Orientador: Carmem Maria Casquel Monti Juliani / Banca: Silvia Cristina Mangini Bocchi / Banca: Moneda Oliveira Ribeiro / Resumo: Enquanto Supervisora Técnica da área da saúde da Fundação CASA, o interesse pela temática surgiu em decorrência da preocupação com o direito à saúde, garantido por lei. O objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender a percepção da equipe de saúde da Fundação CASA (médicos, enfermeiros e auxiliares de enfermagem) sobre o funcionamento do sistema de referência e contra referência da rede pública de saúde, quando se faz necessário o encaminhamento do adolescente. A metodologia, de caráter qualitativo, utilizou a fenomenologia. As entrevistas áudio-gravadas foram realizadas entre maio e agosto de 2007, após assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Após as etapas de transcrição, redução e compreensão fenomenológica foram evidenciadas os temas e as categorias e. As categorias são: o acesso ao atendimento à saúde pelo SUS, a condição de ser adolescente em conflito com a lei, o direito à saúde e a organização dos serviços de saúde. Os achados mostram a importância do desenvolvimento de pactuações com os municípios, exigindo maiores responsabilidades dos serviços na formulação de políticas de saúde vinculadas ao adolescente, assim como deve ocorrer para qualquer cidadão. Isto implica, na necessidade de propostas de gestão e melhoria da organização conforme diretrizes e princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde. / Abstract: As a health care Technical Supervisor for CASA Foundation, the interest in this topic arose from the concern about the right to health care, which is warranted by law. This study aimed at understanding the perception of the health care team working for CASA Foundation (physicians, nurses and nursing auxiliaries) as regards the functioning of the referral and contra referral system of the public health care network when adolescents' referral is required. The qualitative methodology was used based on phenomenology. The audio-taped interviews were conducted from May to August, 2007 after a free and informed consent document was signed by the participants. Following the transcription, reduction and phenomenological comprehension phases, the topics and categories were shown. The categories are: access to health care through the Unified Health Care System (SUS), the condition of being an adolescent in conflict with the law, the right to health care and the organization of health care services. The findings show the importance of developing agreements among municipalities, requiring greater liability from services in the formulation of health care policies for adolescents, similarly to what should occur for any other citizen. This implies the need for management proposals and organization improvement according to guidelines and principles of the Unified Health Care System. / Mestre

Orientador: Flavio Cesar de Sa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:56:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assis_ArineCamposdeOliveira_M.pdf: 36295524 bytes, checksum: a4bb7ffe71271cf13afcda1ca78f2374 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A Saúde como direito é uma prerrogativa da Constituição vigente no Brasil, que nasceu intrinsecamente ligada à idéia de que os homens têm direitos inalienáveis decorrentes de sua condição humana. No entanto, milhares de cidadãos brasileiros fazem uma leitura reducionista, entendendo-a como restrita ao acesso à consulta médica, realizada de forma imediata nos diversos Serviços de Saúde. Um dos fatos paradigmáticos desta cultura instituída é a tradicional superlotação dos Pronto-Socorros com pacientes portadores de casos de baixa complexidade clínica, passíveis de resolução em outros serviços de menor complexidade, que será tomada como objeto deste estudo. O ponto de partida foi o questionamento sobre quais fatores seriam condicionantes e moduladores desta configuração de demanda, optando por uma abordagem do problema numa perspectiva simbólica, tendo o estudo por objetivo compreender os significados que os usuários atribuem às suas necessidades de procura por algum cuidado em caráter de urgência. O caminho percorrido para chegar aos resultados foi o Método Qualitativo utilizando-me dos conceitos de urgência e emergência, articulados ao Modelo Teórico das Representações Sociais. Foi realizada uma investigação em um Pronto-Socorro Hospitalar em quatro Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Campinas, utilizando-se como instrumento entrevistas semi-estruturadas com usuários e profissionais de saúde. O material foi analisado através da Análise temática, evidenciando que o usuário constrói representações sociais sobre o urgente, que são histórica e culturalmente construídas, e muitas vezes conflitantes com o Paradigma Biomédico, tornando-se estas diferenças, elementos significativos na configuração da demanda e na dinâmica de funcionamento de serviços de saúde. Os resultados evidenciaram que, dos 38 (trinta e oito) pacientes entrevistados, doze (31,5%) referiram algum nível de gravidade em seus problemas, e os critérios utilizados para justificar a gravidade sentida