本論文為以共振峰頻率資料來研究台灣華語母音音質之聲學研究。 本研究的受試者為六名生長在台灣台北市的男性華語母語使用者。本研究使用的測試字為70個包含所有韻母型態的單音節字。語音資料是利用KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics)來錄製及分析。本研究所採用的資料為獨立發音且無聲母的測試字。 根據共振峰頻率資料本研究得到以下有關台灣華語母音音質的發現。首先研究的部分為音標所隱含的語音對比。在齒槽（alveolar）及後齒槽（post-alveolar）組的舌尖母音（apical vowels）間並沒有發現音質上的顯著差別，但統計及其它證據支持低母音裡的前後對比及中母音裡的半開（open-mid）及半閉（closed-mid）對比的存在。 其次，研究的結果也包括語音環境中的音段對於母音音質的影響。結果發現韻母中的元素，包含母音前介音、母音後介音、及韻尾鼻音，都對母音有不同的語音制約（conditioning）。另外，本研究發現順同化（progressive assimilation）比逆同化（regressive assimilation）對於低母音音質有較大的影響。 第三，本研究藉由與之前聲學研究的結果作比較來討論台灣母音音質的改變。結果發現硬顎及後硬顎組的舌尖母音間的音質差異隨著時間縮小終至於消失。此外，研究發現半閉母音及半開母音在母音高度及母音前後相對位置出現反轉。共振峰頻率的比較顯示這種反轉的原因為半閉母音[e]在音質上的改變。然而，我們需要進一步的研究才能對這些音質的改變有合理的解釋。 最後，本研究以共振峰頻率的形式描述及紀錄了當代台灣華語表層母音的音質。希望這些資料能對台灣華語母音的研究有所貢獻。 / This thesis is an acoustic study that investigates the vowel quality of Taiwan Mandarin vowels with formant frequency data. The subjects of this study included six male native Mandarin speakers born and raised in Taipei city, Taiwan. Testing items used in this study were 70 syllables that involve all combinations of segment in the syllable final. The speech data were recorded and analyzed with KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics). The data discussed in this study were testing items produced in citation form without initial consonant. The vowel qualities of Taiwan Mandarin surface vowel were measured and analyzed. Several results concerning the vowel quality of Taiwan Mandarin surface vowel phones were reported based on the formant frequency data. Firstly, the distinction between vowel phones implied by their transcription was examined. The difference in vowel quality was not observed in the alveolar and post-alveolar groups of apical vowels, while the front-back distinction in low vowels and the open-mid and closed-mid distinction in mid vowels were found with statistic and other evidence. Secondly, the conditioning of segments in the neighboring environments on the vowel quality was investigated. It is found that elements in the syllable final, including pre-nuclear, post-nuclear glide and coda nasals, generally have different types of conditioning on the vowel. In addition, the progressive assimilation was found have greater influence on the vowel quality of low vowel phones than the regressive assimilation. Thirdly, the change in vowel quality was discussed through the comparison with results in previous acoustic studies. The difference in vowel backness between the alveolar and post-alveolar groups of apical vowels were found to be decreasing and eventually disappeared. Besides, the relative vowel height and backness of closed-mid and open-mid vowel were found to be in reverse compared with that in the literature. Comparison in formant frequencies showed that this reverse lay in the change of vowel quality in the close-mid [e]. However, further investigations were needed to offer reasonable explanations for the change. Finally, the vowel qualities of present Taiwan Mandarin surface vowel phones were described and recorded as the formant frequency data presented in this study. Hopefully, the data could contribute to the study of vowels in Taiwan Mandarin.

