The lubrication and tension levels are two important parameters when running a chainsaw, both impacting the cutting performance and lifespan of the tool. An appropriate level of lubrication and tension leads to maximum performance of the chainsaw and direct benefits for the end-user. This thesis addresses the problem of detecting the lubrication status and the tension level using the information contained in the acoustic emissions captured in the guidebar of the chainsaw. Data was collected by running controlled experiments using an acoustic emissions sensor.Information was extracted from acoustic emissions by using a number of features computed on different frequency ranges.Three machine learning models were trained and evaluated on data corresponding to different combinations of lubrication status and tension levels. The models' performances were evaluated using the well-known metrics accuracy, precision, and recall. A pattern was found for each lubrication and tension setup, and the model that registered the highest performance was the Random Forest. The impact of temperature, guidebar, and chain on acoustic emissions is also analyzed. The detection of different lubrication levels using the information contained by acoustic signals is also addressed, the patterns in data being determined by computing features in the time and frequency domains. The analysis shows that the temperature does not have an impact when the running time is less than 10 minutes, and the chain has a bigger impact than the guidebar for the specific setup of the experiments. Moreover, a pattern dependent on the guidebar and chain combination correlated with the lubrication level was identified. The main contribution of this thesis consists of detecting a pattern representative of lubrication and tension setup in acoustic emission using a number of features computed in different frequency ranges.

Granular soils exhibit a generally beneficial change in engineering properties with time after deposition or densification, during a process commonly known as aging. Soil properties reported to change during aging include the small strain modulus and stiffness, penetration resistance, liquefaction resistance, and pile setup. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the occurrence of aging in granular soils, including cementation induced by dissolution of silica and precipitation at the particle contacts, cementation due to microbiological activity, internal stress redistribution caused by particle crushing, and buckling of the load chains due to particle slippage. New evidence points out that internal and time-dependent changes in the soil structure caused by particle slippage and rearrangement as the source of the time-dependent variations in soil properties. This investigation is focused on the study of aging at the particle scale to determine its main driving mechanism and define the factors which affect it. Results from an extensive laboratory testing program and computer simulations based on the discrete element method provide insight into the causes of aging and its effects on the macroscopic properties of sands based on the analysis of the interaction between sand grains. / Ph. D.