foram principalmente as repercussões na autonomia para realização de suas atividades e a intensidade da dor. Entretanto, quando abordados em relação ao conceito de urgência e emergência, trinta e cinco pacientes os entendiam como sinônimos, sem expressarem-se claramente sobre os significados, embora os relacionando fortemente a acidentes de trânsito, ocorrências em vias públicas, traumas em geral na maior parte dos relatos, e muito pouco à intercorrências clínicas, evidenciando um distanciamento dos critérios utilizados pelos profissionais para definição de graus diferenciados de urgência para os problemas clínicos apresentados pelos pacientes. As questões levantadas a partir dos resultados apontam para a necessidade de rever a dimensão em que os interesses, necessidades, valores, atitudes e crenças da população estão sendo considerados como elementos norteadores de ações de planejamento na área da Saúde. Ressalta-se ainda a importância do desenvolvimento de mecanismos de gestão que incorporem a subjetividade das relações entre as expressões individuais e coletivas do saber leigo e os saberes estruturados da clínica e epidemiologia, articuladas a um amplo desenvolvimento de ações de educação em saúde, além de uma legitimação e integração qualificada da demanda espontânea ao conjunto de ações nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde, para que se viabilizem como efetiva porta de entrada, garantindo acesso às diferentes necessidades apresentadas pela população / Abstract: Health as a right is a prerogative of the actual Constitution in Brazil, which was born intrinsically linked on to the idea that men have inalienable rights recurring of the human being condition. However, thousands of Brazilian citizens make a reduced reading, understanding it as restricted to the access to the medical consultation, carried through in an immediate form in the several services of health. One of the paradigmatic facts of this instituted culture is the traditional super capacity of the Emergency Department with patients carrying cases of low clinical complexity, passable of resolution in other services of smaller complexity, which will be taken as object of this study. The starting point was the questioning on which factors would be conditioners and modulators of this configuration of demand, opting to a boarding of the problem in a symbolic perspective, having for objective of the study to understand the meanings that the users attribute to their necessities of search for some care in a state of urgency. The covered way to arrive at the results was the Qualitative Method using the urgency concepts and emergency, articulated to the theoretical Model of the Social Representations. An inquiry was carried through in an Emergency Department Hospital and four Basic Units of Health in the city of Campinas, using as instruments interviews half-structuralized with users and professionals of health. The material was analyzed through the Thematic Analysis, evidencing that the user constructs social representations on the urgent, which are historical and culturally constructed, and many times conflicting with the Biomedical Paradigm, becoming these differences, significant elements in the configuration of the demand and in the dynamics of functioning of the health services. The results evidenced that, of the 38 (thirty eight) patients interviewed, twelve (31,5%) related some level of gravity to their problems, and the used criteria to justify the sensible gravity was mainly the repercussions in the autonomy for the accomplishment of their activities and the intensity of pain. However, when asked about the relation of the concepts of urgency and emergency, thirty five patients understood them as synonymous, without expressing themselves clearly on the meanings, even though relating them strongly to the traffic accidents, occurrences in public ways, traumas in general in the biggest part of the stories, and very little to the clinical intercurrences, evidencing a gap on the criteria used by the professionals as a definition of different degrees of urgency for the clinical problems presented by the patients. The questions that were raised from the results point to the necessity to review the dimension where the interests, necessities, values, attitudes and beliefs of the population are being considered as guiding elements of action in planning in the Health area. It should be still highlighted the importance of the development of management mechanisms that incorporate the subjectivity of the relations between the individual and collective expressions of the common knowledge and the structuralized knowledge of the clinic and the epidemiology, articulated to an ample development of actions in the health education, besides a legitimization and a qualified integration of the spontaneous demand to the set of actions in the Basic Units of Health, so that they are made possible as an effective opening door, guaranteeing access to the different necessities presented by the population / Mestrado / Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Orientador: Sergio Resende