Thermoacoustic instability is of fundamental and applied interest in both scientific research and practical applications. This study aims to explore several very important sub-aspects in this field and contribute to a better understanding of thermoacoustic instability as encountered in typical gas turbines and rocket engines. Atomization has been recognized as a key mechanism in driving applied thermoacoustic instability. In this regard, this study mainly focuses on the atomization process relevant for delineation of thermoacoustic instability, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the effect of acoustics on primary and secondary atomization. Firstly, a tree-based adaptive solver and VOF method are employed to simulate the jet primary atomization. The code is validated by theoretical, numerical and experimental results to demonstrate its capability and accuracy in terms of atomization in both low-speed and high-speed regime. Perturbation frequency and amplitude have shown to affect the atomization significantly. Besides, the effect of acoustic forcing on liquid ligament has also been numerically investigated. A volume source term is introduced to extend the solver to model the compressible effects in the presence of acoustic forcing. The influence of acoustic wave number, amplitude and frequency has been examined in detail. In terms of modelling the thermoacoustic instability, bifurcation analysis is carried out for a time-delayed thermoacoustic system using the Method of Line approach. Good predictions have been obtained to capture the nonlinear behaviors inherent in the system. Moreover, model-based simulation and control of thermoacoustic instability have been conducted. A low-order wave-based network model for acoustics is coupled with nonlinear flame describing function to predict the nonlinear instability characteristics in both frequency and time domain. Furthermore, active feedback control is implemented. Two different controllers have been designed to eliminate the thermoacoustic instability to an acceptably low level and may be employed in a practical manner.

[pt] Neste trabalho estuda-se uma estratégia para o controle ativo não-linear de estruturas flexíveis submetidas a carregamentos dinâmicos. O algoritmo de controle é deduzido com base na teoria de controle ótimo não-linear com realimentação de estado, utilizando uma representação tensorial. Desenvolve-se as equações polinomiais de controle para diferentes ordens, partindo-se do controle linear clássico até um controle não-linear de quinta ordem. A estratégia é particularizada para aplicação em sistemas com um grau de liberdade que apresentem não-linearidades quadráticas e cúbicas, que podem representar, de forma aproximada, a maioria dos elementos estruturais encontrados nas Engenharias Civil e Mecânica, tais como vigas, arcos, placas e cascas. Determina-se analiticamente os coeficientes de ganhos até a terceira ordem, e utiliza-se os mesmos para estudar o feito das forças de controle sobre a não- linearidade e estabilidade do sistema. Vários exemplos numéricos de aplicação são apresentados, utilizando-se diferentes tipos de excitação. Uma atenção especial é dedicada a sistemas caracterizados pela coexistência de dois vales potenciais, um deles correspondente a uma posição de equilíbrio pós- flambagem. A influência do sistema de controle sobre a carga de escape é estudada. O efeito do retardo na aplicação das forças de controle é analisado tanto numericamente como analiticamente, utilizando-se o método das múltiplas escalas para desenvolver expressões que permitem encontrar situações críticas de retardo. Como exemplo de aplicação prática, estuda-se o problema de uma viga flambada submetida a um carregamento dinâmico lateral. / [en] The present thesis studies a strategy for the active non- linear control of dynamically loaded flexible structures. The control method is based on the non-linear optimal control theory using state feedback and the solution of the non-linear optimal control problem is obtained by representing system non-linearities and performance indices by power series with the help of algebraic tensor theory. General polynomial representations of the non-linear control law are obtained up to the fifth order. This methodology is applied to systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, capable of representing most of the elements usually used in civil and mechanical engineering structures, such as beams, plates, shells and arcs. Control gains up to the third order are analytically derived and the effect of the control forces on the system is studied. Special emphasis is placed on systems susceptible to chaotic vibrations, escape from a potential well and dynamic jumps. Several examples are provided to illustrate the control approach. Strongly nonlinear systems subjected to free vibration, simple harmonic excitations, impact and ground acceleration are tested. The variation of the dynamic buckling load with the degree of the control algorithms is studied for the problem of structures with two potential wells, one of them corresponding to a post-buckling equilibrium position. The effect of time delay on controlled