The objective of this study was to determine if acoustic emissions (AE) generated by three strains of Escherichia Coli (5024-parent strain, 8279-mutant strain and 8279-random/unrelated strain) could be used to differentiate each strain during their growth cycle. An acoustic sensor with an operating range of 35 kHz-100 kHz was inserted into the growth vessel and attached to a selected channel to capture AE data. The growth vessel was loaded with 60 ml of tryptic soy broth (TSB) (0.25% fructose) media with alginate (1.1%) or without alginate and inoculated with 1% (108 CFU/ml) of an E. coli strain. The growth vessel was placed in a monitoring chamber and incubated at 32°C for 8-9 h. The AE’s generated by each strain were collected throughout the growth cycle. All strains grown in media with and without alginate generated AE’s within 5 min post inoculation. Strains grown in media without alginate generated stronger (P < 0.0001) absolute energy (ABSE) and higher peak frequencies (PFRQ’s), than in media with alginate. The AE’s generated by strains 5024 and 8237 were stronger and easily distinguished from those generated by strain 8279. Strain 8237 generated 12% stronger ABSE from the 3rd to 8th h and 51% stronger PFRQ intensities than strain 5024 during 0-8 h. However, strain 5024 generated 15% stronger ABSE and 31% higher PFRQ’s during the final hour of growth. Strain 5024 generated the highest PFRQ’s from 5-50 kHz, while strain 8237 generated higher frequencies from 100-500 kHz. Fourteen distinguishable differences (P< 0.05) in generated PFRQ’s, between strains 5024 and 8237, were also observed in every 5 kHz increments from 100-500 kHz. Of these differences, strain 8237 generated higher frequencies within eight of the kHz ranges, while strain 5024 generated higher frequencies within six other kHz ranges. These data suggests that all bacteria may generate different AE’s, thus producing a unique “fingerprint” of sound that will allow for its identification.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif la reproduction et l'analyse du comportement invariant d'échelle, tel que l'on peut le trouver dans la nature et en particulier au niveau d'une faille tectonique. Pour cela, une expérience reproduisant la structure locale d'une faille par le cisaillement d'un milieu granulaire 2D a été montée et exploitée. L'utilisation de conditions aux limites périodiques dans cette expérience permet l'acquisition d'une statistique très riche, principal défaut des expériences présentes dans la littérature. Le suivi du système est effectué à la fois par des moyens optiques, mécaniques et acoustiques, ces derniers fournissant les informations les plus nombreuses et les plus précises. La dynamique a montré une invariance d'échelle compatible avec les lois statistiques existantes pour les tremblements de terre réels. Les corrélations entre les avalanches et entre les différents moyens de mesure sont analysées. Des expériences complémentaires ont été réalisées pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes à l'œuvre lors du déclenchement d'une avalanche et pendant son déroulement. La principale concerne la propagation d'une onde acoustique au sein d'un milieu granulaire, et a montré qu'une simple mesure de la vitesse de l'onde permet d'obtenir des informations sur la structure interne de l'empilement. L'utilisation d'un matériau photoélastique a permis, suite à une calibration adaptée, de sonder les forces locales au niveau des contacts entre grains et de voir l'évolution des réseaux de force dans le milieu au cours du cisaillement / The aim of this thesis is to reproduce and analyze the scale invariant behavior, as one can find in nature and in particular for a tectonic fault. Thus we set an experiment which reproduces the local structure of a fault thanks to a sheared 2D granular medium. The use of periodic boundaries in the experiment allows us to gain a very rich statistics, which was lacking in previous experiments presented in the literature. The system is monitored by three different methods: optical, mechanical and acoustics, which gives the most numerous and most precise informations. We observed scale invariant dynamics, consistent with statistical laws derived for real earthquakes. We also analyzed the correlations between avalanches and between the three monitoring methods. Additional experiments have been performed to better understand the mecanisms that take place at the triggering and during an avalanche. The main one focuses on sound wave propagation inside a granular pile, and we have shown that a mere velocity measure can give information about the internal structure of the pile. The use of a photoelastic material allows us (with appropriate calibration) to probe local forces at the edges and contacts of the grains and to see the evolution of force chains during the shear

No description available.

Le présent travail de recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre de la caractérisation de l'émission de bruit des véhicules routiers. On désire identifier les sources de bruit d'un véhicule en mouvement, lors de son passage sur une voie de circulation en conditions réelles, à partir de mesures acoustiques effectuées à poste fixe en bord de voie. Les méthodes d'imagerie acoustique utilisées actuellement présentent des performances insuffisantes sur véhicules routiers. Un état de l'art a permis d’identifier une méthode existante, MSA-PSF, consistant à effectuer sous certaines hypothèses une déconvolution sur sources mobiles dans le domaine fréquentiel, et originellement utilisée en aéronautique. Cette méthode est ici adaptée au contexte des véhicules routiers. Dans un deuxième temps, une approche originale est introduite pour répondre spécifiquement aux contraintes de ce contexte : CLEANT. Il s’agit d’une méthode itérative, dans le domaine temporel avec une approche large bande, qui prend en compte les effets du déplacement des sources et qui comporte deux paramètres permettant d’affiner les résultats : le facteur de boucle et le critère d’arrêt. Une version filtrée en fréquence est également proposée et montre une amélioration de l’identification de sources secondaires dans certains cas. CLEANT présente l’avantage d’obtenir des signaux-sources temporels reconstruits, ouvrant la voie à d’autres analyses, en particulier l’utilisation de la cohérence avec des signaux issus de mesures embarquées pour la séparation des contributions de sources décorrélées. MSA-PSF et CLEANT sont évaluées sur des simulations numériques à l'aide d'indicateurs mesurant leurs performances sur les aspects localisation et quantification de sources. Elles sont par la suite testées expérimentalement en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire, par l'utilisation d'une source mobile. Cette expérience permet une première application à un cas pratique, impliquant un mouvement linéaire, la présence de deux sources simultanées et des signaux de différentes natures (tonale et large bande). Enfin, elles sont comparées à l’approche classique de formation de voies sur source mobile, dans le cadre d’une expérience avec véhicule en conditions réelles. L'approche originale CLEANT fournit des résultats très encourageants, représentant une amélioration de la formation de voies classique, notamment en basse fréquence sur les cas testés. L'application à un véhicule en conditions réelles illustre certains comportements potentiellement problématiques de CLEANT et les solutions apportées par sa version filtrée en fréquence ou par l'ajustement de ses différents paramètres. Un premier test des approches par référencement avec des signaux issus de mesures embarquées est également présenté pour discriminer l'origine physique des sources, et souligne l'incidence de la brièveté des signaux inhérente au contexte de sources au passage. / The study detailed in this manuscript is part of the effort to characterize the noise emission from road vehicles. We wish to identify the noise sources of a moving vehicle, when driven on a roadway in real-world conditions, with roadside acoustic measurements. The current acoustic imaging methods do not provide sufficient performance on road vehicles. A state of the art led to the selection of an existing method, MSA-PSF, which consists in deconvolving signals from mobile sources in the frequency domain under certain assumptions, and was originally developed for aeroacoustics. This method is adapted here to the context of road vehicles. Then, an original approach is proposed in order to tackle the specific constraints of this context: CLEANT. This is an iterative method, performed in time domain with a wideband approach, which takes into account the effect of sources motion and includes two parameters designed to refine the result: the loop factor and the stopping criterium. A further version of the algorithm, including a frequency filter, is also proposed and shows significant improvement in identifying secondary sources in some particular cases. An interesting point of CLEANT is the availability of the sources reconstructed time signals, which enables other types of analysis, especially the use of the coherence with signals from on-board measurements in order to separate the contributions of uncorrelated sources. MSA-PSF and CLEANT are evaluated with numerical simulations and a set of indicators to measure their source localization and quantification performance. They are then tested in a controlled laboratory conditions experiment, using a moving source. This experiment represents a first application of the methods to a practical case, involving a linear motion, two simultaneous sources and different kinds of signals (tone and wideband). They are finally compared to the classical approach of moving source beamforming, within the frame of an experiment on a road vehicle, in real-world conditions. The original approach CLEANT yields very encouraging results, and is a clear improvement from the conventional beamforming, especially at low frequency for the tested cases. Applying it to a road vehicle in real-world conditions highlights a potentially troublesome behavior of the method, and the solution brought by CLEANT's frequency filtered version, or by adapting its various parameters. The coherence with reference signals to discriminate the physical origins of the sources is also tested and underlines the role of the short duration of the signals related to the sources passing-by context.

Depuis de nombreuses années, la compréhension de l'influence des fluides dans la déformation des roches est un enjeu majeur pour de nombreux scientifiques. Dans le cadre de ce projet de recherche, notre attention s’est focalisée sur l’observation et la modélisation des mécanismes d’interaction entre les parties fluide et solide lors de l’aérofracturation d’un milieu poreux. Notre dispositif expérimental reproduit le phénomène à basse pression et dans un système pertinent pour l’analyse optique, grâce à une cellule de Hele‐Shaw rectangulaire dans laquelle se trouve un milieu granulaire soumis à des écoulements de fluide interstitiel. Dans les expériences et les simulations nous avons observé ce que l’amplitude de la partie de fréquence basse du spectre puissance diminue avec la fracturation en progrès. Aussi, nous avons développé une méthode pour focaliser les ondes ce qui peut être utiliser pour estimer la position de la source. / Fluid induced brittle deformation of porous medium is a phenomenon commonly present in everyday life. From an espresso machine to volcanoes it is possible to see traces of this phenomenon. In a rectangular Hele‐Shaw cell we inject air into a loose porous medium. Then, we monitor this system using optical imaging using a high speed camera (1000 fps) and 4 high frequency resolution accelerometers. Using the numerical and experimental acoustic emissions, different sources of the recorded signal (vibrations due to air, changes in the effective stress due to fluid‐solid interactions) are analyzed. We found that, the peaks in the low frequency range (f < 20 kHz) diminishes while the medium fractures. Furthermore, we propose a new signal localization method based on energy amplitude attenuation and inversed source amplitude comparison. Furthermore, using optical and acoustic datasets and numerical simulations, the mechanics leading Type‐A and Type‐B earthquakes are explained.

The acoustic emissions from supersonic jets represent an area of significant research needs; not only in the field of aero-acoustics, but in industry as well where high pressure let down processes have been known to cause acoustically induced vibrations. A common method to reduce the acoustic emissions of such processes involves dividing the single larger supersonic flow into several smaller ones. Though this is common practice, there is not yet a current model which describes the reduction of acoustic emissions from an array of smaller supersonic jets. Current research which studies supersonic jet arrays are mainly focused on the effects of screech. Though screech is important, due to its high amplitude acoustic pressure, this research focuses on the overall acoustic emissions radiated from supersonic jet arrays which can cause severe acoustic loadings. This research investigated the acoustic emissions and shock formations from several eight by eight arrays of axisymmetric jet experimentally. The array nozzle diameters investigated ranged from 1/8 inch to 1/4 inch and the spacing over diameter ratio ranged from 1.44 to 3. The net pressure ratios investigated ranged from 2 to 24. Results revealed a strong correlation between the acoustic emissions and the shock formations of the flow. Up until a critical net pressure ratio, the overall sound pressure levels were comparable to that of a single jet within an array. At net pressure ratios beyond the critical the overall sound pressure levels transitioned to higher decibel levels; equivalent to a single jet with an equivalent exit area of an entire array. Also, the characteristic acoustic frequency emitted from a nozzle array remained ultrasonic (above 20 kHz) at lower net pressure ratios and then shifted to audible levels (between 20 Hz to 20 kHz) at net pressure ratios beyond the critical. Also, before the critical net pressure ratio the shock cells from the jets within the array remained unmerged, but at net pressure ratios beyond the critical the shock cells merged and formed lattices of weak oblique shocks at first and then strong oblique shocks as the net pressure ratio continued to increase. The critical net pressure ratio was investigated by non-dimensional analysis. The non-dimensional analysis revealed that the critical net pressure ratio was a strong linear function of the spacing over diameter ratio. A linear model was derived which is able to predict the critical net pressure ratio, and in turn, predict a critical shift in the acoustic emissions of a nozzle array.

Metal additive manufacturing is an important tool for the creation of cost effective and environmentally friendly components for the future of the aerospace industry. Newly developed methods such as Direct Energy Deposition, Laser Beam Wire (DEDLB/w) have the potential to quickly and effciently manufacture aircraft engine components of high quality when utilising the correct set of process parameters. Establishing these parameters is a challenging task as product defects can be diffcult to detect and localise during the DEDLB/w process. This thesis explores the possibility of detecting crack type defects during the additive manufacturing of Nickel-Based Superalloy components using in process acoustic emission inspection and hierarchical clustering to evaluate DEDLB/w process parameter sets. After observing numerous material depositions made using DEDLB/w, crack-like signals were observed and clustered using features derived from Acoustic Emission (AE) data. The results were then evaluated and validated using X-Ray and X-Ray Computed Tomography (µCT) inspection. Crack-like acoustic emissions were recorded from depositions in which cracks were later found using X-rayand µCT inspection, and these emissions were successfully clustered over multiple depositions using statistical analysis and agglomerative clustering.

Dans un composite stratifié, les plis orientés à 0° par rapport à la direction du chargement pilotent souvent la rupture sous chargement de traction. Les fibres procurent l’essentiel de la rigidité et la résistance de ces plis. Dans ces travaux de thèse, le comportement en fatigue des plis à 0° est analysé dans des stratifiés unidirectionnels (UD) et multidirectionnels, au moyen d’essais de fatigue multi-instrumentés. Un protocole expérimental est mis en place pour éviter les ruptures prématurées typiques des essais sur UD. L’évolution en fatigue des ruptures de fibres est identifiée par leur émission acoustique. Les mécanismes de fatigue dominés par la rupture des fibres sont analysés par un modèle aux éléments finis développé à l’échelle des constituants. / Under quasi-static and fatigue tension loads, the failure of a carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminate (CFRP) is usually driven by 0° plies. Carbon fibres give most of the stiffness and strength of these plies. In this work, the fatigue behaviour of 0° plies inside unidirectional (UD) and multidirectional laminates is analysed via multi-instrumented tension-tension fatigue tests. A numerical and experimental study is addressed to perform fatigue tests without the typical premature failures of the UD laminates. The acoustic emissions technique is used to identify the evolution law of fibre breaks. A finite element model is developed at the microscale (fibres and matrix) to analyse the fibre-driven fatigue mechanisms.