Carvalho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T20:19:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_TadeudePaula_D.pdf: 1730036 bytes, checksum: ad2e6eaf302e19e0eb38612d993b23d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Neste trabalho problematizamos o desafio de cumprimento do direito universal ao acesso em saúde para usuários de álcool e outras drogas no Brasil. Para isso apresentamos alguns vetores que interferem na produção de saúde para esta população. A análise destes vetores (de ordem política, histórica e subjetiva) nos conduziu a composição de um método de pesquisa situado no encontro entre a genealogia e a cartografia. Analisar os desafios do campo da saúde nos conduziu a necessidade de compreender alguns vetores construídos historicamente e ao mesmo tempo nos conduziu a necessidade de avaliar como estes vetores se atualizam no contemporâneo. Assim, o empreendimento de fazer uma genealogia das drogas nos conduziu a diferentes diagramas de saber-poder construídos historicamente. O empreendimento de fazer uma cartografia das drogas nos aproximou ao mesmo tempo dos movimentos atuais das políticas sobre drogas no cenário brasileiro e das experiências concretas vividas nas redes de saúde. Nesse ultimo caso propomos uma aproximação com as metodologias de avaliação participativa e interventiva no intuito de avaliar a rede de atenção a usuário de álcool e outras drogas do município de Campinas - SP. A trajetória de pesquisa de campo partiu das analises dos agentes redutores de danos, profissionais de saúde que acessam usuários de drogas em situação de rua. Além destes aspectos cabe ressaltar o trabalho conceitual que propôs uma análise histórica do conceito de universalidade e dos diferentes sentidos que ele pode assumir / Abstract: In this paper we problematize the challenge of fulfilling the right to universal access to health care services by alcohol and other drugs users in Brazil. To do that, we present some factors that interfere with the health status of these persons. The analysis of these factors (of political, historical and subjective order) led us to compose a research method located in the intersection of genealogy and cartography. Analyzing the challenges in the health field led us to the need to understand how these factors were historically constructed and at the same time how they are contemporary updated. Thus, the endeavor of making a genealogy of drugs led us to different knowledge-power diagrams that were historically constructed. At the same time, the endeavor of mapping the drugs brought us together to the current moves of drug policies in the Brazilian scenario as well as to the concrete experiences performed in mental health services. As to these latter, we propose an approach to participatory and intervention evaluation methodologies in order to evaluate the health care services network offered to alcohol and other drugs users in Campinas - SP. The path of this field research departs from the analysis made by some harm-reduction agents or healthcare workers who approach homeless drug users in street outreach practices, as well as the analytical perspective adopted in this paper derives from their experience. Besides these aspects it is worth noting the conceptual work that proposed a historical analysis of the different meanings that the concept of universality can take on / Doutorado / Política, Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde / Doutor em Saude Coletiva

"Although the number of new infections has dramatically decreased during the last ten years, portraying this country [Uganda] as the 'AIDS miracle', the number of people already infected and progressing to AIDS is increasing. Acces to anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs, as well as to medicines for treatment of opportunistic infections (TOI), is essential for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) to enjoy their right to life and health. Although access to these essentail medicines forms part of the core content of the right to health, which states should be able to provide irrespective of their available resources, slightly more than half of the people in need in Uganda were accessing them in June 2005. Of 63,896 PLWHA accessing ARVs, still 83.5 percent are paying the medicines out of their pockets. This is despite the fact that Uganda receives funds from various sources, among which Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GF) and the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Although the cost of ARV treatment in Uganda has dramatically decreased since 1997, the price of treatment remains still unaffordable for most Ugandans. ... This study comprises five chapters. The present chapter exposes the problem, the objectives of the study and the research questions, reviews the literature available on the subject, outlines the study's structure, proposes a methodology and points out the study's limitations and relevance. Chapter two sets out the international legal framework of the study. It oulines the scope of the right of PLWHA to access to essential treatment under different international instruments of relevance for Uganda and its connection with other human rights. The chapter also assesses the