The accumulation of electricity as an issue is becoming more important and it’s importance is constantly growing. This is due to the fact that more renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic and wind power plants, are being incorporated into the electricity system, causing changes in the power grid performance. Changing in the behavior of consumers of electricity can cause further changes in the network. The ability for compensations of these changes in the power grid has just accumulation systems. This Thesis for Master’s Degree presents selected storage systems and ways in which energy can be stored. Further, in this work, a model of accumulation system with management based on general conditions will be created. This model will be tested and its behavior detected under the limit conditions.

The accumulation of electricity as an issue is becoming more important and it’s importance is constantly growing. This is due to the fact that more renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic and wind power plants, are being incorporated into the electricity system, causing changes in the power grid performance. Changing in the behavior of consumers of electricity can cause further changes in the network. The ability for compensations of these changes in the power grid has just accumulation systems. This Thesis for Master’s Degree presents selected storage systems and ways in which energy can be stored. Further, in this work, a model of accumulation system with management based on general conditions will be created. This model will be tested and its behavior detected under the limit conditions.

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Les tourbières boréales jouent un rôle important dans le cycle global du carbone en tant que puits de CO2 à long terme et en tant que l’une des plus grandes sources de méthane naturel (CH4). Ces importants réservoirs de carbone seront exposés à l’avenir au réchauffement et aux conditions plus humides caractérisant le changement climatique dans les hautes latitudes et, en raison de la grande quantité de carbone stockée dans les tourbières boréales, comprendre leurs dynamiques est important. Dans cette thèse, j'ai intégré une représentation du cycle de l'eau et du carbone dans les tourbières dans le modèle de surface terrestre ORCHIDEE-MICT (LSM), dans le but d'améliorer la compréhension du C des tourbes et de sa dynamique depuis l'Holocène, afin d'explorer les effets du changement climatique.Tout d'abord (chapitre 2), J'ai implémenté les tourbières en tant qu'unité hydrologique de sol (HSU) sous-réseau indépendante qui reçoit les eaux de ruissellement provenant des HSU non tourbeuses environnantes dans chaque cellule du réseau et ne possède pas de drainage, conformément la representation propose par Largeron et al. (2018). Pour modéliser les flux d’eau verticaux des sols tourbeux et non tourbeux, j’ai représenté les paramètres hydrologiques spécifiques à la tourbe pour l’HSU des tourbières, tandis que dans d’autres HSU, les paramètres hydrologiques sont déterminés par la texture dominante du sol de la cellule de la grille. j'ai choisi un modèle diplotelmique pour simuler la décomposition et l'accumulation de tourbe de C. Ce modèle à deux couches comprend une couche supérieure (acrotelm) inondée de manière variable et une couche inférieure (catotelm) inondée en permanence. Ce modèle a montré de bonnes performances dans la simulation de l'hydrologie des tourbières, du C et des flux d'énergie dans 30 tourbières boréales sur des échelles de temps quotidiennes à annuelles. Mais la simplification excessive de la dynamique du carbone pourrait limiter sa capacité à prévoir la réponse des tourbières boréales aux futurs changements climatiques.Deuxièmement (chapitre 3), j'ai remplacé le modèle carbone de tourbe diplotelmique par un modèle multicouche afin de prendre en compte les hétérogénéités verticales de la température et de l'humidité le long du profil de la tourbe. J'ai ensuite adapté TOPMODEL et les critères d'établissement des tourbières de Stocker et al. (2014) pour simuler la dynamique de la zone des tourbières dans une unité de la grille. Ici, la zone inondée donnée par TOPMODEL est traversée avec des conditions de croissance de tourbe appropriées pour définir la zone occupée par une HSU de tourbe. Ce modèle a été testé sur plusieurs sites de tourbières du nord et pour des simulations en 2D sur l'hémisphère nord (> 30 ° N). La superficie totale simulée de tourbières et le stock de carbone en 2010 est de 3,9 million de km2 et 463 PgC, conformément aux