Esta investigação tem como propósito, por um lado, revisar as principais teorias que analisam a aquisição e a aprendizagem de língua estrangeira (LE) e os principais conceitos e modelos que abordam especificamente a aquisição e a aprendizagem dos sons em LE os conceitos de surdez fonológica de Polivanov (1931) e de crivo fonológico de Trubetskoy (1939); o Modelo de Aprendizagem da Fala (SLM, Speech Learning Model de Flege (1981, 1991, 1995); o Modelo de Assimilação Perceptiva (PAM, Perceptual Assimilation Model de Best (1993, 1994, 1995); e o Modelo do Imã da Língua Materna (NLM, Native Language Magnet de Kuhl e Iverson (1995) , no marco da interrelação entre a fonética, a fonologia e as várias disciplinas linguísticas, desde princípios do século XX; época em que são formuladas as teorias estruturalistas, até as últimas décadas, quando se incorporou a contribuição da neurolinguística. Por outro lado, tem como objeto de estudo refletir sobre as dificuldades dos estudantes brasileiros de E/LE, com base em toda a argumentação teórica dos autores acima nomeados. Tal reflexão compreende desde uma visão genérica dessas dificuldades, apresentadas em uma tipologia, a uma mais específica, privilegiando a análise das características acústico-articulatórias da produção dos sons aproximantes [, ð, ] e nasais [m, n, ] da língua espanhola, por estudantes universitários brasileiros de E/LE do centro da cidade de São Paulo. Considera-se semelhante investigação relevante para os estudos das dificuldades dos estudantes brasileiros de E/LE no aspecto fônico, sobretudo por versar sobre as dificuldades não somente do ponto de vista contrastivo. Contempla sobremaneira os vários elementos implícitos no referido processo como as estratégias cognitivas próprias do período de interlíngua dos estudantes bem como a análise das características acústicas e articulatórias dos sons aproximantes e nasais, permitindo identificar, compreender e apresentar estratégias de correção no âmbito da produção dos sons em E/LE. / This paper aims at two goals: reviewing mainstream theories which analyze both foreign language learning and acquisition and chief concepts and models that specifically approach the learning and acquisition of Spanish soundsthe concepts of phonologic deafness (POLIVANOV, 1931), phonological sieve (TRUBETSKOY, 1939), SLM - Speech Learning Model (FLEGE, 1981, 1991, 1995), PAM - Perceptual Assimilation Model (BEST, 1993, 1994, 1995), and the NLM - Native Language Magnet (KUHL & IVERSON, 1995)interrelating phonetics, phonology and areas of linguistics from the beginning of the 20th century until current views, such as neurolinguistics; reflecting upon the learning difficulties faced by Brazilian students of Spanish. This reflection will range from a more generic view of these challenges, following a given typology, to a more detailed examination, emphasizing the analysis of acoustic-articulatory characteristics of Spanish approximants [, ð, ] and nasals [m, n, ] uttered by Brazilians who are university students of Spanish, from downtown Sao Paulo City. The investigation and its results are considered highly relevant to Brazilian learners of Spanish as it approaches common pronunciation problems through different aspects besides contrastive analysis. It contemplates several elements such as typical interlanguage cognitive strategies and the acoustic and articulatory analysis mentioned above in order to identify and understand mispronunciation phenomena as well as present (self-)correction strategies to reach standard production of Spanish sounds.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sergio.pdf: 2431367 bytes, checksum: 49d6c74ea903d9d0c045da08226f295b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation aims at investigating the prosodic patterns in the speech of bilingual American and Brazilian speakers. By means of acoustic phonetic analysis, the manner by which speakers structure the prosodic groups was investigated in light of models that underscore the discoursal and attitudinal functions of intonation. Analyses were carried out on various strands: pitch configurations in idioms, distribution of pitch accents within an utterance whether it be for contrastive or emphatic reasons, and loss of accentual prominence in words that are no longer part of the common ground between speaker and listener. The study involved 4 female subjects, two Brazilians and two Americans, in the 20-40 age group. The corpus is comprised of 7 sentences in English and in Portuguese, four of which were uttered in the declarative modality, one in the exclamative modality and two in the interrogative modality. The sentences were extracted from a dialogue so constructed as to allow for the expression of attitudes and emotions. The dialogue was read and interpreted in three repetitions. The recordings of the readings were carried out at PUC-SP´s Radio and TV studio. The