implications of this right for state and non-state actors. Chapter three sets out the national legal, policy and judicial framework. It explores the action taken by the various branches of the government in addressing the international obligations with regard to access essential treatment. This chapter will also look at the role played by other relevant stakeholders in the realisation of this right in Uganda. Chapter four analyses the various obstacles that impede the realisation of this right at national level, taking into account the globalisation process, the political situation of Uganda, as well as other socio-economic factors. Chapter five provides the final conclusions and recommends legal, judicial and administrative channels towards the realisation of the right to access essential treatment for OLWHA in Uganda." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005. / [Prepared under the supervision of] Dr. Ben Kiromba Twinomugisha, Makerere University / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

En mars 2020, l’Organisation mondiale de la santé déclare une pandémie mondiale de SARS-CoV-2. Rapidement, le gouvernement du Québec décrète l’état d’urgence sanitaire alors que la métropole de la province, Montréal, se voit affligée de la plus forte prévalence du virus lors de la première vague. La vulnérabilité et les iniquités antérieurement documentées sont potentialisées parmi les populations migrantes et plus spécifiquement pour celles vivant sans assurance médicale. Selon les données les plus récentes, 50 000 à 70 000 personnes vivent sans couverture médicale au Québec. Déjà, avant la pandémie, les personnes migrantes sans assurance médicale (MSAM) étaient confrontées à des barrières culturelles, linguistiques, économiques lorsqu’elles se présentaient dans le réseau public de santé. Ce mémoire de maîtrise vise à documenter les enjeux sociaux, de santé et d’accès aux soins au Québec, plus spécifiquement à Montréal pour la population MSAM dans le contexte de la COVID-19. Une analyse thématique des entretiens semi-dirigés menés auprès de personnes MSAM (n=19) est supportée par le cadre des déterminants sociaux de santé (Gautier et al.,2020). Quatre thèmes émergents de l’analyse seront présentés: Perceptions et attentes par rapport aux politiques (1), Précarité des conditions de vie et de travail : la position sociale déterminante avant et durant la pandémie (2), Stratégies d’adaptation (et leurs limites) pour prévenir les menaces à la santé (3) intraitables institutions de santé en pandémie de COVID-19 (Ou comment les institutions accentuent-elles les barrières d’accès aux soins?) (4). Les résultats de ce projet de recherche mettent en lumière des difficultés et des défis, potentiellement productrices d’ISS, auxquelles ont dit faire face les personnes MSAM durant les premières vagues de la pandémie. Des recommandations sont adressées aux décideurs et aux institutions de santé afin de favoriser l’inclusion des personnes MSAM dans la société québécoise. Celles-ci touchent notamment des politiques et des programmes pour améliorer leur accessibilité aux soins de santé et aux programmes sociaux en temps de pandémie et même au-delà. / In March 2020, WHO declares a global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Quickly, the Quebec government declared a state of health emergency while the metropolis of the province, Montreal, was afflicted with the highest prevalence of the virus during the first wave. Vulnerability and previously documented inequities are growing among migrant populations and more specifically for those living without medical insurance. According to the most recent data, 50,000 to 70,000 people live without medical coverage in Quebec. Already before the pandemic, uninsured migrants faced cultural, linguistic and economic barriers when they entered the public health network. This master's thesis aims to document the health and social challenges that they are facing in the context of COVID-19, in Quebec Province, specifically in Montreal. A thematic analysis of the semi-structured interviews conducted with uninsured migrants (n = 19) is supported by the social determinants of health framework (Gautier et al., 2020). Three emerging themes of the analysis will be presented: Precarious living and working conditions: Four emerging themes of the analysis will be presented: Perceptions and expectations in relation to policies (1), precarious living and working conditions: the decisive social position before and during the pandemic (2), adaptation strategies (and its limits) to prevent threats to health (3) Intractable health structures in the COVID-19 pandemic (or how to accentuate the barriers to access to care?) (4). The results of this research project shed light on the difficulties and challenges, potentially producing ISS, that uninsured migrants said they faced during the first waves of the pandemic. Recommendations are addressed to decision-makers and health institutions in order to promote the inclusion of uninsured migrants in Quebec. These relate to policies and programs to improve their accessibility to health care and social programs in times of pandemic and even beyond.