observations (3,4 à 4,0 million de km2 et 270 à 540 PgC).Enfin (chapitre 4), avec le modèle multicouche, j’ai réalisé des simulations factorielles à l’aide de données climatiques passées et futures issus des scenarios de trajectoire de concentration représentative (RCP) à partir de deux modèles de circulation générale (GCM) afin d’explorer les réactions des tourbières boréales au changement climatique. Les impacts des tourbières sur le futur bilan en carbone de l'hémisphère nord ont été examinés, notamment la réaction directe du bilan en carbone de la tourbière existante (simulée) et les effets indirects des tourbières sur le bilan de carbone terrestre lorsque les tourbières se modifient à l'avenir.Les travaux futurs se concentreront sur l’inclusion des influences du changement d’affectation des sols et des incendies sur les tourbières dans le modèle, étant donné que des pertes importantes de C pourraient survenir en raison de ces perturbations. Pour avoir une image complète du bilan C des tourbières, il faut prendre en compte les pertes de CH4 et de C organique dissous (DOC). / Northern peatlands play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle as a long-term CO2 sink and the one of the largest natural methane (CH4) sources. Meanwhile, these substantial carbon stores will be exposed in the future to large warming and wetter conditions that characterize climate change in the high latitudes and, because of the large amount of C stored in northern peatlands, their fate is of concern. In this thesis, I integrated a representation of peatlands water and carbon cycling into the ORCHIDEE-MICT land surface model (LSM), with the aim to improve the understanding of peatland C and area dynamics since the Holocene, to explore effects of projected climate change to northern peatlands, and to quantify the role of northern peatlands in the global C cycle.Firstly (Chapter 2), I implemented peatland as an independent sub-grid hydrological soil unit (HSU) which receives runoff from surrounding non-peatland HSUs in each grid cell and has no bottom drainage, following the concept of Largeron et al. (2018). To model vertical water fluxes of peatland and non-peatland soils, I represented peat-specific hydrological parameters for the peatland HSU while in other HSUs the hydrological parameters are determined by the dominant soil texture of the grid cell. I chose a diplotelmic model to simulate peat C decomposition and accumulation. This two-layered model includes an upper layer (acrotelm) that is variably inundated and a lower layer (catotelm) that is permanently inundated. This model showed good performance in simulating peatland hydrology, C and energy fluxes at 30 northern peatland sites on daily to annual time scales. But the over simplification of the C dynamics may limit its capacity to predict northern peatland response to future climate change.Secondly (Chapter 3), I replaced the diplotelmic peat carbon model with a multi-layered model to account for vertical heterogeneities in temperature and moisture along the peat profile. I then adapted the cost-efficient version of TOPMODEL and peatland establishment criteria from Stocker et al. (2014) to simulate the dynamics of peatland area within a grid cell. Here the flooded area given by TOPMODEL is crossed with suitable peat growing conditions to set the area that is occupied by a peat HSU. This model was tested across a range of northern peatland sites and for gridded simulations over the Northern Hemisphere (>30 °N). Simulated total northern peatlands area and C stock by 2010 is 3.9 million km2 and 463 PgC, fall well within observation-based reported range of northern peatlands area (3.4 – 4.0 million km2) and C stock (270 – 540 PgC).Lastly (Chapter 4), with the multi-layered model, I conducted factorial simulations using representative concentration pathway (RCP)-driven bias-corrected past and future climate data from two general circulation models (GCMs) to explore responses of northern peatlands to climate change. The impacts of peatlands on future C balance of the Northern Hemisphere were discussed, including the direct response of the C balance of the (simulated) extant peatland area, and indirect effects of peatlands on the terrestrial C balance when peatlands area change in the future.Future work will focus on including influences of land use change and fires on peatland into the model, given that substantial losses of C could occur due to these disturbances. To have a complete picture of peatland C balance, CH4 and dissolved organic C (DOC) losses must be considered.

