Master of Science in Veterinary Science / A investigation into soil nutrient and the change soil physical properties was carried out for three pasture systems for dairy cows; the complementary forage rotation (CFR) which comprised of brassica (Brassica napus )/clover (Trifolium resupinatum ) and maize (Zea mays) capable of achieving more than 40 t/ha, the typical intensive pasture (PI) with kikuyu grass (Penisetum clandestinum) over-sown with ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) and the extensive system (PE); on two soil types (brown chromosol and black vertisol) . The study demonstrated that the CFR system was capable of doubling its yield by using similar fertilizers (N, P and K) and water inputs compared to these of the PI system resulting of greater nutrients (N and K) and water use efficiencies. Overall, the nutrient lost through runoff water was very limited for two intensive systems and nearly nil for PE system. Also similar trends were observed for soil physical properties in the intensive systems except for the topsoil (0-10 cm) where light acidification (P= 0.04) was recorded in the CFR probably due to the soil works before the maize sowing.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The Late Rhaetian (Late Triassic) extinction event is characterised by shelled species showing a reduction in size, and thickness, which together with changed mineralogy is thought to be as a result of increased atmospheric pCO2 levels. Similar morphological changes have been demonstrated for extant species exposed experimentally to high CO2 leading to the hypothesis that Late Triassic extinctions were linked with global ocean acidification and increased oceanic palaeotemperatures. Consequently, the aim of this present work was to test this ocean acidification hypothesis by investigating morphological changes in selected shelled fossil species across this extinction event, and attempt to correlate them with changes in environmental temperature and pCO2. The abundance, size, shell thickness and mineralogy was determined for three common species, the bivalves Liostrea hisingeri and Plagiostoma gigantea and the ostracod Ogmoconchella aspinata collected from Triassic and Jurassic rocks from two locations in southwest England. Palaeotemperature was reconstructed from examination of these fossils and from the literature and atmospheric pCO2 estimated from published accounts. The shell size of bivalves increased during periods of high pCO2 and high palaeotemperature at both locations. Ostracod carapace sizes increased at St Audrie’s Bay but decreased at Lyme Regis during periods of high pCO2, while ostracod carapace size decreased during periods of high palaeotemperature at St Audrie’s Bay. However, ostracod shell thickness increased and decreased as pCO2 increased but shows no relationship with palaeotemperature at either location. Laboratory experiments on the effect of elevated pCO2 and elevated temperature on three modern species of ostracod was carried out. Modern species Leptocythere sp. and L. castanea subjected to either elevated pCO2 or elevated temperature showed increased dissolution, however size and thickness did not significantly change. In the same experimental conditions L. lacertosa showed increased dissolution however size continued to increase, while thickness was maintained. Comparison of fossil bivalve and ostracod data to modern high pCO2 and high temperature experiments illustrates some correlations to the modern experiments results indicating high pCO2 and high palaeotemperature conditions could have been occurring during the Triassic-Jurassic boundary interval. From the evidence presented, combined with an appropriate trigger (CAMP volcanism), it can be concluded that both ocean acidification and palaeotemperature were contributing to the species adaptations identified across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary interval.

The thesis assesses forms of phosphorus, aluminium, and iron in soils of catchments of acidified mountain lakes. The aim of the study was to determinate changes in soil chemistry in catchments of Bohemian Forest lakes between years 2000 and 2010. The next aim was to compare fractionation according to Psenner and Pucsko (1988) with standard pedological extractions.

The thesis assesses forms of phosphorus, aluminium, and iron in soils of catchments of acidified mountain lakes. The aim of the study was to determinate changes in soil chemistry in catchments of Bohemian Forest lakes between years 2000 and 2010. The next aim was to compare fractionation according to Psenner and Pucsko (1988) with standard pedological extractions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lf_me_sjrp.pdf: 986291 bytes, checksum: e879f8c79aac66ac197646cb214878eb (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / No Brasil, o queijo Mussarela elaborado com leite de búfala, tem uma boa aceitação pelos consumidores e mercado em expansão. Entretanto, poucas são as pesquisas em âmbito nacional sobre a microbiota e influência das bactérias ácido-láticas utilizadas na produção, sobre a qualidade tecnológica deste queijo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi compor um banco de culturas representativo da microbiota isolada de queijo Mussarela fabricado com leite de búfala e efetuar a caracterização das bactérias ácido-láticas (BAL). Foram realizadas três coletas em dois laticínios (Laticínios A e B), em diferentes etapas do processo de fabricação, assim como no produto acabado (queijo Mussarela e soro de conservação) recém processado e com 14 e 28 dias de estocagem. Foi feita a contagem de colônias viáveis, isolamento dos mesófilos e termófilos, caracterização morfológica por coloração de Gram e teste de catalase. Foram obtidos 313 isolados que apresentaram características de BAL. As culturas isoladas das amostras do queijo do Laticínio B foram identificadas pela técnica de RAPD e sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e caracterizadas quanto à atividade acidificante, capacidade de utilizarem o citrato, atividade proteolítica e capacidade de produzirem compostos voláteis precursores de aromas. Para os dois laticínios, a população de microorganismos termófilos prevaleceu sobre os mesofilos. Os isolados foram identificados como Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus e Leuconostoc mesenteroides. A velocidade máxima de acidificação para os isolados variou de 0,0005 e 0,0305 unidades de pH por minuto após 20 min e 18 h 50 min do início do processo de fermentação, respectivamente para termófilos e mesófilos. O tempo... / In Brazil, the Mozzarella cheese prepared with buffalo milk has a good acceptance and market expansion. However, there are few national studies about microflora and influence of lactic acid bacteria, used in production, on the technological quality of this cheese. The aim this study was to compose a representative bank of the microbial cultures isolated from Mozzarella cheese produced with buffalo milk and to characterize the lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Three collections were performed in two dairy (Dairy A and B) at different stages of the manufacturing process as well as the finished product (Mozzarella cheese and whey conservation) newly processed and with 14 and 28 days of storage. It was followed a count of viable colony, isolation of mesophiles and thermophiles, morphological characterization by Gram staining and catalase test. It was obtained 313 isolates that exhibited characteristics of LAB. The cultures isolated of the cheese samples of the cheese from the Dairy B were identified by RAPD and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and characterized by acidifying activity, ability to utilize citrate, proteolytic activity and ability to produce volatile compounds that are flavor precursors. At two dairies, the population of thermophilic microorganisms was higher than mesophylic. The isolates were identified as Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The top speed of acidification for the isolates ranged from 0.0005 and 0.0305 pH units per minute after 20 minutes and 18:50 of the beginning of the fermentation process, respectively for thermophiles and mesophiles. The time required to reach the pH 5.0 ranged from 4h50min to 60h the beginning of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Muito tem se avaliado a respeito das propriedades físicas e químicas dos selantes de fóssulas e fissuras, mas pouco sobre seus efeitos no biofilme dentário. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características bioquímicas e microbiológicas do biofilme dentário formado in situ sobre materiais que liberam flúor ou cálcio e fosfato. Dez voluntários utilizaram dispositivo intrabucal palatino contendo corpos-de-prova de materiais (Fuji IX GP, Auralay XF e Aegis) ou blocos de esmalte bovino. A fase experimental consistiu de 4 etapas de 8 dias cada e a utilização de sacarose para formação do biofilme. No 7º dia dos períodos experimentais foi determinado o pH do biofilme e no 8º dia, o biofilme dentário formado foi coletado para determinação de flúor (F), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e polissacarídeos extracelulares insolúveis (PEI) além da microbiota. Verificou-se a liberação de F, Ca e P de cada material e dos blocos de esmalte após ciclagem de pH. Após a verificação da homogeneidade dos dados, testes paramétricos e não-paramétricos foram realizados para análise dos resultados (p<0,05). O biofilme dentário formado sobre os materiais que liberam flúor apresentou maior presença de F, Ca e P e menor número de estreptococos do grupo mutans quando comparado ao bloco de esmalte. Após o uso da sacarose (7º dia), o pH do biofilme foi maior na presença do material ionomérico. O biofilme sobre o material que contém fosfato de cálcio amorfo mostrou similar concentração de Ca e P, quando comparado aos materiais que contém flúor, e uma ação tamponante no meio, sem efeito na microbiota. Concluiu-se que os materiais que liberam flúor aumentaram as concentrações de F, Ca e P e diminuíram a de PEI e a microbiota cariogênica do biofilme dentário; e o que contém fosfato de cálcio amorfo aumentou as concentrações de Ca e P / Abstract: The chemical and physical properties of the pit and fissures sealants have been widely evaluated but rare researches focus on the effects on dental plaque. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and microbiological characteristics of the in situ dental plaque formed on materials that release fluoride or calcium and phosphate. Ten volunteers wore an intraoral palatal device containing specimens of materials (Fuji IX GP, Auralay XF and Aegis) or bovine enamel blocks. The experimental phase consisted of 4 stages with duration of 8 days each and use of sucrose to form the dental plaque. The dental plaque pH was determined at the 7th day of the experimental periods and the dental plaque was collected at the 8th day to determine the fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and microbiota. It was observed release of F, Ca and P from each material and from the enamel blocks after pH cycling. After verification of data homogeneity, parametric and non-parametric tests were performed (p<0.05). The dental plaque formed on the materials that release fluoride presented more F, Ca and P and reduced number of Streptococcus mutans in comparison to the enamel block. After use of sucrose (7th day), the dental plaque pH was higher with the presence of ionomeric material. The dental plaque on the material containing amorphous calcium phosphate exhibited similar Ca and P concentration compared to the ones on fluoride materials, and buffering action with no effect on the microbiota. It was concluded that the materials that release fluoride increased F, Ca and P concentrations, decreased EPS concentration and the cariogenic microbiota of the dental plaque; the amorphous calcium phosphate material increased concentrations of Ca and P / Orientador: Denise Pedrini / Coorientador: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem / Banca: Cleide Cristina Rodrigues Martinhon / Banca: Stella Kossatz Pereira / Mestre

Structural changes in macrozoobenthic communities and changes in chemistry in longitudinal profiles of two acidified streams in the Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic) were investigated in 2007. The progress in chemical recovery was evident in both streams, whereas zoobenthos recovery was obvious only in less acidified stream.

