During the period of 1992-1998, Russia underwent a transition from a centralized economy to a market economy with devastating socioeconomic consequences, and industrial decline, which has resulted in demographic crises. The central argument driving this thesis is that during its transition to a market economy, through shock therapy from 1992-1998, Russia’s social and economic infrastructure went through a regression in the form of refeudalization, which is empirically revealed through health and demographic indicators. Remarkably, the effects of this socioeconomic regression was buffered from further devastation through a set of social compromises between workers, unions and industrial managers, which stabilized the brunt of shock therapy, but still resulted in the refeudalization of Russian society. The objective of this study is to construct a comprehensive model to conceptualize Russia’s socioeconomic regression during the period of transition from 1992-1998, and to explain the causes for the regression within the model. / This thesis conceptualizes socioeconomic regression as a feature of political economy within a mode of production model, and applies the model to explain Russia's socioeconomic transition during the period from 1992 to 1998.

In this dissertation, I try to understand processes of dispossession and exclusion within a class-focused Marxian framework grounded in the epistemological position of overdetermination. The Marxian concept of primitive accumulation has become increasingly prominent in contemporary discussions on these issues. The dominant reading of "primitive accumulation" in the Marxian tradition is historicist, and consequently the notion itself remains outside the field of Marxian political economy. The contemporary literature has de-historicized the concept, but at the same time missed Marx's unique class-perspective. Based on a non-historicist reading of Marx, I argue that primitive accumulation--i.e. separation of direct producers from means of production in non-capitalist class processes--is constitutive of capitalism and not a historical process confined to the period of transition from pre-capitalism to capitalism. I understand primitive accumulation as one aspect of a more complex (contradictory) relation between capitalist and non-capitalist class structure which is subject to uneven development and which admit no teleological universalization of any one class structure. Thus, this dissertation claims to present a notion of primitive accumulation theoretically grounded in the Marxian political economy. In particular, the dissertation problematizes the dominance of capital over a heterogeneous social formation and understands primitive accumulation as a process which simultaneously supports and undermines such dominance. At a more concrete level, I apply this new understanding of primitive accumulation to a social formation--consisting of "ancient" and capitalist enterprises--and consider a particular conjuncture where capitalist accumulation is accompanied by emergence and even expansion of a "surplus population" primarily located in the "ancient" economy. Using these theoretical arguments, I offer an account of postcolonial capitalism in India, distinguishing between two different regimes--1) the dirigiste planning regime and 2) the laissez-faire regime. I argue that both regimes had to grapple with the problem of surplus population, as the capitalist expansion under both regimes involved primitive accumulation. I show how small peasant agriculture, traditional non-capitalist industry and informal "ancient" enterprises (both rural and urban) have acted as "sinks" for surplus population throughout the period of postcolonial capitalist development in India.

The general purpose of this thesis is to provide a gendered analysis of the ways in which States use their power to facilitate and promote accumulation, specifically primitive accumulation. I will seek to demonstrate in this study that women, classed and racialised, and especially those migrating within the neo-liberal global political economy are exploited not only through the classical alienation of their labour, but from the application of the additional extra-economic power of patriarchy and the tools that provides to states, and typically male owning classes. Women&rsquo / s position in patriarchal society and patriarchal capitalism may transform their experiences with capital and the state into a relationship of accumulation by dispossession rather than having their labour alienated and exploited under typical expanded reproduction. States use the constructions of women as subordinate under patriarchy, as well as others about migrant labour, or about the &lsquo / aberrant&rsquo / nature of sex work, to justify the use of women&rsquo / s bodies in the sex trade in a way that promotes the primitive accumulation, or accumulation by dispossession of surplus value from their labour and bodies. This study will use the Turkish Republic of northern Cyprus as an example to highlight the arguments made about the ability of a patriarchal state in collusion with capital, to use the extra controls afforded by patriarchy to primitively accumulate wealth from women, and to reproduce that ability on a continuous scale.

