètre qui améliore les performances du composite et que l'on suppose faire baisser le relargage de nanotubes de carbone isolé dans l'environnement. Le but final de cette étude est donc ici de savoir si la qualité de l'état de dispersion des nanotubes influe sur la nature des particules relarguées suite à une dégradation d'un composites. Il faut savoir si l'on a relargué des nanotubes isolés, ou bien des particules de polymère dans lesquelles des nanotubes seraient complètement enrobés, d'où l'intérêt de bien maitriser cette étape de dispersion. Pour contrôler la dispersion des nanotubes de carbone dans un système polymère, différentes méthode peuvent être utilisées, notamment la microscopie électronique (MEB et MET), mais également des méthodes telles que la caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques, la conductivité électrique, thermique ou encore la rhéologie des suspensions. Ces différentes méthodes étant plus ou moins efficaces et simple à mettre en œuvre pour indiquer si les nanotubes sont individuellement dispersés, en fagots, voire en agglomérats. Une fois l'état de dispersion des composites biens caractérisés, il s'agit de le corréler avec une prédisposition plus ou moins prononcée de ce nanocomposite au relargage. La théorie prédit que l'interface entre un nanotube et le polymère est supposé bien plus forte que celle entre un nanotube entouré par d'autres nanotubes au sein d'un agrégat. Des observations microscopiques de fractures ainsi que la caractérisation des particules relarguées lors des tests en abrasion standardisés (mesures granulométriques combinées à des observations par microscopie électronique) menées sur ces matériaux modèles permettent alors de confirmer les prédictions théoriques et de caractériser les particules relarguées en termes de taille, nombre et nature. Les résultats ne permettent pas d'affirmer que des nanotubes de carbone isolés sont relargués pendant la sollicitation mécanique des nanocomposites, quel que soit l'état de dispersion des nanotubes de carbone. En revanche, les interactions entre les particules de matrice polymère et les nanotubes de carbone observés sur celles-ci, apparaissent extrêmement dépendantes de cet état de dispersion.

Sur les bassins versants des Terres Noires, les sédiments marneux sont dégradés très rapidement. Les matériaux fins ainsi produits peuvent être à l'origine d'épisodes de crues très concentrées (800~g/L). La première partie de cette thèse traite des processus responsables de la production de sédiments fins. Ces processus adviennent à deux échelles de temps : A long-terme, entre les périodes de crues, les matériaux du lit exposés aux intempéries sont altérés sous l'effet de cycles gel/dégel et humectation/dessication. Pour quantifier cette vitesse d'altération, les données climatiques de Draix sont combinées à des expériences sur la sensibilité des marnes aux alternances de température et d'humidité. A court-terme, pendant les crues, les matériaux charriés sont soumis à l'abrasion et à la fragmentation sous l'effet de sollicitations mécaniques. Des expériences en canal circulaire permettent de quantifier la dégradation pendant les crues. On montre finalement qu'il est indispensable de considérer ces deux échelles de temps pour rendre compte de la vitesse de dégradation totale observée dans les lits. Pour étudier plus en détail la dégradation mécanique pendant les crues, on investigue l'effet de la fragmentation et de l'abrasion à l'échelle d'un caillou par l'intermédiaire de simulations numériques avec la méthode des éléments discrets et d'expériences de fragmentation. Les propriétés de rupture de la marne ainsi obtenues sont ensuite intégrées dans une modélisation de l'évolution d'une distribution granulométrique sous l'effet de la fragmentation et de l'abrasion. Les résultats indiquent que la fragmentation et l'abrasion sont également importantes mais que l'efficacité de la fragmentation décroît au cours de la sollicitation. Dans une seconde partie, on étudie le comportement d'une suspension de sédiments fins de marnes, et l'influence de la concentration sur son écoulement. Cette étude est basée sur des mesures de rhéométrie et sur des expériences d'écoulement en laboratoire pour différentes configurations de pente, débit, rugosité, concentration. Les expériences mettent en évidence une transition vers un comportement non-newtonien à forte concentration (au-delà de 600 g/L). Ceci se traduit notamment par un ralentissement de l'écoulement associé à l'apparition d'une zone de "plug" non-cisaillée L'écoulement devient alors laminaire et le frottement augmente fortement. Ce changement de comportement sur le terrain peut être une source d'erreurs non négligeable dans l'estimation des débits lors des crues chargées.

Concrete block pavement (CBP) can be an alternative pavement to asphalt and concrete pavements. CBP is formed from individual concrete paving blocks (CPBs) that fit next to one another on a suitable sub base leaving a specific joint space among them to be filled with jointing sand. CBP differ from other pavements according to their mechanical behavior, manufacturing technique, structural design, installation technique and structural behavior. For a serviceable pavement all of these subjects have to be studied. The literature about the mechanical behavior of CPBs is not adequate. This study aims to determine the performance of CPBs formed from different mixes prepared with a white portland cement. For this purpose, 10 mixes with different cement contents and W/C ratios and 2 mixes from a commercial CPB manufacturer were tested. The compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, abrasion resistance, density and % water absorption tests were performed on each mix at 7, 14, 28 days. It was concluded that, the cement content in the mix, optimum water volume for a given cement content, the way the manufacturing equipment is operated and their interaction was effective on the mechanical properties of CPBs. It was also observed that there was no handicap to stop the abrasion resistance test at 8*22 revolutions instead of 16*22 revolutions given in TS 2824.