systems is studied analytically and numerically. The studied methodology is also applied to control the oscillations of simply supported buckled beams, in order to mitigate the effects of dynamic loading on the vibration amplitudes and prevent dangerous instability phenomena. / [es] En este trabajo estudia se una estrategia para el control activo no-lineal de extructuras flexibles sometidas la cargas dinámicas. EL algoritmo de control es deduzido con base en la teoría de control ótimo no lineal con realimentación de estado, utilizando una representación tensorial. Se dearrollan las ecuaciones polinomiales de control para diferentes órdenes, desde el control lineal clásico hasta el control no lineal de quinta orden. Se particulariza la estrategia para la aplicación en sistemas con un grado de liberdad que presenten no linealidades cuadráticas y cúbicas, que pueden representar, de forma aproximada, la mayoría de los elementos extructurales encontrados en las Ingenierías Civil y Mecánica, tales como vigas, arcos y placas. Se determinan analiticamente los coeficientes de ganancias hasta tercer orden, y se utilizan los mismos para estudiar las fuerzas de control sobre la no linealidad y estabilidad del sistema. Varios ejemplos numéricos de aplicación son presentados, utilizando diferentes tipos de excitación. Atención especial se le dedica a los sistemas caracterizados por la coexistencia de dos vales potenciales, uno de ellos correspondiendo a una posición de equilibrio posflameado. Se estudia también la influencia del sistema de control sobre la carga de escape. EL efecto de retardo en la aplicación de las fuerzas de control se anlaiza tanto numérica como analíticamente, utilizando el método de las múltiples escalas para dearrollar expresiones que permiten encontrar situaciones críticas de retardo. Como ejemplo de aplicación práctica, se estudia el problema de una viga flameada sometida a una carga dinámica lateral.

Submitted by THIAGO GALBIATI LAGOIN null (thiagolagoin@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-26T18:00:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lagoin_tg_dr_ilha.pdf: 10803891 bytes, checksum: 11fc5487a11d931ddaa2432fe578288e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-31T18:40:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lagoin_tg_dr_ilha.pdf: 10803891 bytes, checksum: 11fc5487a11d931ddaa2432fe578288e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T18:40:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lagoin_tg_dr_ilha.pdf: 10803891 bytes, checksum: 11fc5487a11d931ddaa2432fe578288e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-28 / Fluidos magnetoreológicos (MR) são fluidos capazes de alterar suas propriedades reológicas quando um campo magnético é aplicado sobre ele. Uma das aplicações mais importantes do fluido MR é em amortecedores de vibrações, utilizados principalmente na construção civil, veículos automotivos e outros sistemas mecânicos sujeitos a excitações que provocam vibrações indesejáveis. Na indústria automobilística, atualmente a tecnologia dos amortecedores que utilizam fluido MR vem se destacando como uma solução que pode trazer benefícios de conforto e segurança aos usuários de veículos em geral. Este trabalho discute a modelagem não-linear de um veículo que considera a dinâmica vertical, lateral e longitudinal, simulado em diferentes condições de condução que buscam avaliar o conforto, a aderência à estrada, a dirigibilidade, a rolagem e a deflexão da suspensão. Pretende, também, contribuir com a área de controle de vibrações em suspensões veiculares que utilizam amortecedores MR, avaliando o desempenho dos controladores ótimo (LQR), nebuloso e FEB (Frequency-Estimation-Based ) projetados em 1/4 de veículo e aplicados ao modelo não-linear do veículo. O trabalho termina comentando as potencialidades da metodologia apresentada, discutindo as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas na sua implementação e aponta propostas para a sua continuidade. / Magnetorheological fluids (MR) are capable of changing their rheological properties when a magnetic field is applied. One of the most important applications of the MR fluid is in vibration dampers, mainly used in construction, automobiles and other mechanical systems subjected to excitations that cause unwanted vibrations. In the automotive industry, nowadays the technology of dampers using MR fluid has emerged as a solution which can bring benefits of comfort and safety to overall vehicle users. This work discusses the non-linear modeling of a vehicle which considers the vertical, lateral and longitudinal dynamics, simulated in different driving conditions aiming evaluate the comfort, the road holding, the handling, the roll and the suspension deflection. It also aims to contribute to the field of vibration control in vehicular suspensions that use magnetoreological dampers, evaluating the performance of controllers optimal (LQR), fuzzy and FEB (Frequency-Estimation-Based ) designed in 1/4 of vehicle and applied to the non-linear model of the vehicle. This work is concluded presenting the potentialities of the design methodology proposed and future developments to be implemented.