A pesquisa tem como objeto de análise a formação territorial do Ceará desde o estabelecimento das políticas pombalinas do Estado Português ao processo de emancipação política de sua colônia na América do Sul. Uma investigação que atravessa o interregno de 1750 a 1822, quando se pretendia aumentar o controle administrativo e a expropriação dos lucros nas terras conquistadas pela Coroa Portuguesa por meio de acordos de limites. Em movimento sincopado de expansão das fronteiras e corrida aos fundos territoriais defendidos por estratégias geopolíticas que priorizavam o povoamento das áreas fronteiriças, mas também daquelas afastadas da zona litorânea; pela doação de sesmarias; elevação de vilas e cidades; pelo controle e aldeamento dos nativos através de leis ou incentivo à guerra justa, para o aniquilamento, aos que não se adaptavam à imposição de um processo perverso de colonização que os subjugava. Retratamos a frente de apropriação dos sertões das capitanias do Norte, com ênfase no Ceará; uma história de expropriação, de espoliação das terras indígenas, a fixação das fazendas para o criatório do gado, que teve início com o parcelamento de suas terras no final do século XVII acontecimentos que promoveram impactos relevantes sob a sua estrutura fundiária e o introduziram à lógica da acumulação primitiva de capitais, através da implantação das políticas mercantilistas que se expandiram violentamente para além das nações europeias, em escala maior, inseridas agora dentro de um sistema mundial de conformação de uma economia-mundo capitalista em formação e dilatação. / The aim of this investigation was to analyze the territorial formation of Ceará from the stablishment of pombalinas politics of Portuguese state in the process of political emancipation in its colony in South America. An investigation that crosses the interregnum 1750-1822, when was pretended to increase the administrative control and the expropriation of profits in the lands conquered by the Portuguese crown in limits agreements. In a syncopated movement of expansion of borders and race to territorial founds defended by geopolitical strategies that prioritized the settlement of border areas; but also of those far from the coastal zone; for the donation of sesmarias; promotion of villages and cities; control and population of natives trough laws or encouraging to just war, for the destruction- annihilation to people that do not fit the imposition of a perverse evil process of colonization that subjugate them. We show the frente de apropriação of hinterlands captaincies of the north of Portuguese America, with emphasis in Ceará, a history of expropriation, of dispossession of indigenous lands to fixation of farms for cattle breeding that initiated with the installment of their land at the end of the XVII century, events that promote significant impacts in its land and introduced the logic of primitive accumulation of capitals, thought the implementation of mercantilist policies that expand violently beyond of European nations, in large scale, now inserted into a worldwide system of forming a capitalist word economy in development and expansion.

A sociedade e economia brasileira apresentam heranças do sistema colonial e do escravismo, como o racismo e a restrição do acesso legal à terra aos produtores diretos, que não foram superados nem com a Abolicação ou a República, sequer com o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e as formas de Estado que o acompanharam durante o século XX. A Constituição de 1988 incorporou algumas das reivindicações que apontam para a superação desse legado de opressão e de desigualdade. Entre elas, o artigo 68 do Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias, reconhecendo as comunidades remanescentes de quilombos e a propriedade dos territórios que ocuparam historicamente. No entanto, após três décadas da aprovação desse direito constitucional, foi constatado que apenas 6,7% das comunidades remanescentes de quilombo receberam o título de propriedade da terra. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar os conflitos por terra envolvendo os quilombos, a partir da categoria de expropriação, considerando a historicidade dos quilombos no Brasil, além de realizar uma análise do quadro atual do reconhecimento e titulação das comunidades remanescentes de quilombos. / Brazilian society and economy presents legacies of the colonial system and slavery, such as racism and the restriction of legal access to land to direct producers, which have not been surpassed either with Abolition or the Republic, not even with the development of capitalism and the forms that accompanied him during the twentieth century. The 1988 Constitution incorporated some of the claims that point to overcoming this legacy of oppression and inequality. Among them, Article 68 of the Transitional Constitutional Provisions Act, recognizing the remaining communities of quilombos (contemporary quilombos) and the right to property of the territories they occupied historically. However, after three decades of the approval of this constitutional right, it was found that only 6.7% of the remaining communities of quilombo received title to the land. This work has the objective of analyzing land conflicts involving the quilombos, from the category of expropriation, considering the historicity of quilombos in Brazil, besides analyzing the current framework of the recognition and titling of the remaining communities of quilombos.