The simple accumulation-based network identification method (ANIM) in a raster Geographic Information System (GIS) posed by O'Callaghan and Mark (1984) has been criticized for producing a spatially uniform drainage density (Tarboton 2002) at the watershed scale. This criticism casts doubt on the use of ANIMs for deriving properties such as overland flow length for nonpoint source pollution models, without calibrating the accumulation threshold value. However, the basic assumption that underlies ANIMs is that convergent topography will yield a more rapid accumulation of cells, and thus, more extensive flow networks, with divergent, or planar terrain yielding sparser networks. Previous studies have focused on networks that are coarser than the hill-slope scale, and have relied upon visual inspection of drainage networks to suggest that ANIMs lack the ability to produce diverse networks. In this study overland flow lengths were calculated on a sub-watershed basis, with standard deviation, and range calculated for sub-watershed populations as a means of quantifying the diversity of overland flow lengths produced by ANIM at the hill slope scale. Linear regression and Spearman ranking analyses were used to determine if the methods represented trends in overland flow length as suggested by manual delineation of contour lines. Three ANIMs were analyzed: the flow accumulation method (O'Callaghan and Mark, 1984), the terrain curvature method (Tarboton, 2000) and the ridge accumulation method (introduced in this study). All three methods were shown to produce non-zero standard deviations and ranges using a single support area threshold, with the terrain curvature method producing the most diverse networks, followed by the ridge accumulation method, and then the flow accumulation method. At an analysis unit size of 20 ha, the terrain curvature method produced a standard deviation that was most similar to those suggested by the contour crenulations, -13.5%, followed by the ridge accumulation method, -21.5%, and the flow accumulation method, -61.6%. The ridge accumulation produced the most similar range, -19.1%, followed by terrain curvature, -24.9%, and flow accumulation, -65.4%. While the flow accumulation networks had a much narrower range of predicted flow lengths, it had the highest Spearman ranking coefficient, Rs=0.722, and linear regression coefficient, R2=0.602. The terrain curvature method was second, Rs=0.641, R2=0.469, and then ridge accumulation, Rs=0.602, R2=0.490. For all methods, as threshold values were varied, areas of dissimilar morphology (as evidenced by the common stream metric stream frequency) experienced changes in overland flow lengths at different rates. This results in an inconsistency in ranking of sub-watersheds at different thresholds. When thresholds were varied to produce average overland flow lengths from 75 m to 150 m, the terrain curvature method showed the lowest incidence of rank change, 16.05%, followed by the ridge accumulation method, 16.73%, then flow accumulation, 25.18%. The results of this investigation suggest that for all three methods, a causal relationship exists between threshold area, underlying morphology, and predicted overland flow length. This causal relationship enables ANIMs to represent contour network trends in overland flow length with a single threshold value, but also results in the introduction of rank change error as threshold values are varied. Calibration of threshold value (varying threshold in order to better match observed overland flow lengths) is an effective means of increasing the accuracy of ANIM predictions, and may be necessary when comparing areas with different stream frequencies. It was shown that the flow accumulation method produces less diverse networks than the terrain curvature and ridge accumulation methods. However, the results of rank and regression analyses suggest that further investigation is required to determine if these more diverse ANIM are in fact more accurate than the flow accumulation method. / Master of Science

Dispossession has been playing a central role in capitalist accumulation over the last four-hundred-year history of modern capitalism. This dissertation theorizes how dispossession contributes to producing and reproducing the capitalist mode of production in Bangladesh. To do so, the dissertation empirically examines three interrelated aspects of dispossession in its three analytical chapters. First, it explores how the state and the market work in tandem to organize and control dispossession while grabbing land and expelling peasants from their places. Next, it investigates how dispossession contributes to providing 'potential capitals,' such as grabbed land and dispossessed peasants, to the production sites to be converted into 'constant capital' and 'variable capital' and to creating antagonistic class relations. Finally, it explores how market and non-market actors control those dispossessed peasants-turned-workers inside and outside factories to produce surplus values in order to reproduce the capitalist system locally and globally. These three interactive components of dispossession show three successive phases of capitalist accumulation: land-grabbing by divorcing independent producers from their livelihoods (the initial phase), converting land into capital, peasants into wage workers, and non-capitalists