Because of evidence of regional variation in health and healthcare use, this thesis used health equity and access to care theory to examine regional differences in access to primary care, using survey- as well as secondary data in four empirical studies. First, a systematic literature review was used to categorize forms and reasons for regional healthcare shortages and access barriers, with a particular focus on rural areas. After information extraction from the selected studies and a thematic content analysis, the forms and causes identified in the literature were grouped and discussed. Following the literature-based review of these thematic foundations, a study was then designed to evaluate patient-reported access to primary care in exemplary German regions and assess empirical differences in rural vs. urban populations. This allowed the importance to patients of different access dimensions to be evaluated. For a subgroup of study participants with multidisciplinary care needs, care coordination failures and the supportive role of the general practitioner as a primary point of access was investigated. Finally, regional factors that are associated with variations in need, health, and utilisation beyond individual health determinants were identified, and placed on different regional framework conditions. These health-related factors were summarised in a regional deprivation measure and small-scale regions in Germany were differentiated by their regional deprivation by the main dimensions (material, social, ecological). Finally, their association to regional health outcomes were cross-sectionally estimated. To reduce unwarranted access variation, while also taking the patient perspective (by region) into account, the thesis concludes with a chapter on implications. Here, concepts for regional and multidimensional access monitoring, as well as further regulatory measures in capacity and distribution planning of primary care, are discussed.:Content Tables ........................................................................................................................... V Figures ....................................................................................................................... VI Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... VII 1. Background and research objectives .................................................................. 9 1.1. Health equity and access to health care ........................................................ 10 1.2. Regional variation as a contradiction to the equity principle ....................... 16 1.3. Reducing unwarranted regional variation in health care .............................. 20 1.4. Research objectives and thesis structure ...................................................... 24 References ............................................................................................................... 28 Legal sources .......................................................................................................... 33 2. Rural health care shortages and access barriers ............................................. 34 3. Regional access and satisfaction with primary care........................................ 35 Appendix 3 .............................................................................................................. 36 4. Access to primary care and outpatient care coordination .............................. 48 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 49 4.2. Background ................................................................................................... 51 4.2.1. The patient perspective of care coordination ......................................... 51 4.2.2. Coordinating mechanisms ..................................................................... 52 4.3. Methods ........................................................................................................ 55 4.3.1. Data collection and sample .................................................................... 55 4.3.2. Measures ................................................................................................ 55 4.3.3. Data analysis .......................................................................................... 58 4.4. Results .......................................................................................................... 59 4.5. Discussion and limitations ............................................................................ 62 4.6. Implications .................................................................................................. 65 References ............................................................................................................... 69 Appendix 4 .............................................................................................................. 73 5. Area deprivation and its impact on health ....................................................... 76 6. Summary of implications ................................................................................... 77 6.1. Establishing a framework to assess primary care access and performance .. 77 6.2. Strengthening patient involvement in health care structure planning .......... 81 6.3. Strengthening access to GPs as outpatient care coordinators ....................... 84 6.4. Including regional deprivation factors in health care structure planning ..... 86 References ............................................................................................................... 90

<p>This thesis comprises three essays that empirically investigate important issues in two areas of health economics: physician labour supply and health insurance policy interventions.</p> <p>In the first essay, gendered associations between family status and physician labour supply are explored in the Canadian labour market, where physicians are paid according to a common fee schedule and have substantial discretion in setting their hours of work. Data from 1991 to 2006 show no gender difference in physician labour supply after controlling for family status. Male and female physicians have statistically indistinguishable hours of work when never married and without children. Married male physicians, however, have higher market hours than unmarried male physicians and parenthood either increases their hours or leaves them unchanged. In contrast, married female physicians have lower market hours than unmarried physicians and parenthood substantially lowers market hours. Little change over time in these patterns is observed for males, but for females two offsetting trends are observed: the magnitude of the marriage-hours effect declined, whereas that for motherhood increased. Preferences and/or social norms induce substantially different labour market outcome across the sexes. In terms of work at home, the presence of children is associated with higher hours for male physicians, but for females the hours increase is at least twice as large. A male physician’s spouse is much less likely to be employed in the presence of children, and if employed, has lower market hours in the presence of children. In contrast, a female physician’s spouse is more likely to be employed in the presence of children, and if employed, has slightly lower market hours in the presence of children. Both male and female physicians have lower hours of work when married to another physician.