Esta pesquisa aborda um momento pouco investigado pelos estudos sobre o Pacífico negro colombiano. Território de população majoritariamente negra, cujo povoamento desdobrou-se da crise da instituição escravista, o Pacífico negro organizou-se sob um padrão de relativo isolamento frente às estruturas estatais de organização social, constituindo um modelo de subsistência autônomo, baseado em mecanismos locais de parentesco, trabalho e posse da terra. A pesquisa que aqui se apresenta trata de investigar como este modelo de subsistência foi desarticulado pela ação extrativista das indústrias madeireiras, a partir dos anos 1950, as quais se disseminaram na região estimuladas pela emergência de uma nova perspectiva estatal sobre as terras baixas, que as compreendia como baldios da nação que deveriam ser explorados técnica e racionalmente. Este processo gerou focos de proletarização dos camponeses, sobretudo na porção sul da costa, mas também logrou absorver e transformar as dinâmicas locais de trabalho, produzindo uma nova forma de subordinação do trabalho, distinta do assalariamento tipicamente capitalista. Tais elementos levaram a pesquisadora a revisitar a teoria marxiana da acumulação primitiva e da subsunção formal e real do trabalho no capital, bem como as contribuições de Rosa Luxemburg sobre a acumulação do capital, para estabelecermos um patamar teórico seguro que nos permitisse compreender as transformações locais nas relações de trabalho e posse da terra dos camponeses negros, sem perder de vista que tal processo se insere em um movimento mais amplo de consolidação das relações de produção capitalistas no país. / This research address a moment not much explored by the studies about the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia. A territory where the majority of its population is black and came from the slavery crisis. The Pacific lowlands put themselves in an isolated positon according to the social organization, creating an autonomy surviving model based on the local mechanisms of kinship work and territory possession. The research presented draws upon the investigation of the existing model which was dismantled by the extractive actions from the lumber industry, starting in 1950\'s, which were disseminated in the region that urgently needed a new state perspective in the lowlands, and it was seen as a vacant state land and should be technically and rationally explored. This processes brought the proletarianization to the peasants, mostly to the South Coast, and they were also able to absorb the local work dynamics, creating a new way of subjection of labour, not as the proletariat form from the typical capitalism. These elements brought the researcher to revise the primitive accumulation and the capital\'s real and formal work subsumption from Marxist\'s theory. Also Rosa Luxemburg\'s contribution about the capital accumulation to establish theoretical level which allows us to comprehend the local transformations in the work relations and territory possession from the black peasant, keeping in mind that the process is a from a movement beyond the capitalism relations productions in the country.

Esta pesquisa aborda um momento pouco investigado pelos estudos sobre o Pacífico negro colombiano. Território de população majoritariamente negra, cujo povoamento desdobrou-se da crise da instituição escravista, o Pacífico negro organizou-se sob um padrão de relativo isolamento frente às estruturas estatais de organização social, constituindo um modelo de subsistência autônomo, baseado em mecanismos locais de parentesco, trabalho e posse da terra. A pesquisa que aqui se apresenta trata de investigar como este modelo de subsistência foi desarticulado pela ação extrativista das indústrias madeireiras, a partir dos anos 1950, as quais se disseminaram na região estimuladas pela emergência de uma nova perspectiva estatal sobre as terras baixas, que as compreendia como baldios da nação que deveriam ser explorados técnica e racionalmente. Este processo gerou focos de proletarização dos camponeses, sobretudo na porção sul da costa, mas também logrou absorver e transformar as dinâmicas locais de trabalho, produzindo uma nova forma de subordinação do trabalho, distinta do assalariamento tipicamente capitalista. Tais elementos levaram a pesquisadora a revisitar a teoria marxiana da acumulação primitiva e da subsunção formal e real do trabalho no capital, bem como as contribuições de Rosa Luxemburg sobre a acumulação do capital, para estabelecermos um patamar teórico seguro que nos permitisse compreender as transformações locais nas relações de trabalho e posse da terra dos camponeses negros, sem perder de vista que tal processo se insere em um movimento mais amplo de consolidação das relações de produção capitalistas no país. / This research address a moment not much explored by the studies about the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia. A territory where the majority of its population is black and came from the slavery crisis. The Pacific lowlands put themselves in an isolated positon according to the social organization, creating an autonomy surviving model based on the local mechanisms of kinship work and territory possession. The research presented draws upon the investigation of the existing model which was dismantled by the extractive actions from the lumber industry, starting in 1950\'s, which were disseminated in the region that urgently needed a new state perspective in the lowlands, and it was seen as a vacant state land and should be technically and rationally explored. This processes brought the proletarianization to the peasants, mostly to the South Coast, and they were also able to absorb the local work dynamics, creating a new way of subjection of labour, not as the proletariat form from the typical capitalism. These elements brought the researcher to revise the primitive accumulation and the capital\'s real and formal work subsumption from Marxist\'s theory. Also Rosa Luxemburg\'s contribution about the capital accumulation to establish theoretical level which allows us to comprehend the local transformations in the work relations and territory possession from the black peasant, keeping in mind that the process is a from a movement beyond the capitalism relations productions in the country.

