The diploma thesis "Creativity of teachers in an educational process in primary school" focuses on creativity of teachers, which is a prerequisite of every teacher in current education. The thesis is divided into two parts; theoretical and practical. The theoretical part focuses on general knowledge, which appertains to the questions of creativity in the work of the pedagogues. In this part, the important factors are also described, which help to lead to the creative approach in the teaching. One of these factors is using activating methods. These represent the main approaches of the pedagogues to teach creatively. The theoretical part is also focused on the position of the teachers in the process of school inclusion and on the appropriate teaching methods and strategies for inclusive education. The practical part focuses on activating methods in teaching. The investigative survey was carried out via questionnaire, and its main objective was to explore the extent of using activating methods by teachers at basic schools. It also looks at whether these methods are considered to be an appropriate instrument to the creative and effective mediation of the curriculum for all pupils, including pupils with special education needs. KEYWORDS Creativity, pedagogue, teacher, creative education, teaching...

The diploma thesis: "Project method at primary school" deals with the development of new knowledge and skills through the project method, analysis of the quality of its use and possibilities of its application in practice. The work discusses how teachers work on projects with new information, how they develop new knowledge and skills of their students when using the project method. Furthermore it brings author's own project the purpose of which was to allow students to invent new knowledge on their own. The project method at the first school can be carried out by either short-term or long-term projects. Effectivity and quality of teaching is influenced by versatile development of personality of each student. Results of the questionnaire survey proves that the teachers are trying to ensure students enough opportunities for development of key competencies. They strive to put students in the working mood and try to build rich information background. Teachers knowingly consider these aspects however they are not convinced whether it is sufficient for the students. Results of student questionnaire captures how students perceive the work with new information acquired during the project. The project awakens students' interest in these information even for the future. When working on the project students...

This thesis deals with the use of the activating teaching approaches and their effectiveness for understanding and mastering the grammatical phenomena of adult students, mainly in the corporate courses for German language. The students of the corporate courses have their specific set of learning aspects, particularly in the field of their learning biography, motivation, and the learning process that distinguishes them from the school-age students. These students, usually at the language level from A1 to B1 (CEFR), require the acquisition of grammatical features to improve their language production. Grammatical phenomena are taught in this method of teaching using classical, complex and activating approaches. The empirical research of this thesis deals specifically with the activating teaching approaches in the corporate courses. It contains the observations of the individual corporate lessons using activating approaches as well as questionnaires filled in by participating students. The thesis concludes und evaluates the contribution of activating teaching approaches to the motivation during the lesson, the effect that they have on the understanding and acquisition of the given grammatical phenomena for the target group of adult students. For the thesis conclusion, there have been formulated five...

Receptores do tipo Toll (TLRs) e o receptor do fator ativador de plaquetas (PAF-R) são altamente expressos em macrófagos. Neste estudo, investigamos o efeito da ativação do PAF-R na resposta de macrófagos peritoneais a agonistas de TLR. Descobrimos que PAF exógeno inibiu a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-6, IL-12p40 e TNF-α) e aumentou a produção de IL-10 em macrófagos estimulados com Pam3Cys (TLR2) e LPS (TLR4), mas não Poly(I:C) (TLR3). PAF não afetou a expressão de MyD88 e TRIF, sugerindo que o efeito do PAF na modulação das citocinas é downstream aos adaptadores. PAF inibiu a fosforilação induzida por LPS da subunidade p65 do NF-κB que direciona a expressão de genes pró-inflamatórios, e aumentou a fosforilação da proteína precursora p105 do NF-κB, que induz a expressão da IL-10. Esses resultados indicam que em macrófagos ativados com LPS, a diminuição da atividade transcricional da p65 e o aumento da fosforilação da p105 induzidos pelo PAF são responsáveis pela downregulation das citocinas pró-inflamatórias e upregulation da IL-10, respectivamente. / Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) are highly expressed in macrophages. In this work, we investigated the effect of PAF-R activation on peritoneal macrophages responses to TLR agonists. We found that exogenous PAF inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12p40, IL-6 and TNF-α) and increased IL-10 in macrophages challenged with Pam3Cys (TLR2) and LPS (TLR4), but not by Poly(I:C) (TLR3). PAF did not affect MyD88 and TRIF expression, suggesting that PAF modulation on cytokines is downstream to adaptors. PAF inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 that drives inflammatory cytokine gene expression and increased NF-κB p105 precursor phosphorylation, which induces IL-10 expression. These findings indicate that in LPS-activated macrophages, the impaired transcriptional activity of p65 subunit and enhanced p105 phosphorylation induced by PAF are responsible for the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of IL-10, respectively.