</p> <p>This second essay examines the impacts of a mandatory, universal prescription drug insurance program on health care utilization and health outcomes in a public health care system with free physician and hospital services. Beginning in 1997, all residents of the province of Quebec, Canada, were required by law to have drug insurance coverage. Under this program, all persons under age 65 who are eligible for a private plan are required to join that plan, while the public prescription drug insurance plan covers all Quebecers who are not eligible for a private plan. Using the National Population Health Survey from 1994 to 2003, we find that the mandatory program substantially increased drug coverage among the general population. The program also increased medication use and general practitioner visits but had little effect on specialist visits and hospitalization. Findings from quantile regressions suggest that there was a large improvement in the health status of less healthy individuals. Further analysis by pre-policy drug insurance status and the presence of chronic conditions reveals a marked increase in the probability of taking medication and visiting a general practitioner among the previously uninsured and those with a chronic condition. We also find evidence of positive health gains among the chronically ill.</p> <p>The third essay examines the impact of delisting routine eye exam services on patient eye care utilization and on providers’ labour market outcomes in a public health care system. Beginning in the early 1990s, provincial governments in Canada started to de-insure routine eye examinations from the basket of publicly funded health care services. We exploit delisting policy changes across Canadian provinces to estimate the impact of delisting from the supply- and demand-sides. Demand side analysis using the National Population Health Survey and Canadian Community Health Survey data suggests that the delisting of eye exams for the working age population decreased the probability of using eye care among this population group. However, the number of visits among those who continued to use eye care services was not affected. We also find suggestive evidence that the delisting policies targeted at the working age population were associated with increased eye care utilization among the elderly patients. Using the optometrist sample from the Canadian census data we find that the delisting of eye exams decreased optometrists’ weekly work hours while raised their annual work weeks. There was no statistically significant effect on optometrists’ income.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Objetivos: Este estudo é parte do Projeto Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento (SABE), com o objetivo de identificar as desigualdades no acesso e uso de serviços de saúde entre idosos no município de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Em 2000, foram entrevistados, 2143 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, utilizando-se o questionário padronizado do SABE. A amostra foi obtida em dois estágios, utilizando-se setores censitários com reposição, probabilidade proporcional à população e complementação da amostra de pessoas de 75 anos. Os dados finais foram ponderados, de forma a serem expandidos. Foi mensurado o uso de serviços hospitalares (internações) e ambulatoriais (consultas médicas) nos últimos quatro meses e o não uso de serviços de saúde (mesmo precisando), relacionando-os com fatores de capacidade, necessidade e predisposição (renda total, escolaridade, seguro saúde, morbidade referida, auto-percepção, sexo e idade). Resultados: A proporção dos entrevistados que referiu ter utilizado algum serviço de saúde, nos últimos quatro meses, foi de 4,7 por cento com relação à internação hospitalar e 64, 4 por cento com referência ao atendimento ambulatorial. Dos atendimentos ambulatoriais, 24,7 por cento ocorreu em hospital público e 24,1 por cento em serviço ambulatorial público sendo que nos serviços privados, 14,5 por cento ocorreu em hospital e 33,7 por cento em clínicas. A não utilização foi relacionada à pouca gravidade da doença, qualidade e distância dos serviços e custo. Na regressão logística multivariada, observou-se associação entre a utilização de serviços e sexo, presença de doenças, auto-percepção de saúde, interação da renda e escolaridade e posse de seguro saúde, sendo que a escolaridade isoladamente apresentou efeito inverso. Conclusão: Foram observadas desigualdades no uso e acesso aos serviços de saúde e inadequação do modelo de atenção, indicando necessidade de políticas públicas que levem em conta as especificidades dessa população, facilitem o acesso e possam reduzir essas desigualdades / Objectives: This research is part of a project called Health, Well-being and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean, “SABE study", and aims to study the inequalities in use and access to health care services among the elderly persons in the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: In 2000, 2.143 individuals aged 60 or older, dwelling in the urban area of São Paulo, were interviewed using census sectors with replacement and probability proportional to population. To achieve the desired number of respondents 75 or older, additional homes close to the selected census sector were used, with weighting of the final results. The use and access to health services were measured for outpatient medical services and hospital admission in the context of the personal characteristics of the subjects, context and need for health care. Results: Considering the elderly who needed healthcare assistance in the four months prior to the interview, 4,7% were hospitalized and 64,4% needed ambulatory care, being 24,7% in public hospitals and 24,1% in public ambulatory health services. As for the private services, this number was 14, 5% for hospitals and 33, 7% for medical clinics. In the multivariate analysis, there is an association between use of health services, sex, diseases, wealth quintiles and health insurance. However, the opposite effect was found for the variable “educational level". Conclusions: The results demonstrate inequalities in use and access to health services and a problematic health care system. Public policies should take into account the different needs of this older population, in order to facilitate access to health care services and reduce inequalities.