Dispossession has been playing a central role in capitalist accumulation over the last four-hundred-year history of modern capitalism. This dissertation theorizes how dispossession contributes to producing and reproducing the capitalist mode of production in Bangladesh. To do so, the dissertation empirically examines three interrelated aspects of dispossession in its three analytical chapters. First, it explores how the state and the market work in tandem to organize and control dispossession while grabbing land and expelling peasants from their places. Next, it investigates how dispossession contributes to providing 'potential capitals,' such as grabbed land and dispossessed peasants, to the production sites to be converted into 'constant capital' and 'variable capital' and to creating antagonistic class relations. Finally, it explores how market and non-market actors control those dispossessed peasants-turned-workers inside and outside factories to produce surplus values in order to reproduce the capitalist system locally and globally. These three interactive components of dispossession show three successive phases of capitalist accumulation: land-grabbing by divorcing independent producers from their livelihoods (the initial phase), converting land into capital, peasants into wage workers, and non-capitalists into capitalists (the intermediate phase), and controlling and exploiting those wage workers to produce surpluses or a cycle of new capital (the final phase). This dissertation accordingly advances a full-scale theory of dispossession in its concluding chapter by examining how the starting, intermediate, and ending points of dispossession contribute to capitalist accumulation. The dissertation draws on a wide range of empirical evidence collected from Panthapath, Dhaka, Bangladesh. These include 77 life histories, 50 interviews, a land-use survey of 1,007 structures, and a short survey of 147 slums. It also uses various historical records and archival documents. The three major findings of this dissertation are as follows. First, the dissertation shows that the state acts as a class to organize land grabs, often working in tandem with the private sector, but also in direct competition with the market. Not only does the state monopolize extra-economic means to grab land, but the market also often gains access to extra-economic means. Next, the dissertation shows that dispossession works to privatize the commons, proletarianize subsistence labor, create antagonistic class relations, and redistribute wealth upward. Finally, the dissertation identifies a new regime of labor control, called social despotism, that dominates and exploits workers in factories to produce surpluses. I conclude this study with policy recommendations designed to address the various dimensions of structural injustice described in this dissertation. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation theorizes how dispossession contributes to producing and reproducing the capitalist mode of production in Bangladesh. In its three analytical chapters, the dissertation empirically examines three interrelated aspects of dispossession. First, it explores how the state and the market work in tandem to organize and control dispossession while grabbing land and expelling peasants from their places. Next, it investigates how dispossession contributes to providing grabbed land and dispossessed peasants to the production sites and to creating various class hierarchies. Finally, it explores how market and non-market actors control peasants-turned-workers inside and outside factories to produce surplus values in order to reproduce the capitalist system. These three interactive components of dispossession show three successive phases of capitalist accumulation: land-grabbing by evicting peasants from their places (phase 1), converting land into capital, peasants into wage workers, and non-capitalists into capitalists (phase 2), and exploiting wage workers to produce surpluses (phase 3). This dissertation accordingly advances a full-scale theory of dispossession in its concluding chapter by examining how the starting, intermediate, and ending points of dispossession contribute to capitalist accumulation. The dissertation draws on a wide range of empirical evidence collected from Panthapath, Dhaka, Bangladesh. These include 77 life histories, 50 interviews, a land-use survey of 1,007 structures, and a short survey of 147 slums. It also uses various historical records and archival documents. Some of the major findings of this dissertation are as follows. First, the dissertation shows that the state acts as a class to organize land grabs, often working in tandem with the private sector, but also in direct competition with the market. Not only does the state monopolize extra-economic means to grab land, but the market also often gains access to extra-economic means. Next, the dissertation shows that dispossession works to privatize the commons, proletarianize subsistence labor, create exploitative class relations, and redistribute wealth upward. Finally, the dissertation identifies a new regime of labor control, called social despotism, that oppresses and exploits workers in factories to produce surpluses.