Orientador: Vicente Lopes Júnior / Banca: Gilberto Pechoto de Melo / Banca: Carlos Alberto Bavastri / Resumo: Neste trabalho é discutida a aplicação do controle ativo para atenuação de vibrações mecânicas em estruturas flexíveis. Como atuadores são utilizados os materiais piezelétricos, também conhecidos como materiais inteligentes. O projeto do controlador por realimentação de estados é desenvolvido utilizando a otimização H com restrições de projeto e, a solução matemática do problema é feita através de otimização convexa envolvendo Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares (LMIs). Os estados utilizados para realimentar o sistema são estimados por um observador. Para modelar a estrutura a ser controlada, duas técnicas de identificação experimental são aplicadas: o Algoritmo de Realização de Autosistemas e a Exponencial Complexa. A aquisição dos dados para o processo de identificação é feita para uma limitada faixa de freqüência, apenas para os primeiros modos de vibrar. Os exemplos de aplicação experimental são feitos em uma estrutura do tipo placa e em uma estrutura do tipo treliça. A robustez do projeto do controlador é garantida pelos diferentes métodos e procedimentos de identificação do sistema, obtendo-se mais de um modelo. / Abstract: In this work is discussed the application of active control to attenuation of mechanical vibrations in flexible structures. Piezoelectric materials are used as actuators, also known as smart materials. The controller design by state feedback is developed using the H optimization with project restrictions, where the mathematical solution of the problem is done by convex optimization involving Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). The states used to feedback the system are estimated by an observer. Two experimental identification approaches are applied, in order to find the mathematical model of the structure: the Eigensysten Realization Algorithm and Complex Exponential. The data acquisition for the identification process is done in a limited frequency band, only including the first vibration modes. The examples of experimental application are done in two kinds of structures: plate and truss structures. The robustness of the controller design is guaranteed by different methods and procedures of identification of the system obtaining more than one model. / Mestre

[pt] Inicialmente apresenta-se uma revisão sobre diversos tópicos relacionados com o controle ativo de ruído em dutos. Entre elas abordam-se algumas configurações acústico/geométricas conhecidas e analisam-se as possibilidades e limitações próprias do sistema adotado (monopolo acústico). Apresentam-se também uma revisão de algumas das descrições do sistema através de diagramas de blocos e alguns métodos para se determinar as características do controlador. Posteriamente, juntamente ao estudo de uma técnica de identificação paramétrica, faz- se uma análise sobre a utilização de ponderação (no domínio da freqüência ) aplicada durante o processo de identificação. Como resultado deste estudo, propõe-se um novo processo para se determinar os parâmetros do controlador. Discute-se a aplicação de controle adaptativo no controle de ruído em dutos e desenvolve-se também um algoritmo LMS-IIR para esta finalidade. Finalmente, determina-se através de experimentos e de técnicas de identificação, os parâmetros dos controladores para atuar sobre ruídos de faixa ampla e avalia-se o desempenho dos controladores determinados. / [en] Firstly it is presented a review of many topics related to active noise control in ducts. Some know acoustic/geometric configurations are included in the study, followed by the analysis of the capabilities and limitations intrinsic to the system (acoustic monopole). It is also presented a review of some representation of the system in block diagrams and of the related methods to find the controller characteristics. A parametric identification technique is applied to the case study, followed by the use of weighting in the frequency domain as part of the identification process. As a result of this study it is suggested a new method to find the controller parameters. The discussion on the application of adaptative control to noise attenuation in ducts is supported by a suggested LMS-IIR algorithm. Finally, experimentation and identification techniques are used to determine the controllers parameters for broadband noise. Their performance is also evaluated.