A população mundial vem envelhecendo, diante dessa premissa a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), bem como, o Ministério da Saúde (MS) do Brasil, vem buscando adaptar-se a esta realidade através de políticas públicas capazes de promover o envelhecimento ativo e da atenção à saúde adaptada às necessidades da população idosa. A OMS propôs a adequação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) às necessidades dos idosos. O Brasil, por sua vez, segue as orientações da OMS, dentro da linha de cuidado voltada para a saúde dos idosos, na Estratégia de Saúde da Família e dentro da Política de Atenção à Saúde da Pessoa Idosa. No entanto, ainda não há evidências quanto à avaliação da adequação destas políticas e de sua relação com a forma como os idosos percebem sua saúde geral e bucal. Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a extensão do cuidado em saúde que é acessado por idosos moradores de dois distritos de Porto Alegre/RS, em relação ao preconizado para efetividade da Atenção Primária à Saúde, e realizar um censo das unidades de saúde de APS dos mesmos distritos a fim de estabelecer uma relação entre os dados empíricos levantados e: i) Políticas de Saúde relacionadas com a Atenção Primária à Saúde voltadas às necessidades das pessoas idosas, ii) autoavaliação de saúde geral e iii) percepção de saúde bucal. A metodologia do estudo contou com um estudo teórico realizado através de um levantamento de documentos, um estudo epidemiológico de base populacional de delineamento transversal e um censo de unidades de saúde. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para uma realidade distinta entre o que as Políticas voltadas para os idosos preconizam e o que é oferecido para os idosos. Foram observadas limitações em relação ao acesso, longitudinalidade, integralidade e qualidade do cuidado. Além disso, foi possível observar que em relação à autoavaliação de saúde os resultados mostraram associações entre a avaliação positiva da saúde e fatores psicossociais (sintomatologia depressiva), características pessoais (nº de morbidades) e ambientais (orientação do serviço para a APS). Já em relação à percepção de saúde bucal, os resultados apontaram associação com determinantes primários (satisfação com último atendimento odontológico, resiliência e renda suficiente para as necessidades da família), comportamentos em saúde (hábito tabágico) e condições de saúde bucal (número de dentes e presença de restos radiculares). A conclusão que se chegou a partir de tais resultados é que há uma necessidade premente de ampliação do acesso e qualificação do cuidado para que a Atenção Primária disponibilizada para os idosos que vivem nos distritos Lomba do Pinheiro e Partenon em Porto Alegre possa ser realmente considerada adequada às necessidades dos idosos. Além disso, é necessário que se leve em consideração o papel da Atenção Primária a saúde na avaliação da sua própria saúde e na percepção de saúde bucal por parte de idosos. / The world population is aging. In response to those trends the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH), are aiming at tackling such matters through public policies that promote active aging through health care adapted to the needs of the elderly population. The WHO has proposed an Age-friendly Primary Health Care (PHC) that lies in accordance with the needs of the elderly. In Brazil, the WHO guidelines are followed within older people care provision, in the Family Health Strategy, and within the National Health Policy for the Elderly Person. However, there is still no evidence concerning the assessment of adequacy of these policies and its association with how older people perceive their general and oral health. Thus, this study aimed to verify the extension towards primary health care provided by health services accessed by older persons living in two sanitary districts of Porto Alegre/RS in relation with the recommendation in terms of effectiveness of primary health care. In addition, a census of the primary health care services of the two sanitary districts was carried out forming, along with the epidemiological survey, the basis of the empirical data that allowed establish a relationship with: i) Health Policies related to Primary Health Care and targeting on the needs of older persons, ii) self-rated health and iii) self-perceived oral health. The methodology included: theoretical study made by a documental research, a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study and a health PHC services census. The results of this study show a distinct reality between what policies targeting older persons recommend and what is actually provided, limitations in terms of access, longitudinally, comprehensiveness and quality of care were observed. Furthermore, it was observed that positive self-rated health was associated with psychosocial factors (depressive symptomatology), personal characteristics (number of morbidities) and environmental characteristics (orientation towards PHC Attributes). Self-perceived oral health was associated with primary determinants of health (satisfaction with prior dental appointment, resilience and income that was enough to meet family needs), 17 health behaviors (smoking habit) and oral health status (number of teeth and of root remnants). Concluding, there is an urgent need to increase access and to qualify care so that Primary Health Care services made available for older people, at least for those who live in the Lomba do Pinheiro and Partenon sanitary districts of Porto Alegre/RS, reach its goals of providing adequate and resolutive care that is adequate to the needs of the elderly. Furthermore, it is necessary to take into account the role of Primary Health Care on the rate of health and perception of oral health by the elderly. Still, advances in relation to equity and quality of care in respect to primary health care professionals continued education attainment were observed.

L’accès aux soins est une préoccupation des pouvoirs publics, des patients et des médecins. Après avoir identifié le rôle et les différentes aspirations de ces acteurs de santé, une synthèse reposant sur la construction des concepts en sciences sociales est proposée afin de comparer les différentes approches de l’analyse et de la mesure de l’accès aux soins. En France, ce concept est principalement étudié à travers les difficultés financières ou la distance géographique, pourtant sa nature est multidimensionnelle. A partir de cette analyse, deux enquêtes ont été menées pour recueillir les perceptions de mille patients et cinq cents médecins libéraux afin de déterminer précisément la nature et la fréquence des difficultés d’accès aux soins. Les résultats montrent que les principaux obstacles sont le temps d’attente en cabinet chez les généralistes et le délai d’obtention d’un rendez-vous chez les spécialistes. Ces éléments sont également des facteurs de renoncement aux soins. L’enquête réalisée auprès des médecins identifie leurs perceptions concernant les difficultés d’accès aux consultations de leurs patients, leurs conditions de travail et les solutions privilégiées pour diminuer lesdélais de prise en charge des patients. Un vif intérêt pour le regroupement avec d’autres confrères est exprimé, en particulier pour les jeunes médecins. Ainsi, les deux principaux modes d’organisation émergents de l’offre de soins, les maisons de santé pluriprofessionnelles et la télémédecine, sont analysés et discutés à la suite de retours d’expériences et d’entretiens semi-directifs. A l’initiative des acteurs locaux, ces coopérations entre professionnels de santé favorisent la qualité et la durabilité des services de soins sur les territoires. / Access to health care is a concern for governments, patients and physicians. This study identifies the role and aspirations of health stakeholders and, based on the construction of social science concepts, it compares the previous conceptual frameworks analyzing and measuring access to health care. Access to health care is a multidimensional concept; however it was mainly analyzed through financial difficulties or geographical distance in France. Two surveys were conducted to collect the perceptions of one thousand patients and five hundred liberal doctors to determine the origin and frequency of problems of access to health care. The results show that the main barriers are the waiting time in the office of general practitioner and the waiting period to get an appointment with specialists. These previous factors lead also to health carerenunciation. Concerning the physicians, the survey identifies their perceptions of patient’s difficulties, their working conditions and their preferred solutions against the waiting period before patients care receiving. It appears that young doctors are particularly interested in group medical practices. Thus, the two main emerging organizations offering health care i.e., multidisciplinary health house and telemedicine are analyzed and discussed as a result of feedbacks and semi-structured interviews. At the initiative of local actors, cooperation between health professionals promotes the quality and sustainability of health care services in the territories.