Nesse trabalho, abordamos as condições de reprodução do campesinato no Vale do Jequitinhonha mineiro, da sua formação até os dias atuais, tomando-as como momento da territorialização do capital e da mobilização do trabalho, observadas sempre nas transformações que sofreram no curso contraditório do processo de modernização. Investigamos a formação regional do campesinato no bojo da transição do escravismo colonial para o trabalho livre, relação engendrada como desdobramento da mineração ocorrida em muitos afluentes da bacia do rio Jequitinhonha e do estabelecimento e da expansão das fazendas pecuárias no que outrora fora considerado \"sertão\". Analisamos também a forma de reprodução desse campesinato, tomando-a como uma relação social de produção na qual se assentou a reprodução do capital, quando a mesma ainda não podia prescindir do domínio fundiário e recurso ao exercício da violência por parte daqueles que personificavam o capital e da produção direta dos meios de vida por parte daqueles que personificavam o trabalho. Apresentamos ainda a acumulação das condições para o rompimento daquela relação social de produção como resultado central da própria territorialização do capital responsável por engendrá-la, entre elas, inclusive, a institucionalização do Estado e a formação da sua tecnocracia, ocorridas, ambas, em meio ao processo de autonomização das categorias terra, trabalho e capital, o qual investigamos a partir da intervenção do planejamento regional estatal no Vale do Jequitinhonha e das invasões e expulsões de agregados, posseiros e situantes que foram desencadeadas especialmente nas décadas de 1960, 1970 e 1980. Na análise dos desdobramentos dessa ruptura enfatizamos a permanência do campesinato no Vale do Jequitinhonha, porém, em meio a uma profunda transformação nas relações sociais de produção em que o mesmo se encontrava engajado, as quais passaram a se assentar na generalização da mobilidade do trabalho. Por fim, as condições atuais de reprodução do campesinato, interpretamos como momento da reprodução do capital em sua crise fundamental. Articulamos a exposição dos processos apontados com uma discussão sobre o papel da acumulação primitiva na reprodução do capital e as limitações para sua reiteração continuada; sobre a homogeneização e a diferenciação das relações sociais de produção; sobre o caráter contraditório e fundamentalmente crítico do desenvolvimento capitalista e o caráter da sua crise atual. Conduzimos a mesma a partir da problematização de inúmeros estudos dedicados ao problema da reprodução camponesa no Vale do Jequitinhonha, criticando a apreensão que faziam dessa última como totalidade apartada por não reconhecerem ser essa aparência resultante do processo de autonomização. Analisamos ainda um farto conjunto de depoimentos de lavradores e lavradoras no qual os mesmos discutiam transformações experimentadas em suas condições de reprodução, buscando articular, igualmente, os planos da história e da experiência, a partir de uma crítica do processo de sujeição dos sujeitos sociais a uma dominação abstrata, fetichista e tautológica da mercadoria enquanto forma de mediação e do capital enquanto sujeito automático. / On this thesis we approached the reproduction conditions of peasants from Jequitinhonha Valley, in Minas Gerais, Brazil, from its formation until nowadays. We grasped those reproduction conditions as territorialization of capital and labor mobilization moments, moments that we observed always on the transformations that had occurred on the contradictory process of modernization. We researched regional peasantry formation from the enslavement transition to free labor, a relation that was engendered as the unfold of mining in affluent rivers of Jequitinhonha river and of cattle farming establishment and expansion in what was once considered sertão. We also analyzed the reproduction form of this peasantry as a social relation of production which was the basis of capital reproduction in a moment that personified capital could not prescind from land domination and from violence exercise. After that, we present the accumulation of conditions that ruptured that social relation of production as a central result of territorialization of capital itself, conditions such as State institutionalization and the formation of its technocracy, both occurred throughout autonomization process of land, labor and capital categories. We researched that process from the intervention of regional State planning on the Jequitinhonha Valley and from invasions and expulsions of agregados, posseiros e situantes that occurred specially on the decades of 1960, 1970 and 1980. While analyzing the unfolding of that rupture we give emphasis on the permanence of peasants on the Jequitinhonha Valley, although, in the middle of a deep transformation of social relations of production that these peasants were engaged, which passed to be embedded on the generalization of labor mobilization. Finally, we interpreted actual peasantry reproduction conditions as the reproduction of capital in its fundamental crisis. We articulated the exposition of the processes already mentioned with a discussion of the role of primitive accumulation for capital accumulation and the limits to its continuous reiteration; on the homogenization and differentiation of social relations of production; and on the contradictory and fundamentally critical character of capitalistic development and its actual crisis character. We conducted such issue questioning numerous researches that were dedicated to the peasantry reproduction problem on the Jequitinhonha Valley, and we criticized the grasping of that social reproduction as a separated totality as those researches didnt recognized that as an appearance of autonomization process. We also analyzed a big amount of testimonials of lavradores and lavradoras, in which they discussed transformations experienced on their conditions of reproduction, as we tried to articulate historical and experience plans, from a critique of the process of social subjects subjection by an abstract, fetishistic and tautological domination of merchandise form as an automatic subject mediation and capital form.

ABSTRACT THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE 1923 GRECO-TURKISH POPULATION EXCHANGE UPON TURKEY Alpan, Aytek Soner M. Sc., Department of Economics Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Onur Yildirim August 2008, 167 pages The Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations signed on January 30, 1923 at Lausanne resulted in the first compulsory population exchange under the auspices of an international organization, namely the League of Nations. The Greco-Turkish Population Exchange marked a turning point for Greece and Turkey with regard to its demographic, social, political and economic effects. Although the multifaceted effects of the Exchange upon Greece have been extensively studied by the scholars of different disciplines, the Turkish scholarship is very limited in terms of documenting and analyzing the role of this event in the history of modern Turkey. The present study aims to fill this gap by assessing the economic effects of this event upon Turkey. This thesis fulfils the above task by examining the transformation of the basic sectors in the Turkish economy during the post-Exchange period. We argue that the Population Exchange had significant effects upon the Turkish economy. For example, in the agricultural sector the capitalist property relations on land were reinforced and the production patterns in certain agricultural crops were subject to a considerable degree of change. As far as the industry is concerned, the production of certain commodities deteriorated due to the rising competition between Turkey and Greece over the manufactured goods. The worsening international economic conditions exacerbated the effects of this competition upon the Turkish economy. Lastly, with the transfer of the Anatolian Greek merchants to Greece, Anatolia&rsquo / s commercial links with foreign markets weakened much to the detriment of the Turkish economy. The intermediary position of the Greek merchants was gradually substituted by the newly-emerging Turkish mercantile bourgeoisie after the Exchange. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the subject and provides a survey of the related literature. Chapter 2 examines the effects of the Exchange upon agriculture and land tenure system. Chapter 3 is designed to evaluate the transformation of the industrial base inherited from the Ottoman Empire by certain factors including the Exchange. Chapter 4 deals with the effects of the transfer of the Anatolian Greeks and the arrival of the refugees upon the commerce. Chapter 5 presents general and specific conclusions in the light of previous chapters.