Depuis des siècles nous utilisons des véhicules équipés des systèmes de suspension de vibrations. Ils permettent d'avoir un confort acceptable et ajoutent de la sécurité à la conduite. Les nouveaux systèmes installés dans les véhicules sont des systèmes actifs. Ils peuvent être adaptés selon les exigences en temps réel. Ces types de systèmes sont utilisés pour l'amortissement de vibrations et pour l’isolation vibro-acoustique. Dans la thèse nous présentons une nouvelle approche d'un système adaptatif pour les applications automobiles. Nous faisons l'hypothèse qu’un portage d'un système centralisé en système distribué peut améliorer son efficacité. Nous proposons un réseau de capteurs sans fil pour l’amortissement de vibrations dans les applications automobiles. Un capteur du réseau est capable de mesurer des vibrations, d’amortir des vibrations et de récupérer l’énergie depuis les vibrations en utilisant un seul élément piézoélectrique (la méthode Serial-SSHI). Ensuite nous validons le réseau de capteurs sur une structure mécanique de type plaque. Les mesures sont comparées avec des simulations d’éléments finis. Les résultats des mesures et des simulations confirment le choix des solutions. Le nœud du réseau fournit ses fonctionnalités destinées avec une efficacité acceptable. Nous validons la récupération d’énergie depuis les vibrations et la mesure des vibrations. Ensuite nous validons un effet local d’amortissement de vibrations et un effet global (le réseau de capteurs permet d’avoir une action d’amortissement complémentaire). / For centuries we have used vehicles equipped with the vibration suspension systems. These systems are used to provide comfort and safety. Nowadays we are implementing the active systems which can be adapted according to the real-time requirements. These types of systems are used to damp vibrations and to provide noise and vibration insulation. In the thesis we present a new approach of an adaptive system for automotive applications. We assume that a porting of a centralized system in a distributed system can improve its effectiveness. We offer a wireless sensor network for damping vibration in automotive applications. A network sensor is able to measure the vibrations, damp the vibrations and energy harvesting from vibrations by using a single piezoelectric element (Serial-SSHI method). We validate the network of nodes on a mechanical structure. The measurements are compared with finite element simulations. The results of measurements and simulations confirm the choice of solutions. The network node provides designed functionality with acceptable efficiency. We also validate the energy harvesting and the vibration measurements. The outcome of the work confirm a local effect of vibrations damping and a global effect (the designed Wireless Sensor Network provides a supplementary damping action).

Cette thèse concerne le développement d’outils de conception nécessaires à la réalisation de matériaux composites hybrides intégrant des patchs piézoélectriques shuntés électriquement par des circuits à capacité négative. L’impact des incertitudes sur les performances de ces systèmes hybrides innovants est à ce jour inconnu ou mal maîtrisé, ce qui peut compromettre leur fiabilité et nuire à leur applicabilité industrielle. La première contribution du travail de thèse a ainsi porté sur le développement et la caractérisation d’un circuit de shunt numérique adapté à un contrôle adaptatif pour une structure équipée d’un grand nombre de patchs. Les étapes de dimensionnement et de conception électronique du dispositif sont présentées et ont conduit à un prototype qui a montré expérimentalement sa capacité à générer un shunt de type capacité négative. La deuxième contribution du travail de thèse porte sur l’analyse de la robustesse de ces dispositifs en considérant le système dans sa globalité, depuis les paramètres géométriques (dimensions) ou matériaux jusqu’aux paramètres électriques. Une analyse des paramètres les plus influents est proposée et conduit à une mise en évidence des plages d’incertitudes tolérables pour une efficacité donnée. Enfin l’association des dispositifs considérés en un réseau distribué permet d’envisager une meilleure réduction des vibrations ou ondes acoustiques par un accroissement notamment de la largeur de bande fréquentielle dans laquelle le système est efficace. Le circuit numérique développé dans la thèse permet d’envisager cette extension au caractère distribué par sa miniaturisation, son adaptabilité et son intégrabilité. La dernière contribution du travail de thèse porte donc sur des perspectives d’extension du travail développé à un système distribué pour la génération d’une inter face active intégrée à la structure. / This thesis deals with the development of design tools needed for the realization of hybridcomposite materials incorporating piezoelectric patches electrically shunted by negativecapacitance circuits. The impact of uncertainty on the performance of these innovative hybridsystems is yet unknown or poorly controlled, which can compromise their reliability and harmtheir industrial applicability. The first thesis contribution has focused on the development andcharacterization of a digital shunt circuit adapted to an adaptive control for a structureequipped with a large number of patches. The design steps and electronic device design arepresented and led to a prototype that has shown experimentally its ability to implement anegative capacitance shunt. The second contribution of the thesis is the analysis of therobustness of these devices by considering the whole system, from geometric to materialsparameters, including the electrical parameters. An analysis of the most significantparameters is proposed and has highlighted the tolerable uncertainty ranges for a givenefficiency. Finally, the combination of the developed digital devices inside a distributednetwork provides a better reduction of acoustic waves or vibrations by increasing theefficiency bandwidth. The use of the developed digital circuit in such distributed systems hasbeen made possible by its miniaturization, adaptability and integrability. The last contributionof the thesis therefore focuses on prospects in fully integrated active interfaces.