acoustic analysis of the data was done by means of the PRAAT software program, whereby utterances were segmented into units of varying sizes: GIPC, vowels, syllables and consonants. Results point to the use of language-specific strategies by Brazilian and American speakers: (a) Brazilians seem to favor a greater number of prosodic groups in order to maintain sentence focus at terminals; (b) speakers of both languages are heavily influenced by L1 intonational patterns in YES/N0 questions; (c) idioms as produced by non-natives present pitch configurations which convey attitudes incongruent with their meanings in the target language; (d) there are major distributional differences in the two languages as regards nucleus focus; (e) shared information is not a strong enough reason for deaccenting in Portuguese / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar os padrões entoacionais de produções de falantes bilíngües norte-americanos e brasileiros. Por meio de instrumentais de análise fonético-acústica, foi investigado o modo pelo qual os falantes estruturam os grupos prosódicos, à luz de modelos de descrição da entoação que privilegiem o discurso e as atitudes. Foram analisadas as configurações de pitch em expressões idiomáticas, a distribuição do acento principal de pitch em enunciados em que ocorra contrastividade ou ênfase, e a perda (ou não) de proeminência acentual de palavras que já façam parte do conhecimento mútuo entre falante e ouvinte. O trabalho envolveu quatro sujeitos do sexo feminino na faixa etária entre 20 e 40 anos, sendo duas brasileiras e duas norte-americanas. O corpus é composto de 7 sentenças em inglês e em português, sendo 4 na modalidade declarativa, uma na exclamativa e 2 na interrogativa. As sentenças foram extraídas de um diálogo construído de modo a contemplar a expressão de atitudes e emoções. O diálogo foi lido e interpretado em três repetições. A gravação das leituras foi feita no Estúdio de Rádio e TV da PUC-SP. A análise acústica dos dados foi feita por meio do programa PRAAT, a partir da segmentação dos enunciados em unidades de tamanhos variados: unidades V-V, vogais, sílabas e consoantes. Os resultados obtidos apontam para o uso de estratégias diferenciadas por parte dos falantes brasileiros e norte-americanos: (a) falantes brasileiros tendem a fazer um maior número de fronteiras prosódicas, de modo a manter o acento frasal em fronteira final; (b) falantes de ambas as línguas tendem a sofrer influência dos padrões entoacionais de L1 nas questões totais; (c) A produção de expressões idiomáticas por falantes não nativos apresenta configurações de pitch que carreiam atitudes incompatíveis com seu significado em L2; (d) há diferenças nas duas línguas em relação à posição do acento frasal; (e) nem sempre informação já compartilhada pelos participantes do discurso perde a proeminência acentual no português

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana dos Santos Cristino.pdf: 1353094 bytes, checksum: b2d7384b589b3b92a00a9607815843dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims at investigating the occurrence of code-switching in the speech of a late bilingual subject, under sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives. Code-switching or code alternation is a communicative strategy used by bilingual speakers in a given social situation. The word bilingual primarily describes someone who is proficient in two languages. This term can, however, also include the many people in the world who have varying degrees of proficiency in three, four or even more languages simultaneously (Wei, 2000) Adopting the parameters of qualitative research, we have done a case study of a 39-year-old Nigerian male bilingual who has lived in Brazil for about 6 years working as an English teacher and is married to a Brazilian. The data was collected by means of five different instruments: audio and video recording of an oral presentation of the subject to a group of students in a Brazilian school in a bilingual context (English/Portuguese), followed by an interview session; a closed individual interview recorded on audio tape, made by means of discrete questions; a written questionnaire in order to collect some personal data about the subject; a visual perception test to detect the preferential language in a free speech context; and an auto-confrontation or reflexive interview. Only the passages where the code-switching phenomenon occured were transcribed and analyzed. Some sentences of this corpus were selected for acoustic analysis and some charts of duration and F0 measures were made to analyze some prosody aspects of the native speaker when speaking the first language and the second language. The final results indicate that: (1) although the subject prefers the mother tongue (English), code-switching occurs in both ways: first language second language / second language first-tongue