into capitalists (the intermediate phase), and controlling and exploiting those wage workers to produce surpluses or a cycle of new capital (the final phase). This dissertation accordingly advances a full-scale theory of dispossession in its concluding chapter by examining how the starting, intermediate, and ending points of dispossession contribute to capitalist accumulation. The dissertation draws on a wide range of empirical evidence collected from Panthapath, Dhaka, Bangladesh. These include 77 life histories, 50 interviews, a land-use survey of 1,007 structures, and a short survey of 147 slums. It also uses various historical records and archival documents. The three major findings of this dissertation are as follows. First, the dissertation shows that the state acts as a class to organize land grabs, often working in tandem with the private sector, but also in direct competition with the market. Not only does the state monopolize extra-economic means to grab land, but the market also often gains access to extra-economic means. Next, the dissertation shows that dispossession works to privatize the commons, proletarianize subsistence labor, create antagonistic class relations, and redistribute wealth upward. Finally, the dissertation identifies a new regime of labor control, called social despotism, that dominates and exploits workers in factories to produce surpluses. I conclude this study with policy recommendations designed to address the various dimensions of structural injustice described in this dissertation. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation theorizes how dispossession contributes to producing and reproducing the capitalist mode of production in Bangladesh. In its three analytical chapters, the dissertation empirically examines three interrelated aspects of dispossession. First, it explores how the state and the market work in tandem to organize and control dispossession while grabbing land and expelling peasants from their places. Next, it investigates how dispossession contributes to providing grabbed land and dispossessed peasants to the production sites and to creating various class hierarchies. Finally, it explores how market and non-market actors control peasants-turned-workers inside and outside factories to produce surplus values in order to reproduce the capitalist system. These three interactive components of dispossession show three successive phases of capitalist accumulation: land-grabbing by evicting peasants from their places (phase 1), converting land into capital, peasants into wage workers, and non-capitalists into capitalists (phase 2), and exploiting wage workers to produce surpluses (phase 3). This dissertation accordingly advances a full-scale theory of dispossession in its concluding chapter by examining how the starting, intermediate, and ending points of dispossession contribute to capitalist accumulation. The dissertation draws on a wide range of empirical evidence collected from Panthapath, Dhaka, Bangladesh. These include 77 life histories, 50 interviews, a land-use survey of 1,007 structures, and a short survey of 147 slums. It also uses various historical records and archival documents. Some of the major findings of this dissertation are as follows. First, the dissertation shows that the state acts as a class to organize land grabs, often working in tandem with the private sector, but also in direct competition with the market. Not only does the state monopolize extra-economic means to grab land, but the market also often gains access to extra-economic means. Next, the dissertation shows that dispossession works to privatize the commons, proletarianize subsistence labor, create exploitative class relations, and redistribute wealth upward. Finally, the dissertation identifies a new regime of labor control, called social despotism, that oppresses and exploits workers in factories to produce surpluses.

This research investigates particulate matter (PM) deposition to rock pigeons (Columba livia) in urban environments within Denton County, Texas. Pigeon habitat was characterized within a 2-km radius at eight locations using the 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD). In summer 2020, feathers were sampled from 10 rock pigeons at two locations (n = 20) differing in degree of urban development. Birds were captured using walk-in funnel traps baited with bird seed. Based on molt pattern and appearance, four old flight feathers were identified and sampled from each bird. New primary feathers were obtained from each population as reference samples. Feathers were washed three times with double deionized water and acetone, and the solution vacuum filtered through a glass microfiber filter to collect all particles >1.5 µm in diameter. Particulate matter mass was determined by gravimetric analysis and calculated per unit feather surface area. Relative PM accumulation rates were significantly different between the populations. Characteristics of urban land cover, proximity to and types of emissions sources, wind exposure, and building density were drivers of variability in PM deposition to feather surfaces. The results from this study should be useful for subsequent research to help identify best practices for using feathers collected from pigeons or other urban restricted bird species to monitor PM levels across multiple spatial scales.