Es wurden die Effekte von Plättchenaktivierendem Faktor (PAF, 1-O-Alkyl-2-azetyl-sn-glyzero-3-phosphocholin) auf intrazelluläre Kalziumkonzentration und Zelllänge isolierter und feldstimulierter Kardiomyozyten der Ratte untersucht. Intrazelluläre Kalziumkonzentration und Zelllänge der feldstimulierten Zellen wurden mittels Laser-Raster-Mikroskopie simultan unter Verwendung des Kalzium-Fluoreszenzfarbstoffes Fluo-3 bestimmt. PAF (0.001nM - 10nM) inhibierte den systolischen Anstieg der intrazellulären Kalziumkonzentration zeit- und konzentrationsabhängig. Die maximalen Effekte wurden nach einer Inkubationszeit von 6-8 min beobachtet. Es kam zu 17% (0.001nM), 41% (0.1nM) und 52% (10nM PAF) Reduktion des systolischen Kalziumanstiegs. Zusätzlich konnte eine zeit- und konzentrationsabhängige Verringerung der simultan gemessenen Zellverkürzung nachgewiesen werden. Die Zellverkürzung war nach einer Inkubationszeit von 8 min um 10% (0.001nM), 32% (0.1nM) und 50% (10nM PAF) reduziert. Die Wirkungen von PAF konnten durch den Einsatz des spezifischen PAF-Rezeptorantagonisten WEB 2170 inhibiert werden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen einen rezeptorvermittelten negativ inotropen Effekt von PAF, hervorgerufen durch eine Verringerung der systolischen intrazellulären Kalziumkonzentration ohne Desensibilisierung der Myofilamente. / We investigated the effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) on intracellular calciumconcentration and cell length in isolated and field-stimulated rat cardiomyocytes. Intracellular calciumconcentration and cell length of field-stimulated cells were determined simultaneously by confocal laser scan microscopy by using the fluorescent calcium dye Fluo-3. PAF (0.001nM - 10nM) inhibited systolic intracellular calciumconcentration increase in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Maximal effects were observed after an incubation time of 6-8 min, resulting in a 17% (0.001nM), 41% (0.1nM) and 52% (10nM PAF) inhibiton of systolic calcium increase. A time- and concentration-dependent decrease in simultaneously measured cell shortening also was demonstrated. Cell shortening was inhibited by 10% (0.001nM), 32% (0.1nM) and 50% (10nM PAF) after an incubation time of 8 min. The effects of PAF could be antagonized by the PAF-receptor antagonist WEB 2170. These data demonstrate that PAF receptor-dependently induces a negativ inotropic effect, which is correlated with a decrease in systolic intracellular calciumconcentration and is most likely not due to a decrease in myofilament sensitivity.

Gho Wai-Man. / Thesis submitted in: August 2006. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-123). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.IV / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.VI / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.VII / LIST OF TABLES --- p.XII / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XIII / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XVI / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Epidemiology --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Etiological factors --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Viral Hepatitis Infection --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Aflatoxin Exposure --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Alcohol Abuse --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Liver Cirrhosis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Genetic alterations in hcc --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Chromosomal Gain --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Chromosomal Loss --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5 --- Discovery of common activating transcription factor 5 (atf5) down-regulations in hcc --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Chromosome 19 Aberration in HCC --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Discovery of High Frequency of　ATF5 Down-regulations --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Activating Transcription Factor Family --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aim of thesis --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemicals --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Buffers --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Cell culture --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Nucleic acids --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Enzymes --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Equipment --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Kits --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Software and Web Resource --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Dna extraction --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cell Lines --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Primary HCC --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Lymphocytic DNA --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3 --- Rna extraction --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4 --- Dna sequencing --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Cycle Sequencing --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5 --- Dual-labeled fluirescence in situ hybridization (fish) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- FISH Probe Preparation --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Preparation of Human Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Nick Translation --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- FISH --- p.42 / Chapter 2.6 --- 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine & trichostatin a treatment on cell lines --- p.43 / Chapter 2.7 --- Bisulfite modificaiton of dna --- p.43 / Chapter 2.8 --- Methylation-specific pcr (msp) --- p.44 / Chapter 2.9 --- Bisulfite dna sequencing --- p.44 / Chapter 2.10 --- Quantitative reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) --- p.46 / Chapter 2.11 --- In-vitro and in-vivo functinal examination --- p.49 / Chapter 2.11.1 --- ATF5 Transfection --- p.49 / Chapter 2.11.2 --- Cell Growth Assay --- p.50 / Chapter 2.11.3 --- Xenograft Development --- p.51 / Chapter 2.12 --- codelink expression microarray --- p.51 / Chapter 2.13 --- Statistical analysis --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- INACTIVATION OF MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ATF5 DOWN-REGULATION --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cell Lines --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Mutational Analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Copy Number Loss --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Epigenetic Control --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Sequencing Analysis of A TF5 Gene --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- FISH Analysis of ATF5 Copy Number --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Epigenetic Control of A TF5 Expression --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.82 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION AND INVESTIGATION OF DOWNSTREAM TARGETS MODULATED BY ATF5 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Cell Lines --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Plasmids and Transfection --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Cell Growth Assay --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Xenograft Development --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- CodeLink Expression Microarray --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Quantitative RT-PCR --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Cell Proliferation --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- In-Vitro Examination --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- In-Vivo Examination --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Microarray A nalysis --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Correlation of A TF5 with Id-1 Expression --- p.103 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.106 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- PROPOSED FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS --- p.110 / Chapter 5.1 --- inactivation mechanisms of atf5 gene --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2 --- Molecular pathways modulated by atf5 --- p.112 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- REFERENCES --- p.114

Cognitive function disorders have an enormous impact on the life quality of a patient, his or her family and close people. It influences the patient's job, social interaction and independence. This diploma thesis focuses on the possibility of improving cognitive functions concerning multiple sclerosis with the help of facilitation physiotherapy. Twelve disordered volunteers participated a two-month physiotherapeutic programme (motor programs activating therapy), for 1 hour, twice per week. Before the beginning and after the end of the therapeutic programme an examination by a clinic test PASAT and the monitoring of functional magnetic resonance was done. The results of functional magnetic resonance were further compared with the results of group of healthy volunteers. Concerning clinic test, the results of the disordered patients have improved after the therapy. In functional magnetic resonance statistics the earlier start and change of a curve progress of brain activation was discovered, which portrays improving speed of processing information at multiple sclerosis disordered.

Rho GTPases and their regulators such as guanosine exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) represent an important class of molecules controlling dendritic spine plasticity. Although they are typically described as cytoskeletal modulators, roles for the GTPases in endocytosis and cell polarity establishment have also been defined. The neuronal proteins a1- and a2-chimaerins belong to a group of Rac and Cdc42 GAPs that inactivate these GTPases; in addition to a GAP domain, the a-chimaerins share a phosphokinase C (PKC)-like C1 domain but have distinct N-terminal domains (NTDs). My project has explored the importance of specific domains of a1-chimaerin both in induction of a morphological cellular protrusion collapse phenotype ('circularisation') and in interactions with partner proteins that may help to explain the phenotype. The results described in my thesis show that a1-chimaerin possesses a previously undescribed C-terminal domain (CTD) that is indispensable for the ability of the protein to induce collapse of protrusions, and consequent circularisation, in various cell types; moreover, an intact CTD is also important for association of a1-chimaerin with its known effector EphA4, and potentially with other undefined membrane proteins, in a C1-domain- dependent manner. In addition, my results show that a1-chimaerin associates via its NTD with the Src kinase Fyn, and via its C1 domain with the NR2A subunit of the NMDA receptor. Further experiments explored a1-chimaerin effects on EphA4 and NMDA receptor cell surface expression, as well as binding to other putative partners - including the adaptor protein p35 and the polarity protein PAR6. Finally, I have shown that inhibition of a pathway involving the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) reverts circularisation induced by a1- chimaerin, and that a blocking peptide based on the CTD may be employed to partially counteract the phenotype. These results uncover a novel domain in a1-chimaerin that may have a crucial importance for the induction of cellular process collapse by a1-chimaerin with a potential relevance to the EphA4-induced dendritic spine retraction, EphA4 receptor endocytosis, and cell surface expression of NR2A-containing NMDA receptors. This suggests a model of a multi-protein signalling complex involving a1-chimaerin that coordinates cellular process remodelling, and that is likely to be important both for adult neuronal circuit plasticity and for neurodegenerative diseases.

The diploma thesis is focused on technical excursions in Sedlčany and their implementation in education at the first level of elementary schools. The theoretical part describes the learning and its life meaning, including the development of the child's thinking with the theory of learning process. It also deals with the technique in the life of contemporary person and his influence on the development of the personality of the child. It focuses on the place of work education at the first level and its aims. It deals with teaching methods, their classification and provides an overview of some activating teaching methods. It defines the excursion and analyzes it didactically. It deals with primary technical litteracy. It characterizes selected technical monuments and sites for excursion. The practical part consists of six suggestions of technical excursions, which can be realized in the teaching of pupils at the first level of elementary schools. The part is the evaluated questionnaire on the effectiveness of the excursions between the first grade teachers. In addition, more general recommendations for applying original excursions in the primary education.

This thesis deals with enviromental education in CHKO Třeboňsko. The aim of thesis is to create educational materials, that... Educational materials are intended for pupils of 6th and 7th grade of elementary schools. The author uses activating teaching methods such as games and competitons. In theoretical part are defined curricular documents aimed to cross sectional theme of enviromental education. Furthermore the author deals with the protection of nature and landscape and the characteristics of the territory of Třeboň. The practical part contains teaching materials for teachers, which the author designed and realized with pupils. Educational materials include ecosystem pond, forest, meadow, river, peat bog and sandpit.