language; (2) the data analyses suggest that the subject uses different strategies for choosing lexical items, according to the context, the interlocutor, and the place, and that the change of the linguistic code appears most of the time initiated by the OK interjection. The emotional aspect is also worth mentioning: the subject is always worried about the interlocutor and wants to know whether he has made himself clear. The pronunciation of Portuguese words are heavily influenced by his first language; (3) we could observe, from the acoustic analyses , that the intonation curve of the yes/no questions produced in English bears much resemblance to English melodic patterning in that the subject keeps the the intonational aspects of the matrix language; (4) there is considerable alteration in the fonotaxe of some words used by the speaker; (5) the altered lexical item is replaced by words belonging to the same syntactic level / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de code-switching na fala de um sujeito bilíngüe tardio (inglês/português), enfocando aspectos prosódicos e de uso lexical, sob uma perspectiva sociolingüística e psicolingüística. Code-switching ou alternância no código lingüístico é uma estratégia comunicativa usada pelo falante bilíngüe de acordo com a situação socialmente estabelecida. A palavra bilíngüe descreve primariamente alguém que seja proficiente em duas línguas. Este termo pode porém, ser usado para incluir muitas pessoas no mundo que tenham diversos níveis de proficiência em duas, três ou mais línguas simultaneamente (Wei, 2000). Seguindo os parâmetros da pesquisa qualitativa, fIzemos um estudo de caso de um bilíngüe do sexo masculino, com 39 anos de idade, nacionalidade Nigeriana, professor de língua inglesa, residente no Brasil há aproximadamente 6 anos e casado com uma brasileira. Os dados foram coletados por meio de cinco instrumentos distintos: gravação em áudio e vídeo de uma apresentação oral do sujeito de pesquisa acima citado a um grupo de alunos de uma escola brasileira em contexto bilíngüe (inglês/português), seguida de sessão de perguntas; uma entrevista fechada individual gravada em áudio, composta por perguntas pontuais; um questionário escrito para levantamento de dados pessoais do sujeito da pesquisa; um teste de percepção visual, para detectarmos a língua preferencialmente escolhida para o discurso livre; e uma auto-confrontação ou entrevista reflexiva. Foram transcritos e analisados apenas os trechos que ocorrem o code-switching. Foram selecionadas algumas sentenças deste corpus para a análise acústica e elaborados alguns gráficos das medidas de duração de F0 para análise dos aspectos prosódicos do falante nativo quando produz na primeira língua e na segunda língua. Os resultados obtidos indicam que: (1) embora o sujeito tenha preferência pela língua materna (inglês), o code-switching ocorre nos dois sentidos: primeira língua segunda língua / segunda língua primeira língua; (2) a análise dos dados trouxe à tona que o sujeito utiliza diferentes estratégias para escolha do léxico, de acordo com o contexto, do interlocutor, do local, e a mudança do código lingüístico aparece na maioria das vezes iniciado com a interjeição Ok . A questão emocional também aparece como um fator: o sujeito sempre se preocupa com o interlocutor, e com a compreensão das mensagens. A pronúncia das palavras do português é fortemente influenciada pela primeira língua do sujeito; (3) com o auxílio da análise acústica pudemos verificar que a curva entoacional de frases interrogativas totais produzidas em português revelam traços prosódicos do inglês, ou seja, o sujeito mantém a língua matriz nos aspectos entoacionais; (4) a fonotaxe sofre alteração em algumas palavras pelo falante utilizada; (5) o léxico alterado é substituído por palavras do mesmo nível sintático

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Simone Godoy Cotes.pdf: 3435531 bytes, checksum: cd716501a220c432b5cb5729a961971b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This recearch aims to analyse the relation between vocal and body gestures in the speech of TV newscasters, as well as to investigate the changes, in stylistic terms, that have taken place in this genre, by interpreting it in light of the specificities of its social-historic moment. Three historic moments will be considered: the initial moment of TV newscasting (1968), the intermediary moment (1980) and the present moment (2005). The term vocal gesture is used herewith to define the elements of vocal dynamics and vocal quality, that is, those elements which constitute the prosody of the languages and their interaction with the phonic segments. The term body gesture is used to refer to the bodily movements connected to vocal expression. The analysis of vocal gestures is anchored in Experimental Phonetics and the analysis of body gestures is based on communicative approaches of kinesthetic nature. The methodological procedures of data analysis involve the extraction of the acoustic parameters of duration and f0 of phonic segments, syllables and GNPC. The analysis of body gestures involved capturing vídeo images which show sequences of postural movements of the hands and face. The presence or absence of concomitant vocal and body gestures is analysed in relation to the placement of prominence and pauses by TV newscasters. This study points to stylistic changes in the format of TV newscasting over the last decades. Such evolution reflects the tendency towards shifting from a reading style heavily influenced by the spelling of words and minimized bodily gestuality to a more expressive style of oral narration of facts. This tendency may be interpreted as a reflex of the media´s effort to establish a connection with its viewers / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar, nas narrações dos apresentadores de telejornais, a relação entre os gestos vocais e corporais, além de investigar a evolução ocorrida, em termos estilísticos, nesse tipo de gênero, interpretando-a em função das especificidades do momento histórico-social. Serão considerados três momentos históricos: o momento inicial do telejornalismo (1968), o momento intermediário (1980) e o momento atual (2005). O termo gesto vocal é aqui utilizado para designar os elementos da dinâmica e da qualidade vocais, ou seja, os que constituem a prosódia das línguas em sua interação com os segmentos fônicos. O termo gesto corporal é usado para indicar os movimentos do corpo que acompanham a expressão vocal. A análise dos gestos vocais é ancorada na Fonética Experimental e a dos gestos corporais nas abordagens comunicativas de natureza cinésica. Os procedimentos metodológicos de análise dos dados englobam a extração dos valores dos parâmetros acústicos de duração e freqüência fundamental de segmentos fônicos, sílabas e unidades vogal-vogal (V-V). A análise dos gestos corporais consistiu na captura de imagens de vídeo que demonstram seqüências de movimentos posturais, das mãos e da face. A presença ou ausência de co-ocorrência entre gestos vocais e corporais é abordada em relação à atribuição das ênfases e pausas dadas pelos apresentadores de telejornal. Por meio dessa análise, constatam-se alterações estilísticas na forma de apresentação dos telejornais ao longo das décadas. Essa evolução reflete uma tendência de afastamento do estilo de leitura, influenciada pela escrita das palavras e gestualidade corporal minimizada para um estilo de narração oral dos fatos, tendência essa interpretada como reflexo do esforço da mídia no estabelecimento de interlocução com o público

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amaury Flavio Silva.pdf: 6544112 bytes, checksum: c648f2d679889ea8f71012575e1cf2ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-21 / The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the strategies used by a group of bilingual speakers in the production of a dialogue and a monologue in English and to analyse a listening activity from a course book. In order to do it, the theoretical background used in the investigations was based on the theories and models about coarticulation found in the book organised by Hardcastle and Hewlett (2002) Coarticulation: Theory, Data and Techniques; The Articulatory Phonology; developed by Browman and Goldstein (1986; 1989; 1990a; b; 1992); and the findings accomplished by Cho (2002) on The Effects of Prosody on Articulation. The production of the dialogue and the monologue were carried out by a group of late bilingual male speakers of English and Portuguese, aged from 18 to 48 years old. So as to carry out the analyses, the PRAAT free software version 4.5.18, developed by Paul Boersma and David Weenink, from the Institute of Phonetic Sciences of the University of Amsterdan was used. The results obtained through the investigations indicated the presence of coarticulatory phenomenona such as hiding in contexts like let me see; blending in almost daily; the presence of the flap in get out; the presence of vowels between consonants in contexts like much better; and so forth. The investigations concerning the course book revealed the fact that the consonants, which according to the course book answer key were not pronounced, were, indeed, pronounced. This was possible through the analyses of the spectrograms of each segmentation / O objetivo desta dissertação é o de investigar as estratégias de falantes bilíngues na produção de um diálogo e um monólogo em inglês e de analisar um exercío de compreensão auditiva proveniente de um livro didático. Para tanto, como base teórica para a realização das investigações foram utilizadas as teorias e modelos sobre a coarticulação provenientes do livro organizado por Hardcastle e Hewlett (2002) Coarticulation: Theory, Data and Techniques; a Fonologia Articulatória, desenvolvida por Browman e Goldstein (1986; 1989;1990a; b; 1992); e as descobertas realizadas por Cho (2002) sobre os Efeitos da Prosódia nos Articuladores. Participaram das gravações do diálogo e do monólogo um grupo de sujeitos bilíngues tardios do português e do inglês, todos do sexo masculino cujas idades variam entre 18 e 48 anos. Para realizar as análises foi utilizado o software livre PRAAT versão 4.5.18, desenvolvido por Paul Boersma e David Weenink, do Instituto de Ciências Fonéticas da Universidade de Amsterdã. Os resultados obtidos nas investigações apontaram a presença dos fenômenos coarticulatórios como hiding em contextos como em let me see; blending em almost daily; a presença do flepe em get out; a presença de vogais entre consoantes em contextos como much better; além de outros. Quanto ao livro didático, as investigações revelaram o fato de que as consoantes tidas como não pronunciadas puderam ser detectadas através da análise espectrográfica das segmentações

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiola Dagostini Peleias.pdf: 3457328 bytes, checksum: 7dd5e2d586af21d038754992b5d71372 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work is part of the sound acquisition area in second language (L2), specifically in English, and it aimed to investigate whether there was a relationship between production and perception of the voiceless interdental fricative pronunciation [θ] or not in a group of Brazilian native speakers (BNS), based on acoustic and phonetic analysis. It was stated that there is such a relationship on account of the BNS in the sample. According to the literature, Brazilian learners of English tend to produce the voiceless interdental fricative [θ] as [s], [f] and [t] ((LIEFF & NUNES, 1993). This is because they consider such sound to be similar to [s], [f] and [t], and as stated by Flege (1999) and Meador, Flege and MacKay (2000), similar sounds of L1 (native language, in this case, Brazilian Portuguese - BP) and L2 may cause difficulties for the learner. Three studies have been made: an analysis of the production of the 3 BNS as well as of the AMS (American Native speaker) concerning the sound [θ]; an analysis of the perception of the sound [θ] by the 3 BNS and, finally, an evaluation of the 3 BNS productions of the sound [θ] by 31 American Native judges. The results of the three analyses have been crossed, and it can be posed that they conform to the literature about the link between production and perception and the assimilation of sounds from L2 to L1. Moreover, with such results, it was possible to achieve the goal of this work. It was verified that, regarding the perception analysis, the three BNS tend to perceive the sound [θ] as [θ] or [t]. Regarding the production analysis, one of the BNS approached the ANS. Therefore, it can be stated that there is a relationship between this BNS perception and production. The two remaining BNS did not approach the ANS. Most of the time, those speakers perceived the sound [θ] as [t], and the same happened with their productions of the sound [θ]. Taking into account those figures, it can be stated that there is a relationship among their production and perception, even if they have not perceived the sound [θ] as it should have been done. The perception and production analyses results were compared with the evaluation of the 31 judges, and the same can be said concerning all BNS: one of the BNS approached the ANS concerning the sound [θ], and the two remaining ones did not approach the ANS. To sum up, it was observed that, in this particular sample, there is a relationship between their production and perception, and that two out of the three BNS assimilated the sound [θ] as [t] / Este trabalho situa-se na área de aquisição de sons de L2 (segunda língua), mais especificamente língua inglesa, e seu objetivo foi investigar se existe uma relação entre a produção e a percepção da pronúncia da fricativa interdental surda [θ] em um grupo de sujeitos nativos brasileiros, a partir da análise fonético-acústica. Defendia-se que há uma relação entre a percepção e a produção da pronúncia da fricativa interdental surda pelos sujeitos nativos brasileiros da amostra. Segundo a literatura, aprendizes brasileiros de inglês tendem a produzir a fricativa interdental surda da língua inglesa [θ] como [s], [f] e [t] (LIEFF e NUNES, 1993). Isso porque consideram que esse som é similar aos citados e, de acordo com Flege (1999) e Meador, Flege e MacKay (2000), sons similares de L1 (língua materna Português Brasileiro - PB)e L2 causam dificuldades para o aprendiz. Foram feitos três estudos: uma análise das produções dos 3 SNB (sujeitos nativos do PB) e do SNA (sujeito nativo americano) envolvendo a [θ]; uma análise de percepção do [θ] pelos 3 SNB e uma avaliação, por juízes nativo-americanos, das produções dos 3 SNB e do SNA envolvendo o [θ]. Os resultados dos estudos foram cruzados, e constatou-se que estão em consonância com a literatura sobre o vínculo entre produção e percepção e assimilação de sons em L2 para a L1, atingiram o objetivo e validaram a hipótese defendida. Os 3 SNB, no teste de percepção, tendem a perceber o som [θ], em sua maioria, como [θ] ou como [t]. No teste de produção, a SNB1 aproximou-se do SNA; para esse sujeito, há relação entre sua percepção e sua produção. Os SNB2 e SNB3 se distanciaram do SNA. Em sua maioria, perceberam os estímulos como plosiva alveolar surda [t], comportamento que também se refletiu em sua produção. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que há relação entre produção-percepção, mesmo não tendo percebido e produzido o som [θ], em sua maioria, de maneira correta. Os testes foram comparados às avaliações dos juízes norte-americanos, e o mesmo pode ser afirmado para todos os sujeitos: os estímulos do SNB1, em sua maioria, foram avaliados como fricativa interdental surda [θ], do SNB2 como plosiva alveolar surda [t] e do SNB3 também como plosiva alveolar surda [t]. Observou-se, nesta amostra, que houve a relação entre produção e percepção e que 2 entre 3 dos SNB assimilaram [θ] como [t]

This thesis provides a comparative analysis of vowel quality in South African English (SAE) using the following data: firstly, the existing impressionistic literature on SAE and other relevant accents of English, the former of which is subject to a critical review; secondly, acoustic data from a similar range of accents, including new SAE data, collected and instrumentally analyzed specifically for the purposes of this research. These various data are used to position, on both a descriptive and theoretical level, the SAE vowel system. In addition, and in the service of providing a careful reconstruction of the linguistic history of this variety, it offers a three-stage koin´eization model which helps, in many respects, to illuminate the respective roles played by endogenous and exogenous factors in SAE’s development. More generally, the analysis is focussed on rendering explicit the extent to which the synchronic status and diachronic development of SAE more generally, and SAE vowel quality more particularly, provides support for a number of descriptive and theoretical frameworks, including those provided in Labov (1994), Torgersen and Kerswill (2004), Trudgill (2004) and Schneider (2003; 2007). With respect to these frameworks, and based on the results of the analysis, it proposes an extension to Schneider’s (2007) Dynamic Model, shows Trudgill’s (2004) model of new-dialect formation to be inadequate in accounting for some of the SAE data, provides evidence that SAE is a possibly imminent but ‘conservative’ member of Torgersen and Kerswill’s (2004) SECS-Shift and uses SAE data to question the applicability of the SECS-Shift to FOOT-Fronting. Furthermore, this thesis provides evidence that SAE has undergone an indexicallydriven arrestment of the Diphthong and Southern Shifts and a subsequent and related diffusion of GenSAE values at the expense of BrSAE ones. Similarly, it shows that SAE’s possible participation in the SECS-Shift constitutes an effective chain-shift reversal ‘from above’. It stresses that, in order to understand such phenomena, recourse needs to be made to a theory of indexicality that takes into account the unique sociohistorical development of SAE and its speakers. Lastly, the adoption of the three-stage koin´eization model mentioned above highlights the merits of considering both endogenous and exogenous factors in the historical reconstruction of new-dialect formation and, for research into SAE in particular, strengthens the case for further investigation into the possible effects of 19th-century Afrikaans/Dutch, Yiddish and north-of-English dialects on the formation of modern SAE. / Thesis (Ph.D. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

This thesis provides a comparative analysis of vowel quality in South African English (SAE) using the following data: firstly, the existing impressionistic literature on SAE and other relevant accents of English, the former of which is subject to a critical review; secondly, acoustic data from a similar range of accents, including new SAE data, collected and instrumentally analyzed specifically for the purposes of this research. These various data are used to position, on both a descriptive and theoretical level, the SAE vowel system. In addition, and in the service of providing a careful reconstruction of the linguistic history of this variety, it offers a three-stage koin´eization model which helps, in many respects, to illuminate the respective roles played by endogenous and exogenous factors in SAE’s development. More generally, the analysis is focussed on rendering explicit the extent to which the synchronic status and diachronic development of SAE more generally, and SAE vowel quality more