Le cancer pulmonaire est la principale cause de décès parmi tous les cancers au Canada. Le pronostic est généralement faible, de l'ordre de 15% de taux de survie après 5 ans. Les déplacements internes des structures anatomiques apportent une incertitude sur la précision des traitements en radio-oncologie, ce qui diminue leur efficacité. Dans cette optique, certaines techniques comme la radio-chirurgie et la radiothérapie par modulation de l'intensité (IMRT) visent à améliorer les résultats cliniques en ciblant davantage la tumeur. Ceci permet d'augmenter la dose reçue par les tissus cancéreux et de réduire celle administrée aux tissus sains avoisinants. Ce projet vise à mieux évaluer la dose réelle reçue pendant un traitement considérant une anatomie en mouvement. Pour ce faire, des plans de CyberKnife et d'IMRT sont recalculés en utilisant un algorithme Monte Carlo 4D de transport de particules qui permet d'effectuer de l'accumulation de dose dans une géométrie déformable. Un environnement de simulation a été développé afin de modéliser ces deux modalités pour comparer les distributions de doses standard et 4D. Les déformations dans le patient sont obtenues en utilisant un algorithme de recalage déformable d'image (DIR) entre les différentes phases respiratoire générées par le scan CT 4D. Ceci permet de conserver une correspondance de voxels à voxels entre la géométrie de référence et celles déformées. La DIR est calculée en utilisant la suite ANTs («Advanced Normalization Tools») et est basée sur des difféomorphismes. Une version modifiée de DOSXYZnrc de la suite EGSnrc, defDOSXYZnrc, est utilisée pour le transport de particule en 4D. Les résultats sont comparés à une planification standard afin de valider le modèle actuel qui constitue une approximation par rapport à une vraie accumulation de dose en 4D. / Pulmonary cancer is the main cause of death amongst all cancers in Canada with a prognosis of about 15% survival rate in 5 years. The efficiency of radiotherapy treatments is lower when high displacements of the tumors are observed, mostly caused by intrafraction respiratory motion. Advanced techniques such as radiosurgery and intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatments (IMRT) are expected to provide better clinical results by delivering higher radiation doses to the tumor while sparing the surrounding healthy lung tissues. The goal of this project is to perform 4D Monte Carlo dose recalculations to assess the dosimetric impact of moving tumors in CyberKnife and IMRT treatments using dose accumulation in deforming anatomies. Scripts developed in-house were used to model both situations and to compare the Monte Carlo dose distributions with those obtained with standard clinical plans. Displacement vectors fields are obtained from a 4D CT data set and a deformable image registration (DIR) algorithm which allows a voxel-to-voxel correspondence between each respiratory phase. The DIR is computed by the Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTs) software and is mostly based on diffeormophisms. A modified version of DOSXYZnrc from EGSnrc software, defDOSXYZnrc, is used to transport radiation through non-linear geometries. These results are then compared to a typical 3D plan to determine whether or not the current planification is a good approximation of the true 4D dose calculation.