Le contrôle actif a souvent été considéré pour la maîtrise du bruit basse fréquence rayonné par les panneaux d’habillage dans les cabines des avions et hélicoptères. Ces panneaux sont classiquement réalisés en matériaux sandwich nid d’abeille (nida), du fait de leur très bon rapport résistance/masse. La mise en œuvre des techniques de contrôle actif sur des panneaux de type nida n’a pas toujours donné des résultats à la hauteur des attentes. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse introduit un modèle coque/volume/coque (SVS) de panneau nida équipé de pastilles piézoélectriques, valide ce modèle expérimentalement et propose une analyse des limitations de performance du contrôle actif. Pour la modélisation des panneaux nida, la principale difficulté est d’estimer les propriétés effectives d’un matériau homogène équivalent au cœur. On introduit une procédure d’homogénéisation numérique à partir d’un modèle 3D très détaillé de la structure du nida. Cette procédure est basée sur la corrélation des modes périodiques du modèle 3D et du modèle SVS. L’utilisation de modes périodiques permet l’analyse détaillée de l’influence des constituants dans le comportement vibratoire du nida, en particulier de la couche de colle et des peaux du sandwich. Des essais vibratoires mettent en évidence les effets viscoélastiques présents pour les nida à base de papier Nomex. Ces effets sont pris en compte dans le modèle SVS en utilisant des paramètres élastiques dépendant de la fréquence. On intègre ensuite des actionneurs et capteurs piézoélectriques au modèle de panneau nida validé. Différentes stratégies pour l’intégration du modèle proposé dans un processus de conception sont discutées. On montre enfin que la réponse statique à une tension électrique correspond à une cloque, flexion très localisée des peaux plutôt que flexion globale du panneau. Il en résulte une mauvaise performance des actionneurs. Cet effet local est retrouvé sur un modèle de panneau d’habillage réaliste étudié à l’ONERA. / Active control has often been considered for low frequency control of noise radiated by trim panels inside aircraft or helicopter cabins. Trim panels are usually made of honeycomb core sandwich because of their high strength to mass ratio. Active control techniques applied to honeycomb panel have not always given results as good as expected and this thesis aims to understand these limitations based on validated mechanical models of the active panels. For the modeling of honeycomb panels, the main difficulty is to estimate equivalent properties for the core. A numerical homogenization procedure is introduced to estimate effective parameters of a shell/volume/shell model based on the correlation with periodic modes of a detailed 3D model. The use of periodic modes allows a detailed analysis of the influence of constituent properties, especially glue and skin. Tests show that the considered Nomex based honeycomb has significantly viscoelastic behavior. In the model, the viscoelastic behavior of the core is taken into account by a frequency dependence of material parameters. Piezoelectric actuators and sensors are included in the validated honeycomb model. Strategies for integration in a numerical design process are discussed. Finally, the static response to an applied voltage is shown to correspond to a blister shape with local bending of the skin rather than global bending of the panel. This behavior results in poor actuator performance, which is also found in a realistic panel configuration studied at ONERA.

Wind tunnel studies of the wake behind a model wind turbine have been made in order to get a better understanding of wake development as well as the possibility to predict the power output from downstream turbines working in the wake of an upstream one. Both two-component hot-wire anemometry as well as particle image velocimetry (PIV) have been used to map the flow field. All three velocity components were measured both for the turbine rotor normal to the oncoming flow as well as with the turbine inclined to the free stream direction (the yaw angle was varied from 0 to 30 degrees). The measurements showed, as expected, a wake rotation in the opposite direction to that of the turbine. A yawed turbine is found to clearly deflect the wake flow to the side showing the potential of controlling the wake position by yawing the turbine. The power output of a yawed turbine was found to vary nearly as the square of the cosine of the yaw angle. The possibility to use active wake control by yawing an upstream turbine was evaluated and was shown to have a potential to increase the power output significantly for certain configurations. An unexpected feature of the flow was that spectra from the time signals showed the appearance of a low frequency fluctuation both in the wake and in the flow outside. This fluctuation was found both with and without free stream turbulence and also with a yawed turbine. The non-dimensional frequency (Strouhal number) was independent of the free-stream velocity and turbulence level but increases with the yaw angle. However the low frequency fluctuations were only observed when the tip speed ratio (or equivalently the drag coefficient) was high. This is in agreement with the idea that the turbine shed structures as a bluff body. It is hypothesized that the observed meandering of wakes in field measurements is due to this shedding.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17883号 / 工博第3792号 / 新制||工||1580(附属図書館) / 30703 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 正愛, 教授 川瀬 博, 教授 竹脇 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM