Orientador: Laura Maria Mariscal Ottoboni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T18:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_VivianeDrumond_M.pdf: 728061 bytes, checksum: 4bc4757d5fadae7450f0f4ff77e4ae1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans é uma bactéria Gram negativa, anaeróbica facultativa, acidofílica, quimiolitotrófica e mesofílica. A. ferrooxidans é capaz de utilizar ferro e enxofre como fonte de energia e é um dos microrganismos mais utilizados no processo de biolixiviação. Durante este processo a bactéria pode estar sujeita a diversos tipos de estresse, entre eles, o estresse oxidativo. Entre os principais sensores relacionados à resposta antioxidante estão: a enzima SOD e as proteínas dos sistemas tiorredoxina e glutarredoxina. A SOD atua como defesa primária na remoção de espécies reativas do oxigênio. O sistema tiorredoxina é composto por NADPH, TrxR e Trx. O sistema glutarredoxina é formado por NADPH, GR, GSH e Grx. Os sistemas tiorredoxina e glutarredoxina desempenham um papel fundamental contra espécies reativas do oxigênio e na manutenção do ambiente redutor da célula. No primeiro capítulo, a linhagem brasileiraA. ferrooxidans LR foi utilizada para o estudo da expressão de genes dos sistemas tiorredoxina e glutarredoxina, por PCR em tempo real, em diferentes condições: (a) nas taxas de 50, 75 e 100% de oxidação de Fe2+, (b) em um e dois dias após a taxa de 100% de oxidação de Fe2+, (c) na presença de calcopirita e (d) após diferentes tempos de heat shock. Em geral, nas diferentes taxas de oxidação de Fe2+, os genes do sistema tiorredoxina foram mais expressos que os do sistema glutarredoxina. Em um dia após 100% de oxidação de Fe2+, a maioria dos genes teve expressão induzida. Em dois dias a partir desta taxa de oxidação de Fe2+, apenas os genes trxB e gor foram induzidos em relação ao controle, sugerindo que os produtos desses genes podem exercer a função de chaperona durante o estresse oxidativo. Na presença de calcopirita, apenas o gene gor foi induzido, indicando que GR pode estar envolvida no controle da homeostase celular. Esta enzima também pode ser necessária para a atividade de GSH, proteína envolvida no metabolismo de enxofre. Após o heat shock, os níveis de expressão do gene que codifica a proteína Grx3 aumentaram significativamente, possivelmente devido à propriedade de co-chaperona da proteína. No segundo capítulo foram feitas análises in silico das sequências de aminoácidos das proteínas GR, TrxR e SOD de A. ferrooxidans. A análise de in silico mostrou que existem muitas semelhanças entre as proteínas TrxR e GR, como por exemplo, estrutura secundária, peso molecular, sítio ativo, motivos funcionais e domínios. Foi realizada a quantificação de proteínas totais, a determinação da atividade em espectrofotômetro das enzimas GR e TrxR, a atividade em PAGE não desnaturante das proteínas GR e SOD e a caracterização de SOD durante o crescimento de A. ferrooxidans LR em ferro e em células mantidas em contato com a calcopirita por 1 e 10 dias. A concentração de proteínas totais foi menor em células mantidas por 10 dias em contato com a calcopirita, e uma das razões pode ser o maior estresse oxidativo. A atividade das enzimas GR, TrxR e SOD aumentou neste mesmo período de tempo, sugerindo a presença de estresse. A caracterização com KCN e H2O2 mostrou que a enzima SOD de A. ferrooxidans era do tipo FeSOD. / Abstract: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a Gram-negative, anaerobic facultative, acidophilic, chemolithoautotrophic and mesophilic bacterium. A. ferrooxidans is able to use iron and sulfur as energy source and is one of the microorganisms used in the bioleaching process. During this process, the bacterium may be subjected to several stressful situations including the oxidative stress. Among the proteins involved in the antioxidant response are the enzyme SOD and the proteins from the thioredoxin and the glutaredoxin systems. SOD removes the reactive oxygen species. The thioredoxin system is composed by NADPH, TrxR and Trx. The glutaredoxin system consists of NADPH, GR, GSH and Grx. The thioredoxin and the glutaredoxin systems play a key role against the reactive oxygen species and maintain the reducing environment of the cell. In the first chapter, the Brazilian strain A. ferrooxidans LR was used to study the expression of genes from the thioredoxin and the glutaredoxin systems, by real-time PCR, in different conditions: (a) at 50, 75 and 100% of Fe2+ oxidation, (b) in one a and in two days after 100% of Fe2+ oxidation, (c) in the presence of chalcopyrite and (d) after different periods of time of heat shock. In general, on the different rates of Fe2+ oxidation, the genes of the thioredoxin system showed a higher expression than the genes from the glutaredoxin system. In one day after 100% of oxidation of Fe2+, the majority of the genes had their expression induced. In two days after 100% of oxidation of Fe2+, only the genes trxB and gor were induced suggesting that the product of these genes may act as chaperones during the oxidative stress. In the presence of chalcopyrite, only the gene gor was induced, indicating that GR may be involved in the control of the cell homeostasis since it is necessary for GSH activity, a protein that participates in sulfur metabolism. After the heat shock, the expression of the gene that encodes the protein Grx3 increased, probably because this protein can act as a cochaperone. In the second chapter, an in silico analysis of the proteins GR, TrxR and SOD amino acids sequences from A. ferrooxidans was performed. This analysis showed that there are several similarities between TrxR and GR including, secondary structure, molecular weight, active site, functional motives and domains. Total protein content in cells grown until 80% of oxidation of Fe2+ and in cells kept for 1 and 10 days in the presence of chalcopyrite was determined. Also, in these conditions, the activities of GR and TrxR were determined in a spectrophotometer and the activities of GR and SOD were determined in gel. The total protein content was higher in control cells and in the contrary, enzyme activities were higher at 10 days of bacteria contact with chalcopyrite indicating the presence of oxidative stress. Assays with KCN and H2O2 showed that the A. ferrooxidans LR SOD was in fact a FeSOD. / Mestrado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

This thesis focuses on the study of the influence of selected parameters on the course of microbial cultivation and evaluation of bioprocess. It is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the production of mutant forms of the protein cryptogein yeast Pichia pastoris. The theoretical part summarizes the findings of the yeast P. pastoris and its expression. It also deals with cryptogein that induces defense reactions in plants. In the experimental part was produced mutant cryptogein X24, in which the concentration of each fraction and the ability to transfer sterols. The second part of this thesis is focused on aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of elemental sulfur by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. In the theoretical section, our knowledge on A. ferrooxidans, its metabolism and the importance of ATP in cell metabolism was summarized. In the experimental part, the above bioprocess was monitored using pH, biomass concentration, the rate of oxidation of elemental sulfur the cellular ATP content.

No description available.

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. f.) est un modèle bactérien parfaitement adapté à l’étude de la survie en milieu acide. Si plusieurs métalloprotéines ont été identifiées et caractérisées d’un point de vue biochimique, le fonctionnement de la chaîne respiratoire couplant l’oxydation du Fe(II) à la réduction de l’oxygène dans cet organisme n’est pas élucidée. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, après avoir optimisé les conditions de croissance de la bactérie et de production des protéines redox impliquées, nous avons reconstitué sur interface électrochimique une partie de la chaîne respiratoire d’A. f. dans le but de déterminer étape par étape le chemin de transfert d’électrons (TE). Notre attention s’est portée sur trois protéines qui interagissent dans la chaîne respiratoire: la cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), la cuprédoxine AcoP, qui copurifie avec la CcO mais de fonction inconnue, et un cytochrome dihémique (Cyt c4) proposé comme interagissant avec la CcO. La mise en évidence, puis la quantification d’un TE intermoléculaire entre le Cyt c4 et AcoP, puis entre le Cyt c4 et la CcO nous a permis de proposer un rôle pour AcoP et un nouveau chemin de TE vers la CcO. Nous avons ensuite étudié les propriétés électrochimiques de la CcO vis à vis de la réduction catalytique de l’O2, en particulier avec une forte affinité. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que la CcO de A. f. réduisait l’O2 à des potentiels 500 mV plus anodiques que les CcO neutrophiles par une connexion directe de l’enzyme sur nanomatériaux carbonés. Affinité pour O2 et haut potentiel redox font de cette CcO une enzyme de choix pour développer une nouvelle génération de piles à combustible enzymatique. / Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is one of the most studied bacterial models to understand how to survive in an acid environment. Although several metalloproteins have been identified and characterized from a biochemical point of view, the electron transfer pathway (ET) of the respiratory chain coupling the oxidation of ferrous iron with the reduction of oxygen in this organism has not been elucidated.During this thesis work, after having optimized the growth conditions of the bacterium and the production of the redox proteins involved, we reconstituted on the electrochemical interface part of the respiratory chain of A. ferrooxidans for the purpose of determining step by step the ET. Our attention focused on three proteins that interact in the respiratory chain: cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the cupredoxin AcoP, which co-purifies with CcO but of unknown function, and a cytochrome dihemic (Cyt c4) proposed as interacting with the CcO. The demonstration, then the quantification of an intermolecular ET between the Cyt c4 and AcoP, then between the Cyt c4 and the CcO allowed us to propose a role for AcoP and a new pathway for the ET to the CcO. We then studied the electrochemical properties of CcO with respect to the catalytic reduction of O2. We have demonstrated the strong affinity of this oxidase for O2. We have established the chemical functions required to obtain a direct wiring of the enzyme on carbon nanomaterials. This showed that A. ferrooxidans CcO reduced O2 at potentials 500 mV more anodic than neutrophilic CcOs. Affinity for O2 and high redox potential make this CcO an enzyme of choice to develop a new generation of enzymatic fuel cells.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 castelblanco_mn_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1007182 bytes, checksum: a277306214e78520e7169816799bf058 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A demanda crescente de metais como ferro, cobre, entre outros ocasionou o esgotamento progressivo dos depósitos minerais; de tal modo que as companhias mineradoras desenvolveram tecnologias alternativas aos métodos convencionalmente aplicados para a recuperação e extração de metais valiosos partir de minerais de baixo teor e outras fontes de metais polimetálicos como minerais de ferro que contem metais de base associados. Uma dessas alternativas é a biomineração que utiliza principalmente microrganismos procariontes e eucariontes para acelerar a dissolução oxidativa de minerais sulfetados presentes em minérios de baixo teor produzindo a solubilização de metais associados; esta biotecnologia é atualmente usada apenas para processar minérios reduzidos e rejeitos minerais uma vez que a maioria destes minerais são sulfetados. No entanto, muitos metais de valor econômico também são encontrados em minerais que são parcial ou totalmente oxidados como as lateritas de cobre ou níquel, minerais que não são susceptíveis à dissolução oxidativa; portanto, os minerais de ferro férrico contidos nesses minérios não podem ser processados oxidativamente, pois estes compostos são susceptíveis de serem reduzidos por processos biológicos, derivando na solubilização de metais associados. Microrganismos acidófilos tais como Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans podem catalisar a redução dissimilatória de íons férricos na ausência de oxigênio para acelerar a solubilização destes metais. Estudos recentes têm mostrado que essa nova abordagem pode ser utilizada para extrair metais tais como níquel e cobre a partir de minérios oxidados a uma velocidade mais elevada do que pode ser conseguido por processos oxidativos. Neste trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de redução biológica de íons férricos acoplado a oxidação anaeróbia de enxofre elementar em um biorreator automatizado de 2 L com temperatura, agitação e pH constantes, usando um minério de ferro e uma cultura pura da bactéria anaeróbia facultativa At. ferrooxidans. A amostra foi fornecida pelo Instituto Tecnológico Vale - Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ITV-DS) e analisada por difração de raios X (DRX) evidenciando fases dominantes de monazita (Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO4, coesita (SiO2) e goethita (FeO (OH)). Os resultados do processo mostraram que metais como Cr, Al, Ca, Co Cu, K, Mg Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn foram solubilizados no processo bioredutivo com porcentagens de remoção de 93,3% para Mn e 34,7 para Zn, Nb um metal raro e as terras raras como lantânio (La) e cério (Ce) foram também solubilizadas no processo com 61%,17,9 % e 3,2% respetivamente, as outras terras raras que não solubilizaram como Sm e Nd foram expostas no resíduo mineral. Também foram solubilizados fosfatos nos primeiros dez dias atingindo 1% de solubilização. O resíduo solido foi avaliado por DRX e apresentou formação de novas fases como sodalita (K7,7Na0,3(AlSiO4)6(Cl)4)2), berlinita (AlPO4) e hematolita ((Mn2+, Mg, Al)15(AsO3) (AlO4)2(OH)2) e uma aparente diminuição da presença das fases de goethita e monazita. A análise do resíduo por microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (MEV-FEG) mostrou uma diferença na diminuição da presença das partículas menores presentes na amostra original e claramente uma maior presença de partículas maiores no sólido biolixiviado. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram a recuperação de diversos metais, além de terras raras num minério de ferro, a recuperação de fosfatos que não estava prevista como objetivo inicial do trabalho, também foi observada. Estes resultados evidenciam que a dissolução redutiva catalisada por bactérias é uma alternativa promissória para a utilização de diversos tipos de minério de baixo teor que não poderiam ser processados por processos oxidativos e que seriam uma fonte para a recuperação de metais e outros compostos de interesse econômico, além de ser. ambientalmente amigável comparada com os processos convencionalmente aplicados para a recuperação de metais. / The growing demand for metals such as iron, copper, and others has caused the gradual exhaustion of mineral deposits; such a way that the mining companies have developed technologies alternative to the methods conventionally applied for the recovery and extraction of valuable metals from low grade minerals and other sources of polymetallic metals such as iron minerals which contains base metals associated. One such alternative is the biomining which uses mainly microorganisms prokaryotes and eukaryotes to accelerate the oxidative dissolution of sulphide minerals present in low grade ores producing solubilization of associated metals; This biotechnology is currently used only to process reduced ores and minerals tailings since most of these minerals are sulphides. However, many metals of economic value are also found in minerals that are partially or fully oxidized like copper or nickel laterites, minerals that are not susceptible to oxidative dissolution; therefore, the mineral ferric iron contained in these ores can not be oxidatively processed, since these compounds are capable of being reduced by biological processes, deriving the associated solubilizing metals. Acidophilic microorganisms such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can catalyze the dissimilatory reduction of ferric iron in the absence of oxygen to accelerate the solubilization of these metals. Recent studies have shown that this new approach can be used to extract metals such as copper and nickel from oxide ores at a higher speed than can be achieved by oxidative processes. In this work were carried out biological reduction tests of ferric iron coupled anaerobic oxidation of elemental sulfur in an automated bioreactor 2 L with temperature, agitation and pH constant in anaerobic conditions using an iron ore and a pure culture of facultative anaerobic bacterium At. ferrooxidans. The sample was provided by the Vale Technology Institute - Sustainable Development (ITV-DS) and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showing dominant phases of monazite ((Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO4), coesita (SiO2) and goethite (FeO (OH)). The process results showed that metals such as Cr, Al, Ca, Co Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were solubilized in the bioreductive process with removal percentages 93.3% by Mn and 34.7, for Zn, Nb, a rare metal and rare earths elements such as lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) were also solubilized in the process with 61%, 17.9% and 3,2% respectively, other rare earths not solubilized as Sm and Nd were exposed in the mineral residue. Also were solubilized phosphates in the first ten days to reach 1% solubilization. The solid residue was evaluated by XRD and showed formation of new phases such as sodalite (K7,7Na0,3(AlSiO4)6(Cl)4)2), berlinita (AlPO4) and hematolita ((Mn2+, Mg, Al)15(AsO3) (AlO4)2(OH)2) and an apparent reduction in the presence of goethite and monazite phases Analysis of the residue by scanning electron microscopy with field emission (SEM-FEG) showed a difference in reducing the presence of smaller particles present in the original sample and clearly a greater presence of larger particles in the solid biolixiviado. The results of this study showed the recovery of various metals, besides rare earths in an iron ore, phosphates recovery which was not expected as initial objective of this study was also observed. These results show that the reductive dissolution catalyzed by bacteria is a promising alternative to the use of different types of low grade ores that could be processed by oxidative processes and it would be a source for recovery of metals and other compounds of economic interest, besides being environmentally friendly compared to the processes conventionally applied to the recovery of metals.

Orientador: Laura Maria Mariscal Ottoboni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T19:02:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Verde_LeandroCostaLima_M.pdf: 22357047 bytes, checksum: a920490b43f710509a803be1562c34e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Acidithiobaci/lus ferrooxidans é uma bactéria Gram negativa, mesofilica, acidofilica, quimiolitotrófica, capaz de obter energia da oxidação do íon ferroso, enxofre ou compostos reduzidos de enxofre. É um dos principais microrganismos responsáveis pela lixiviação de metais, podendo ser utilizada em processos industriais para obtenção de cobre, urânio ou metais preciosos, a partir de minérios de baixo teor. Na primeira parte deste projeto foi analisada a expressão diferencial de genes, através de RAP-PCR., em células de A. ferrooxidans mantidas na presença dos sulfetos metálicos bomita e calcopirita por 24 horas. Dezoito cDNAs com expressão diferencial foram identificados. Esses cDNAs tiveram a expressão diferencial confirmada e caracterizada por PCR em tempo real. Na presença de bomita, nenhum dos genes foi reprimido, e dentre os induzidos estão os envolvidos na síntese de proteínas. Na presença de calcopirita, cinco genes envolvidos no pr~cessamento de proteínas foram reprimidos e cinco genes envolvidos no sistema de transporte foram induzidos. A expressão diferencial desses genes na presença dos dois sulfetos de cobre pode ser devido a alterações do pH, a presença de íons de cobre em solução e a limitação de nutrientes. Dentre os genes com expressão mais acentuada na presença de calcopirita, foi encontrado um que codifica uma proteína receptora dependente de TonB. Esta proteína está envolvida no sistema de captação de Fe3+. Na segunda parte deste trabalho foi feita uma análise do genoma de A. ferrooxid.ans. Esta análise mostrou que o gene que codifica a proteína receptora dependente de TonB se encontra agrupado com outros seis genes envolvidos com o sistema de captação de Fe3+. A expressão destes genes foi analisada porPCR em tempo real em células de A. ferrooxidans mantidas por 24 horas na presença de bomita e calcopirita. Os resultados mostraram que a expressão dos genes é induzida na presença de calcopirita e inalterada na presença de bomita. Uma possível explicação para isto é a quantidade de ferro que é menor na presença de calcopirita, por ser um minério de dificil oxidação. O sistema de captação de ferro é regulado por uma proteína chamada Fur. Uma análise de bioinformática da região do genoma onde se encontram os genes envolvidos na captação de Fe3+ mostrou a existência de três novas regiões de regulação, denominadas de box Fur. Uma análise no banco de dados de domínio conservado (CDD - NCBI) revelou que o receptor dependente de TonB analisado neste trabalho pertence à família de receptores CirA / Abstract: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a Gram-negative, mesophilic, acidophilic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium that obtains energy from the oxidation of ferrous iron, elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds. A. ferrooxidans is one of the most used microorganisms in bioleaching, an industrial process used for the recovery of copper, uranium or gold, fiom lowgrade ores. In the first part of this project the differentially expressed cDNAs were isolated by RAP-PCR from A. ferrooxidans cells maintained for 24 hours in the presence of the metal sulfides bomite and chalcopyrite. A total of 18 differentially expressed cDNAs were isolated. The differential expression of the cDNAs was confirmed by real time PCR. The results showed that these genes were not down-regulated in the presence of bomite and among the up-regulated genes were those involved in protein synthesis. In the presence of cha1copyrite, five genes related to p~otein processing ~ere down-regulated, and another five genes related to transport were upregulated. The up- and down-regulation of genes in the presence of bomite and chalcopyrite could be due to alterations in the ideal pH, the presence of copper ions in solution and nutrient limitation. Among the genes that were up-regulated in the presence of chalcopyrite, was one that encodes for a TonB-dependent receptor. This protein is part of a system involved in Fe3+ uptake. An analysis of the A. ferrooxidans genome was performed in the second part of this work and showed that the gene that encodes for !he TonB-dependent receptor is clustered with six other genes fiom the Fe3+ uptake system. The relative expression pattem of lliese genes was investigated by real time PCR in A. ferrooxidans cells maintained for 24 h iri, the presence of bomite and chalcopyrite. The results.showed that the expression of the genes is up-regulated in the presence of chalcopyrite and unchanged in the presence of bomite. A possible explanation for this is the amount of iron in solution that was smaller in the presence of chalcopyrite, since this copper sulfide is very refractory. The iron uptake genes are regulated by a protein named Fur. A bioinformatics analysis of the genomic region where these genes were found revealed the existence of three new Fur boxes. An analysis on the Conserved Domain Database (CDD NCBI) revealed that the TonB-dependent receptor belongs to the CirA family of receptors / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The waste products acid mine drainage (AMD), formed during coal mining and fly ash (FA) from coal burning power generation, pose substantial environmental and economic problems for South Africa. Eskom has developed a remediation system employing alkaline FA to neutralize and precipitate heavy metals from toxic acidic AMD streams. The aim of this study was to assess the microbial diversity in and microbial impact on this remediation system. The total microbial diversity was assessed by well-established molecular phylogenetic analyses using 16S rDNA gene sequences. The results obtained from the AMD confirmed the presence of acidophilic organisms, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (At. ferrooxidans). After co-disposal of FA and AMD, microbial cell growth was not detected and microbial genomic DNA could not be extracted. The absence of microbial communities in the co-disposal phase is beneficial to the continuation of the development of such a co-disposal process. Results of this project will assist in the effective implementation of FA-AMD co-disposal systems, which may improve water quality in effected regions of South-Africa.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-02-13T14:57:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPotencialBiotecnologico.pdf: 2998358 bytes, checksum: 8f3a932c518a34e03b009f67d86b48bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-02-15T15:18:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPotencialBiotecnologico.pdf: 2998358 bytes, checksum: 8f3a932c518a34e03b009f67d86b48bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T15:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPotencialBiotecnologico.pdf: 2998358 bytes, checksum: 8f3a932c518a34e03b009f67d86b48bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-08 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A bioxidação é um dos pré-tratamentos utilizados antes da cianetação convencional para promover a solubilização de metais como cobre, ferro através da ação oxidante de micro-organismos nos sulfetos metálicos. Esta técnica consolidada é utilizada antes do processo de cianetação para reduzir o consumo de cianeto livre e tornar o ouro acessível aos processos posteriores de recuperação, elevando significativamente a extração deste metal. Desta forma, o presente trabalho consiste em estudar a melhor rota biotecnológica para o pré-tratamento de um minério aurífero e o efeito destes tratamento na avaliação do consumo de cianeto durante a cianetação . Para este fim, testes de bioxidação foram conduzidos em escala de laboratório utilizando um minério aurífero (90g/ton Au) proveniente de uma mina situada no Estado do Amapá, Brasil. As culturas bacterianas utilizadas nos testes biológicos de 20 dias foram Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, linhagem LR e Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, linhagem FG01. Os produtos do processo de bioxidação foram submetidos a ensaios de cianetação para testes de avaliação de consumo de cianeto e recuperação de ouro. Os estudos experimentais realizados mostraram que após 24h de cianetação da amostra mineral sem tratamento a recuperação de ouro foi de 93% (32 mg/L) com o consumo de NaCN de 2,86 kg.t-1, enquanto a melhor extração entre as amostras bioxidadas foi a do biorreator R2 de condição oxidante com 87% (30 mg/L) de ouro, e com consumo de 2,64 kg.t-1 de NaCN. Os resultados obtidos mostram a viabilidade da técnica de bioxidação antes da cianetação para a redução no consumo de cianeto. / One of the most commonly used pre-treatments prior conventional cyanidation is the biooxidation. This technical is a biological process capable of promote solubilization of metals such as copper, iron through the oxidative action of microorganisms in metal sulfides and it is applied as a pretreatment in the cyanidation process to reduce free cyanide consumption making this a feasible and economic process. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the best biotechnology route for the pretreatment of the gold ore in order to reduce cyanide consumption during the convencional cyanidation and increasing the gold recovery. For this purpose, biological tests has been investigated at laboratory scale on a gold ore sample coming from Estado do Amapá, Brazil (90 g/ton). Bacterial cultures utilised in the biological tests of 20 days consisted of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans-LRe Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans-LR. The biooxidated samples were submitted to cyanidation tests for gold recovery and tests of consumption of cyanide. Experimental studies demonstrate that after 24h leaching time by direct cyanidation, the gold recovery was 93% (32 mg/L) with a cyanide consumption of 2,84 kg.t-1, while the best gold extraction between biooxidated samples was from bioreactor R2 with 87% (30 mg/L), and the cyanide consumption of 2,64 kg.t-1. Experimental results have shown the technical feasibility of the biooxidative prior to convencional leaching for for reducing the consumption of reagent cyanide.

Dans un premier temps, nous avons synthétisé et caractérisé une chondrite à enstatite reconstituée. En étudiant cet objet, nous avons pu identifier et comprendre le signal Raman des sulfures présents dans les météorites à enstatite. La réponse Raman de ces phases est obtenue via l'activation des modes infra-rouge suite à une modification de la symétrie dans le réseau cristallin. Dans un second temps, nous avons utilise cet analogue pour comprendre le processus de bio-alteration des chondrites à enstatite dans les conditions terrestres actuelles, donc en aérobiose. Afin de bien comprendre ce phénomène de bio altération sur ce matériau complexe, il a été indispensable d'étudier ce mécanisme sur chacune des phases présentes dans celui-ci. Ainsi l'analogue de chondrite à enstatite, l'enstatite, la troilite, l'alliage Fe-Si et aussi de l'olivine ont été altérés abiotiquement et bio altérés par les souches Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans et Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, ¨¤ pH ¡Ö 2 ¨¤ T = 20¡ãC. Cette étude a permis d'obtenir et d'interpréter à l'échelle de la microscopie électronique à balayage les principales phases et microstructures qui se développent lors de l'altération abiotique ou biologique d'une chondrite à enstatite. En parallèle, des mesures régulières de la chimie du milieu aqueux ont permis d'étudier la cinétique de lixiviation de ces expériences de bio-alteration et de la comparer à une modélisation thermodynamique et cinétique, que nous avons effectué avec le programme Jchess. Nos résultats montrent qu'en opposition avec ce qui a été observe sur les phases séparées, les cinétiques de dissolution sont très différentes lorsque les différentes phases sont associées dans l'analogue de chondrite à enstatite : la troilite se dissout bien plus lentement que dans les expériences sur phases séparées alors que l'enstatite se dissout plus vite. La dissolution plus lente de la troilite est attribuée à la présence de monosulfures très solubles dans le matériau de départ. Ces observations pourront être utilisées pour modéliser et interpréter l'évolution d'une chondrite à enstatite à la surface de la Terre et, au delà, de matériaux réduits associant métaux, sulfures et silicates. Les chondrites à enstatite constituent un substrat approprié pour les deux souches bactériennes étudiées qui, en présence de cet assemblage minéral, ont montré de l'activité biologique, en particulier la formation de biofilms, et ont accéléré les vitesses de dissolution

