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Work, especially that in complex, dynamic workplaces, often requires subtle, local judgment with regard to timing of subtasks, relevance, importance, prioritization and so forth. Still, people in Nuclear Industry seem to think safety results from people just following procedures. In the wake of failure it can be tempting to introduce new procedures and an even stricter "rule following culture". None, or at least very little, attention is given to tacit knowledge and individual skills. I am aiming to highlight the inadequacy of putting too much trust in formalization and that reporting and trending of events will contribute to increased learning, an increased nuclear safety and an efficient operational experience. The ability to interpret a situation concrete depends on proven experience in similar situations, analogical thinking and tacit knowledge. In this essay I intend to problematize the introduction and use of so-called Corrective Action Program (CAP) and computerized reporting systems linked to CAP in the Nuclear Industry. What I found out is that the whole industry, from regulators to licensees, seems to be stuck in the idea that the scientific perspective on knowledge is the only "true" perspective. This leads to an exaggerated belief in that technology and formalized work processes and routines will create a safer business. The computerized reporting system will not, as the idea was from the beginning, contribute to increased nuclear safety since the reports is based on the trigger and not the underlying causes and in-depth analysis. Managing safety by numbers (incidents, error counts, safety threats, and safety culture indicators) is very practical but has its limitations. Error counts only uphold an illusion of rationality and control, but may offer neither real insight nor productive routes for progress on safety. The question is why the CAP, error counts and computerized reporting systems have had such a big impact in the nuclear industry? It rests after all, on too weak foundations. The answer is that the scientific perspective on knowledge is the dominating perspective. What people do not understand is that an excessive use of computerized systems and an increased formalization actually will create new risks when people lose their skills and ability to reflect and put more trust in the system than in themselves.

The present study examines the background of the Economic Opportunity Act in a local administrative structure. An extensive investigation is made of the Community Action Program of Laredo, Texas. The Community Action Program is a new approach which is still in the formative period and this receptive to constructive suggestions for change. Perhaps, it is hoped, this study will point the direction for such change, to the benefit of the long-run effectiveness of the poverty program as well as healthier interlocal relations.

Evidências na literatura apontam que com a prática de habilidades motoras com alta demanda cognitiva é adquirida uma representação mental. No entanto, freqüentemente observa-se que indivíduos com desempenho semelhante em uma mesma habilidade possuem distinta capacidade de adaptação, ou seja, apresentam desempenhos diferentes na execução da mesma habilidade em uma outra condição. A questão central deste estudo tem origem nesse aparente paradoxo: estruturas de representação mental de mesma natureza proverem capacidade de adaptação distinta. Há evidências na literatura de que o grau de liberdade de escolha do aprendiz pode afetar o processo de aquisição de habilidades motoras, sendo que um grau ótimo dessa liberdade proporcionaria a formação de uma representação mental que favorece a capacidade de adaptação. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito do grau de liberdade na escolha da resposta no processo adaptativo em aprendizagem motora. Foram realizados três experimentos, nos quais indivíduos que adquiriram uma representação mental, em três condições distintas de liberdade de escolha, foram testados em sua capacidade de adaptação a modificações da tarefa: perceptiva (EXPERIMENTO 1), efetora (EXPERIMENTO 2) e perceptivo-efetora (EXPERIMENTO 3). Participaram do estudo 139 voluntários com média de idade de 21 anos. Foi utilizada uma tarefa complexa de timing coincidente. Os resultados permitiram concluir que um alto grau de liberdade na escolha da resposta, durante a estabilização de uma habilidade motora, prejudica o processo de adaptação a uma modificação perceptivo-efetora da tarefa, havendo indicativo de que um grau médio é benéfico. Além disso, houve indícios de que o não fornecimento de liberdade de escolha prejudica a adaptação a uma modificação efetora da tarefa / Evidence on literature indicates that with the practice of a motor skill with high cognitive demand a mental representation is acquired. Nevertheless, it is frequently observed that individuals with similar performances in a skill have distinct adaptation capacity, e.g., they show different performances when executing the same skill in another condition. The main question of this study derives from this apparent paradox: mental representation structures of the same nature providing distinct adaptation capacity. There is evidence on literature that the learner?s degree of freedom of choice may affect the acquisition process of a motor skill, given that an optimal degree of that freedom would lead to the formation of a mental representation which favours the adaptation capacity. Thus, the purpouse of this study was to investigate the effect of the degree of freedom in response choice on adaptive process in motor learning. This matter was investigated in three experiments, in which individuals who acquired a mental representation in three distinct conditions of freedom in response choice were tested on their capacity to adapt to: perceptual (EXPERIMENT 1), motor (EXPERIMENT 2) and perceptual-motor (EXPERIMENT 3) task modifications. A hundred thrity-nine volunteers, with mean age of 21 years, took part in this study. A complex coincident timing task was used. The results allowed to conclude that a high degree of freedom in response choice, during the stabilization of a motor skill, impairs the adaptation process to a perceptual-motor modification of the task. Furthermore, the results suggest that a medium degree of freedom is beneficial to adapt to a perceptual-motor modification of the task and that not provinding freedom in response choice impairs the adaptation to a motor modification of the task