During the last four decades, acidifications has been seen as a great environmental hazard. To combat the effects of the acidification, the Swedish government is funding liming of affected areas. This practice has been questioned in northern Sweden, since there is no general agreement about the origin of the acidity there. This thesis aims to explain the administrative handling of the scientific disputes, and thereby the relation between the responsible authority, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) and the research exrecised on the matter. Research findings are therefore compared with the content of interviews, performed by civil servants at SEPA. It is concluded that the liming in northern Sweden is a very complicated issue, involving many groups and individuals - so much so that it might not just be an issue of acidification science.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-01T12:51:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_Gaspar_FL_2015.pdf: 3846981 bytes, checksum: 5c71e8dea7a17180048b9ef119b20236 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T12:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_Gaspar_FL_2015.pdf: 3846981 bytes, checksum: 5c71e8dea7a17180048b9ef119b20236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-28 / CAPES / A plataforma continental Pernambucana é caracterizada pela oligotrofia e estabilidade térmica ao longo do ano influenciada pela corrente Norte do Brasil, que traz águas quentes e ricas em CO2 para a plataforma continental do nordeste brasileiro. Dentre os principais rios translitorâneos de Pernambuco estão os Rios Capibaribe e Jaboatão que recebem os efluentes domésticos do Recife e região metropolitana, o que causa alterações nos ciclos naturais do carbono. Desta maneira, foram avaliadas a variabilidade da pCO2 nos estuários do Capibaribe e de Barra de Jangadas assim como na plataforma continental interna do Estado de Pernambuco. Para análise nos estuários foram realizadas coletas durante a maré baixa, bimestralmente de Novembro de 2010 a Setembro de 2011. O estuário do Capibaribe apresentou os valores mais elevados de alcalinidade total (AT) e carbono inorgânico total (TCO2), com diferença significativa entre os dois rios. As médias anuais de alcalinidade encontradas foram 1649 ± 390 μmol kg-1 no Capibaribe e 1557±315 μmol kg-1 em Barra de Jangadas. Em relação a pCO2, os estuários apresentaram supersaturação de CO2 em relação a atmosfera durante todo o ano, com médias de 3317 ± 2034 μatm no Capibaribe e 6018 ± 4589 μatm em Barra de Jangadas. Estes valores durante o período chuvoso variaram entre os estuários, com diminuição na pCO2 no Capibaribe e aumentos de até 300% dos valores de pCO2 em Barra de Jangadas. A fim de se obter uma melhor avaliação da distribuição espacial da pCO2 na plataforma interna, foi construído um equipamento para a medição contínua e direta da pCO2 na água como alternativa de baixo-custo em relação aos fabricados importados. A primeira campanha realizada aconteceu em Dezembro de 2014, partindo do porto do Recife em direção ao estuário de Barra de Jangadas. Apesar de o período seco ser o de maior produtividade primária a região apresentou-se oligotrófica, com picos de chl-a (8.4 mg m3) próximo ao Capibaribe. Apenas uma pequena área apresentou subsaturação de CO2 em relação à atmosfera, com o valor mínimo registrado de 376,6 μatm. Foi identificada uma elevada fugacidade de CO2 (fCO2) na área da plataforma interna, com média de 474,33 ± 66,57 μatm, resultando em um fluxo médio para a atmosfera de 8,5 ± 6,82 mmol C m-2d-1. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi proposto um modelo para predizer a fCO2 a partir de valores de salinidade e temperatura para a plataforma interna durante o verão. Uma análise espacial e sazonal mais abrangente dos parâmetros do sistema carbonato na plataforma interna foi realizada utilizando-se dados de AT e TCO2 em áreas com e sem influência de rios entre os anos de 2013 e 2014. As médias da pCO2 e do pH na plataforma interna foram de 449 ± 45 μatm e 8,00 ± 0,03 respectivamente. Os parâmetros analisados foram influenciados pela distância da costa, o que resultou na elaboração de modelos para a predição de AT, TCO2, pCO2, pH, ΩCa e ΩAr a partir de dados de temperatura, salinidade e longitude. A região apresenta elevada alcalinidade inclusive na área influenciada por rios, onde foi encontrada a menor média de AT 2358 ± 28 μmol kg-1. A região apresenta, em curto prazo, baixa vulnerabilidade ao processo de acidificação oceânica. Os valores encontrados de pCO2 e fluxos de CO2 na plataforma continental de Pernambuco estão acima dos estimados nas médias globais para plataformas continentais abertas baseadas em modelos matemáticos. A variabilidade na pCO2 encontrada está ligada à própria característica da água tropical do Atlântico Sul, que cobre a rasa plataforma pernambucana com águas quentes. Onde a baixa solubilidade do CO2 devido à alta temperatura, associada à oligotrofia e aportes de matéria orgânica fazem com que a região da plataforma seja fonte de CO2 para atmosfera durante todo o ano. / The continental shelf of Pernambuco is characterized by oligotrophy and thermal stability throughout the year, influenced by the North Brazil current that brings warm water, rich in CO2 to the continental shelf of northeastern Brazil. The Capibaribe and Jaboatão rivers are one of the major rivers of Pernambuco. They receive a large input of domestic effluents from Recife and its metropolitan area, which causes changes in the natural carbon cycle. Here we evaluated the pCO2 variability in these two estuaries and in the inner shelf area of Pernambuco. To evaluate the role of the estuaries, samples were collected bimonthly during low tide, on a seasonal cycle from November 2010 to September 2011. The Capibaribe estuary presented the highest values of total alkalinity (TA) and total inorganic carbon (TCO2), with a significant difference between the two rivers. Both estuaries showed seasonal variation in TCO2 and TA values. The annual TA averages were 1649 ± 390 μmol kg-1 in the Capibaribe and 1557 ± 315 μmol kg-1 at Barra de Jangadas. Regarding the pCO2, the estuaries were saturated in CO2 throughout the year, with average for the dry season of 3317 ± 2034 μatm in the Capibaribe and 6018 ± 4589 μatm in Barra de Jangadas. These values varied seasonally between estuaries, with a pCO2 decrease during the rainy season in the Capibaribe, and an increase of up to 300% in the Barra de Jangadas estuary. In order to obtain a better evaluation of the spatial distribution of pCO2 over the shelf waters, it was developed an equipment for the continuous and direct measurement of sea surface pCO2 as low-cost alternative to the commercially manufactured ones. The first cruise took place in December 2014, starting from the port of Recife towards the Barra de Jangadas estuary. Even though the dry period has shown the highest primary productivity, the region presented itself as oligotrophic, with peaks of chl-a (8.4 mg m3) under influence of the Capibaribe plume. Only a small area showed CO2 subsaturation to the atmosphere, with the minimum value of 376.6 μatm. In general, a high CO2 fugacity (fCO2) was identified in the entire area of the inner shelf, with average of 474.33 ± 66.57 μatm, resulting in an mean flux to the atmosphere of 8.5 ± 6.82 mmol C m-2 d-1. It was proposed a model to predict the fCO2 using salinity and temperature values for inner the shelf during the summer. A more comprehensive spatial and seasonal distribution of the carbonate parameters was conducted by using values of TA TCO2 in areas subjected and non-subjected to riverine inputs during 2013 and 2014. The area presents a relative stability to what concerns the pCO2 and pH distribution, with overall average values of 449 ± 45 μatm and 8.00 ± 0,03 respectively. In general, the parameters analyzed were influenced by the distance from the coast, resulting in the development of prediction models for TA, TCO2, pCO2, pH, ΩCa and ΩAr using temperature, salinity and longitude data. The area has a low vulnerability to ocean acidification process, the TA is high even in the areas under riverine influence, where the lowest average values was registered 2358 ± 28 μmol kg-1. The values of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes found on the continental shelf of Pernambuco are above those expected on global averages estimated by mathematical models for open continental shelf. The variability in pCO2 found is linked to the own characteristic of the South Atlantic tropical water, which covers the shallow Pernambuco platform with warm waters. The low solubility of CO2 due to high temperature, combined with oligotrophy and the transport of organic matter to be respired outside the estuaries, turns the continental shelf into a source of CO2 to the atmosphere throughout the year.