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a worldwide environmental problem associated with the mining wastes, generated from active and inactive mining sites from mineral processing activities. AMD is defined as the drainage that occurs as a result of oxidation of sulphide minerals/wastes/tailings when exposed to air and water in the presence of chemolithotrophs namely the Acidithiobacillus sp. AMD is characterised by low pH and increased acidity due to elevated heavy metals and sulphate concentration. The acid production potential was carried out for sulphide minerals such as pyrite and chalcopyrite and copper tailings sample in the absence and presence of bacteria namely Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Acidity was generated in all the cases due to the oxidation of the mineral samples. The oxidation was found to occur at a higher rate in the presence of the bacteria compared to the control samples. Bioremediation experiments were conducted on acid mine water collected from the Ingaldahl Mines, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India, using organic and inorganic substrates. In the experiments with rice husk, complete removal of metal ions from the acid mine water was achieved with an attendant increase in the pH of the acid mine water from 2.3 to 5.5. About 21% of sulphate could be removed using Dsm. nigrificans from acid mine water pretreated with rice husk at pH 5.5 and this was further increased to 40% by the supplementation of organic components. The rice husk filtrate was found to serve as a good growth medium for Dsm. nigrificans. About 96 % of Fe, 75 % of Zn, 92 % of Cu and 41 % of sulphate removal was achieved from the acid mine water of pH 2.4 with a concomitant increase in the pH value by two units after interaction with the tree bark. About 56 % and 71 % of sulphate reduction could be achieved at initial pH values of 4.1 and 5.5 respectively of the acid mine water pretreated with E. tereticornis (Sm) bark, after inoculation with Dsm. nigrificans. The complete removal of Fe2+ and Fe3+, 80% of Zn, 83% of Cu and 62% of sulphate could be removed from acid mine water using fly ash as the substrate with an increase in pH of acid mine water from 2.3 to 7. About 68% of sulphate reduction at pH 6.8 could be achieved in acid mine water pretreated with fly ash in the presence of Dsm. nigrificans. With red mud as the substrate, complete removal of all the metal ions namely Fe2+, Fe3+, Zn, and Cu from acid mine water was achieved with a concomitant increase in the pH from 2.3 to 8. The sulphate reduction was increased to about 51% at pH 7.2 when the acid mine water pretreated with red mud was inoculated with Dsm. nigrificans. The adsorption experiments carried out on the acid mine water using either organic or inorganic substrates indicated that the free energy of adsorption was negative for all the chosen metal ions attesting to favorable interaction. The adsorption isotherms of the metal ions for rice husk exhibited Langmuirian behaviour, while those for the other substrates adhered to both Langmuir and Freundlich relationships. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic in nature for rice husk, fly ash and red mud. On the contrary, the adsorption onto tree bark showed exothermic behaviour. The adsorption kinetics of the metal ions onto the various substrates adhered to the first order Lagergren equation. The metal uptake processes by the organic and inorganic substrates chosen for this study involve ionic, chemical and physical forces of adsorption. The different types of functional groups present on the surface of the substrates such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl, as revealed by FTIR spectroscopic studies, partake in metal binding. The metal ions will also be adsorbed by complexing with the negatively charged reaction sites on the substrate surfaces. Furthermore, the complex solution chemistry of the metals as a function of pH has also to be taken into consideration. The mechanism of sulphate reduction by Dsm. nigrificans in the presence of organic carbon can be illustrated as: 2CH2O + SO42- + 2H+  2CO2 + 2H2O + H2S M2 + H2S  MS  + 2H+ where, CH2O represents the organic matter and M represents the metal ion.