Youth unemployment and environmental degradation are two critical issues facing Australia today. This action research study concerns learning and teaching with participants in a government labour market program which was established to address these two issues. The study was based on three cycles of action research with six groups of participants. The main objective of the research evolved to consider whether critical thinking and action learning can enhance self-concept and environmental education for unemployed young people. The research provides a positive response to this problem, although certain limitations are noted. Conclusions are drawn in five areas. Three of these are from the first cycle of action research. These relate to environmental attitudes, knowledge and action; approaches to environmental education and learning; and the impact of unemployment, peer pressure and mass culture. Two conclusions are drawn from the second cycle of action research. These relate to the integration of action learning and critical thinking strategies into the learning and teaching; and the individual participants' life history and prior knowledge and experience of environmental issues. Recommendations are made concerning professional development and support for staff working in the area, and the planning and implementation of programs. The major recommendation is for the integration, where appropriate, of integrated critical thinking and action learning strategies, through all aspects of the training and project work. This recommendation draws on evidence from a number of areas where these approaches are shown to be beneficial. These include the potential for emancipation and improved selfconcept, and the contribution to environmental education.

Evidências na literatura apontam que com a prática de habilidades motoras com alta demanda cognitiva é adquirida uma representação mental. No entanto, freqüentemente observa-se que indivíduos com desempenho semelhante em uma mesma habilidade possuem distinta capacidade de adaptação, ou seja, apresentam desempenhos diferentes na execução da mesma habilidade em uma outra condição. A questão central deste estudo tem origem nesse aparente paradoxo: estruturas de representação mental de mesma natureza proverem capacidade de adaptação distinta. Há evidências na literatura de que o grau de liberdade de escolha do aprendiz pode afetar o processo de aquisição de habilidades motoras, sendo que um grau ótimo dessa liberdade proporcionaria a formação de uma representação mental que favorece a capacidade de adaptação. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito do grau de liberdade na escolha da resposta no processo adaptativo em aprendizagem motora. Foram realizados três experimentos, nos quais indivíduos que adquiriram uma representação mental, em três condições distintas de liberdade de escolha, foram testados em sua capacidade de adaptação a modificações da tarefa: perceptiva (EXPERIMENTO 1), efetora (EXPERIMENTO 2) e perceptivo-efetora (EXPERIMENTO 3). Participaram do estudo 139 voluntários com média de idade de 21 anos. Foi utilizada uma tarefa complexa de timing coincidente. Os resultados permitiram concluir que um alto grau de liberdade na escolha da resposta, durante a estabilização de uma habilidade motora, prejudica o processo de adaptação a uma modificação perceptivo-efetora da tarefa, havendo indicativo de que um grau médio é benéfico. Além disso, houve indícios de que o não fornecimento de liberdade de escolha prejudica a adaptação a uma modificação efetora da tarefa / Evidence on literature indicates that with the practice of a motor skill with high cognitive demand a mental representation is acquired. Nevertheless, it is frequently observed that individuals with similar performances in a skill have distinct adaptation capacity, e.g., they show different performances when executing the same skill in another condition. The main question of this study derives from this apparent paradox: mental representation structures of the same nature providing distinct adaptation capacity. There is evidence on literature that the learner?s degree of freedom of choice may affect the acquisition process of a motor skill, given that an optimal degree of that freedom would lead to the formation of a mental representation which favours the adaptation capacity. Thus, the purpouse of this study was to investigate the effect of the degree of freedom in response choice on adaptive process in motor learning. This matter was investigated in three experiments, in which individuals who acquired a mental representation in three distinct conditions of freedom in response choice were tested on their capacity to adapt to: perceptual (EXPERIMENT 1), motor (EXPERIMENT 2) and perceptual-motor (EXPERIMENT 3) task modifications. A hundred thrity-nine volunteers, with mean age of 21 years, took part in this study. A complex coincident timing task was used. The results allowed to conclude that a high degree of freedom in response choice, during the stabilization of a motor skill, impairs the adaptation process to a perceptual-motor modification of the task. Furthermore, the results suggest that a medium degree of freedom is beneficial to adapt to a perceptual-motor modification of the task and that not provinding freedom in response choice impairs the adaptation to a motor modification of the task

The Alcohol Safety Action Program (ASAP), in accordance with its goals and directives, determined, in 1980, the need for an evaluation of its services. In response to that need, the present study was conducted between April and October, 1980. The initial step in this evaluation is a review of the relevant literature. The review includes literature in the areas of: treatment evaluation methodology, follow-up studies of alcohol treatment, and management of drunken drivers. In addition, the history and current organization of the Portland ASAP are discussed. The study employs a one group pretest-posttest design and utilizes the Oregon Quality of Life Questionnaire. A comprehensive description of study methodology is followed by discussion of study findings and implications for practice. Finally, with the intent of providing direction for future study, the methodology of the present study is critiqued.

Syftet med studien var att analysera Sveriges regerings åtgärdsprogram för att bekämpa mäns våld mot kvinnor. Åtgärdsprogrammet analyserades med Carol Bacchis analysmetod What’s the problem represented to be, (WPR), och utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Tidigare forskning har visat på betydelsen av ett intersektionellt perspektiv i policydokument, dels för att ge en mer heltäckande förståelse för hur mäns våld mot kvinnor kan se ut, dels för att det möjliggör att utforma anpassad hjälp och stöd till de våldsutsatta kvinnorna. Resultatet visade att problemet med mäns våld mot kvinnor främst grundar sig i könsmaktsordning. Åtgärdsprogrammet utgår från att alla relationer är heteronormativa och monogama, där män beskrivs som förövarna men problematiserats inte ytterligare. Resultatet visade också på att det finns ett fokus på att beskriva de våldsutsatta kvinnorna. Stöd och hjälpinsatser formuleras efter kvinnans livssituation. Utrikes födda beskrivs som en enhetlig grupp, där regeringen utgår från att alla delar samma erfarenheter. Resultatet visade också på att regeringen har ett intersektionell perspektiv i deras förklaringar när det kommer till orsaker till mäns våld mot kvinnor, hur de våldsutsatta kvinnorna beskrivs, samt hur stöd och hjälpinsatser formuleras. / The purpose of the study was to analyze the Swedish government's action program to combat men's violence against women. The action program was analyzed using Carol Bacchi's analysis method What's the problem represented to be, (WPR), and from an intersectional perspective. Previous research has shown the importance of an intersectional perspective in policy documents, partly to provide a more comprehensive understanding of what men's violence against women can look like, and partly because it makes it possible to design adapted help and support for women exposed to violence. The results showed that the problem of men's violence against women is mainly based on gender order. The action program assumes that all relationships are heteronormative and monogamous, where men are described as the perpetrators but not further problematized. The results also showed that there is a focus on describing the women exposed to violence. Support and relief efforts are formulated according to the woman's life situation. Foreign-born are described as a unified group, where the government assumes that everyone shares the same experiences. The results also showed that the government has an intersectional perspective in their explanations when it comes to the causes of men's violence against women, how the women exposed to violence are described, and how support and relief efforts are formulated. / <p>2022-06-02</p>

Portrait of Your Stream (POYS) is a stream ecology and student action program designed for use with middle-school students. The program is correlated with learning cycle pedagogical methods emphasizing student-centered lessons and activities in both classroom and outdoor settings. Implementation of a pilot program in the Fall semester of 1999 was used to collect formal and informal responses and data from students and teachers. Data included changes in student knowledge, skills and attitudes and were analyzed for determination of the success of program objectives and modifications to the program. The final POYS program is currently distributed and administered by the Botanical Research Institute of Texas.