L’objectif de notre travail était d’étudier les bascules métaboliques chez Yarrowia li-polytica d’un métabolisme purement oxydatif vers l’accumulation de lipides puis à l’excretion d’acide citrique.Le développement d’un procédé D-stat et d’un mode de conduite fed-batch nous a permis, dans un premier temps, de quantifier les ratios N/C caractéristiques pour chacune des bascules étudiées. Nos résultats montrent que les ratios rN/rC critiques aux bascules métaboliques sont de 0,085 molN.Cmol-1 et de 0,018-0,022 molN.Cmol-1 pour l’accumulation de lipides et production de citrate, respectivement.L’analyse systémique des cultures réalisées nous a permis de mettre en évidence des mécanismes de co-régulation de certaines enzymes du métabolisme lipidique ainsi qu’une prépondérance de mécanismes post-transcriptionnels dans l’établissement des bascules étudiées.Enfin, l’utilisation de souches génétiquement modifiées au niveau de l’ATP citrate lyase, la malate déshydrogénase et de la glycérol-3-phosphate déshydogénase a permis d’évaluer l’impact de ces enzymes sur le métabolisme lipidique / This thesis aimed at studying the metabolic shifts in Yarrowia lipolytica from the pure oxidative metabolism to lipid accumulation and citric acid excretion.The development of a D-stat culture and of a monitoring fed-batch strategy allowed us to determine the N/C ratio characteristic for each of metabolic shifts. rN/rC ratio were determined equal to 0,085 molN.Cmol-1 and 0,018-0,022 molN.Cmol-1 for the lipid accumu-lation and the citric acid production, respectively.Systemic analysis of the cultivations showed coregulation phenomena among some enzymes of the lipidic metabolism and post-transcriptional modifications in the onset of the metabolic shifts.Finally, the impact of enzymes (ATP citrate lyase, malate dehydrogenase and gly-cérol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) on the lipidic metabolism was evaluated through systemic analysis of 3 genetically modified strains

La disponibilité élevée des systèmes technologiques comme l'aérospatial, la défense, la pétrochimie et l'automobile, est un but important des nouveaux développements de la technologie de conception des systèmes sachant que la défaillance onéreuse survient, en général, soudainement. Afin de rendre les stratégies classiques de maintenance plus efficaces et pour prendre en considération l'état et l'environnement évolutifs du produit, un nouveau modèle de pronostic analytique est développé en tant que complément des stratégies de maintenance existantes. Ce nouveau modèle est appliqué aux systèmes mécaniques soumis à la défaillance par fatigue sous charge cyclique répétitive. Sachant que l'effet de fatigue va initier des microfissures qui peuvent se propager soudainement et conduire à la défaillance. Ce modèle est basé sur des lois d'endommagement existantes dans la mécanique de la rupture comme la loi de propagation de fissures de Paris-Erdogan à côté de la loi de cumul de dommage de Palmgren-Miner. A partir d'un seuil prédéfini de dégradation DC, la durée de vie résiduelle (RUL) est estimée à l'aide de ce modèle de pronostic. Les dommages peuvent être cumulés linéairement (Loi de Palmgren-Miner) et aussi non linéairement afin de prendre en compte un comportement plus complexe des chargements et des matériaux. Le modèle de dégradation développé dans ce travail est basé sur une sommation d'une mesure de dommage D à la suite de chaque cycle de chargement. Quand cette mesure devient égale à un seuil prédéfini DC, le système est considéré dans l'état de panne. En plus, l'influence stochastique est incluse dans notre modèle pour le rendre plus précis et réaliste. / The high availability of technological systems like aerospace, defense, petro-chemistry and automobile, is an important goal of earlier recent developments in system design technology knowing that the expensive failure can generally occur suddenly. To make the classical strategies of maintenance more efficient and to take into account the evolving product state and environment, a new analytic prognostic model is developed as a complement of existent maintenance strategies. This new model is applied to mechanical systems that are subject to fatigue failure under repetitive cyclic loading. Knowing that, the fatigue effects will initiate micro-cracks that can propagate suddenly and lead to failure. This model is based on existing damage laws in fracture mechanics, such as the crack propagation law of Paris-Erdogan beside the damage accumulation law of Palmgren-Miner. From a predefined threshold of degradation DC, the Remaining Useful Lifetime (RUL) is estimated by this prognostic model. Damages can be assumed to be accumulated linearly (Palmgren-Miner's law) and also nonlinearly to take into consideration the more complex behavior of loading and materials. The degradation model developed in this work is based on the accumulation of a damage measurement D after each loading cycle. When this measure reaches the predefined threshold DC, the system is considered in wear out state. Furthermore, the stochastic influence is included to make the model more accurate and realistic.