particularly, provides support for a number of descriptive and theoretical frameworks, including those provided in Labov (1994), Torgersen and Kerswill (2004), Trudgill (2004) and Schneider (2003; 2007). With respect to these frameworks, and based on the results of the analysis, it proposes an extension to Schneider’s (2007) Dynamic Model, shows Trudgill’s (2004) model of new-dialect formation to be inadequate in accounting for some of the SAE data, provides evidence that SAE is a possibly imminent but ‘conservative’ member of Torgersen and Kerswill’s (2004) SECS-Shift and uses SAE data to question the applicability of the SECS-Shift to FOOT-Fronting. Furthermore, this thesis provides evidence that SAE has undergone an indexicallydriven arrestment of the Diphthong and Southern Shifts and a subsequent and related diffusion of GenSAE values at the expense of BrSAE ones. Similarly, it shows that SAE’s possible participation in the SECS-Shift constitutes an effective chain-shift reversal ‘from above’. It stresses that, in order to understand such phenomena, recourse needs to be made to a theory of indexicality that takes into account the unique sociohistorical development of SAE and its speakers. Lastly, the adoption of the three-stage koin´eization model mentioned above highlights the merits of considering both endogenous and exogenous factors in the historical reconstruction of new-dialect formation and, for research into SAE in particular, strengthens the case for further investigation into the possible effects of 19th-century Afrikaans/Dutch, Yiddish and north-of-English dialects on the formation of modern SAE. / Thesis (Ph.D. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

本論文為以共振峰頻率資料來研究海陸腔客語母音音質之聲學研究。 語言學的文獻中，以共振峰頻率資料來研究世界上各種語言的母音的音質已經有相當豐富的文獻，在過去五十年來，前人在客語的語音及音韻系統上已經有豐富的研究成果。但以聲學資料來對海陸客語做描述的文獻相當缺乏。 本研究的受試者為居住在新竹縣新埔鎮，六位以海陸腔客家話為母語的人士，其中有三名男性及三名女性。本研究使用了32個測試字，包含了單元音、雙合元音及三合元音。語音資料是利用KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics)來做分析。本研究測試字包含的音節結構有:CV, CVV, CVVC, CVC, 以及CVVV。測試字在實驗的過程中，被受試者單獨發音，或是放在句子中間。在實驗資料完成分析後，我們以Origin 6.0軟體繪出海陸腔客語母音的聲學空間圖。 根據供振峰研究資料，本研究得到以下有關海陸腔客語母音音質的表現。首先關於單元音，海陸腔客語共有六個單元音: [i], [e], [ɨ], [a], [o], 以及 [u]。其次，海陸腔客語共有十一個雙元音: [ie], [ia], [io], [iu], [eu], [ai], [au], [oi], [ui], [ue], 以及 [ua]。我們比較單元音及雙元音的聲學空間圖(vowel space)後，發現相同的母音在雙母音的環境下，由於受到鄰近母音發音位置的影響，在聲學空間上，比起在單母音的時候，變的更高低，或更前或後。第三，三母音[iai], [iau]和[uai]在聲譜圖上的表現，第一個母音[i]和[u]都比其後的兩個母音，長度來的相對的短一些，表現很像是滑音[j]和[w]。 最後，本研究以共振峰聲學頻率的形式描述及記錄了當代海陸腔客語母音的音質，前人的研究中，以楊時逢(1952)最能說明本研究所提供的聲學資料。希望這些資料能對海陸腔客語母音的研究有所貢獻。 / This thesis is an acoustic study that investigates the vowel quality of Hai-lu Hakka vowels with formant frequency data. The acoustic method has been widely applied to the study of vowel quality of languages worldwide. In the past 50 years, Hakka researchers have yielded rich results in phonological system and phonetic description of Hakka, but there are relatively fewer research focus on the acoustic properties and characteristics of vowel phones in Hai-lu Hakka. The subjects of this study included three male and three female native Hai-lu Hakka speakers. Testing items used in this study were 32 syllables that involve monophthongs, diphthongs, and triphthongs. The speech data were analyzed by using KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics). The data discussed in this study were testing items produced in citation form and sentence form, including the following syllable structures: CV, CVC, CVV, CVVC, and CVVV. The vowel qualities of Hai-lu Hakka vowels were measured and analyzed, and the acoustic vowel space of Hai-lu Hakka is plotted by the software Origin 6.0. Several results concerning the vowel quality of Hai-lu Hakka vowels were reported based on the formant frequency data. Firstly, there are six monophthongs in the vowel system of Hailu Hakka: [i], [e], [ɨ], [a], [o], and [u]. Secondly, there are eleven diphthongs in the vowel system of Hai-lu Hakka : [ie], [ia], [io], [iu], [eu], [ai], [au], [oi], [ui], [ue], and [ua]. By comparing the relative position of the vowel in a diphthong and the corresponding vowel as in a monophthong, we found that the second vowel in a diphthong tend to be higher or lower, more fontal or back, and it is possibly due to the coarticulatory influence of the adjacent phones.the Thirdly, as shown in the spectrogram of the three tripthongs [iai], [iau] and [uai], the duration of [i] in [iai55], [i] in [tʰiau55] and [u] in [kuai55] are relatively shorter than the rest two vowels in the same syllable, as [ai] in [iai55], [au] in [tʰiau55] and [ai] in [kuai55]. In these CVVV syllables, [u] and [i] are similar to glides or so-called semi-vowels, or approximants [j] and [w] as shown in the spectrogram. Finally, the vowel system in Yang (1957) is more suitable for accounting for the data in this study. Hopefully, the vowel formant data presented in this study will contribute to the study of vowels in Hakka.