京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第22649号 / 社医博第109号 / 新制||社医||11(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 川上 浩司, 教授 伊達 洋至 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a severe pulmonary infection that has been identified in multiple outbreaks around the world after emerging from mainland China in early 2003, The syndrome is caused by SARS-associated coronavirus, a novel human infection. SARS-associated coronavirus is spread by multiple mechanisms, including direct contact and large-droplet aerosolization, and may be spread by droplet nuclei as well. Clinical disease is characterized by fever, dry cough, interstitial infiltrates, and variable progression to respiratory failure, No treatment has clearly been shown to be effective. Aggressive infection control measures to prevent viral spread are key to outbreak management.

The close proximity of the United States to the Mexican border poses a concern for communicable diseases because of the high flow of population movement. The purpose of this retrospective, quantitative study was to identify risks associated with respiratory diseases using an analysis of archived data from the Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) surveillance program. Based on the epidemiologic triangle theory, demographic and etiologic factors were analyzed to examine any associations with SARI in this population. Between 2010 and 2012, 798 subjects enrolled in this program, with 336 (42.1%) testing positive for respiratory pathogens. Chi square analysis determined that age (X2 (4, N = 786) = 255.361, p < 0.001), clinic location (X2 (3, N = 780) = 290.841, p < 0.001), and race/ethnicity (X2 (4, N = 762) = 1456.701, p < 0.001) showed significant associations with SARI in the population. The logistic regression model showed that the youngest age group (0-4) had the highest risk of developing SARI compared to other age groups (5-24 OR = 0.521, 95% CI [0.311-0.871]; 25-49 OR = 0.377, 95% CI [0.224-0.636]; 50-64 OR = 0.211, 95% CI [0.118-0.376]; >65 OR = 0.225, 95% CI [0.143-0.356]. African Americans were also at higher risk of developing SARI compared to Hispanic Americans (OR = 3.997, 95% CI [1.272-12.558]. This study promotes positive social change by informing efforts to increase vaccination and health literacy, improve the accessibility and availability of preventive health care in low socioeconomic communities, and promote healthy lifestyles among at-risk groups. These steps will improve the overall health of the communities along the U.S.-Mexico border region.

Bakgrund   Svår akut respiratorisk sjukdom [SARS] var en ny typ av atypisk lunginflammation som orsakades av ett coronavirus som tidigare enbart var känt att smittade mellan djur. År 2002 muterade detta virus och började infektera människor. 2000-talets första epidemi drog igång och över 8000 personer konstaterades smittade. Många personer som smittades blev svårt sjuka och behövde söka vård på grund av andningssvårigheter och hypoxi.  Syfte  Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelser av att vårda personer med svår akut respiratorisk sjukdom på sjukhus. Metod Den valda metoden för detta arbete var en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt där 15 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades. Artiklarna som användes var både kvalitativa och kvantitativa och har kvalitetsgranskats med hjälp av Sophiahemmets Högskolas bedömningsunderlag. Insamling av artiklar har gjorts från databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsycINFO och analyserades med integrerad dataanalys.  Resultat Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskorna upplevde stor stress, rädsla och maktlöshet. Adekvat skyddsutrustning och kunskap om smittan saknades. Sjuksköterskorna hamnade i en situation där de var tvungna att välja att antingen stanna kvar i sin profession eller leta efter arbete med mindre yrkesrisker. Många valde att stanna, detta för att de insåg att det inte fanns någon annan som kunde ta hand om dessa personer. Slutsats Trots de psykiska påfrestningarna som drabbade sjuksköterskorna kunde de med stöd av varandra ta sig igenom epidemin. Många kände att de växte i sin roll som sjuksköterska och kunde ta med sig nya lärdomar inför framtiden. Dock kunde stora brister uppdagas i sjukvården och dessa kunskapsluckor behöver fyllas med lärdomar från tidigare epidemier och pandemier inför framtida utbrott. / Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome was a new type of atypical pneumonia caused by a coronavirus that previously was known only to spread amongst animals. During late 2002 the virus mutated and started to infect people. The 21st century’s first epidemic began and over 8000 people were confirmed infected with the new disease. A lot of people became severely ill and had to seek medical care due to breathing difficulties and hypoxia. Aim The purpose was to shed light on the nurse's experiences of caring for persons with severe acute respiratory syndrome in hospitals. Method The chosen method for this paper was a non-systematic literature review in which 15 scientific articles were included. The articles included were both qualitative and quantitative and were quality reviewed with the help of Sophiahemmets University’s assessment tool. The articles were collected using the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO and analyzed with an integrated data analysis. Results The results show that nurses experienced a high level of stress, fear and powerlessness. There was a lack of adequate protective equipment and knowledge about the disease. The nurses were forced to choose, either to stay in their profession or search for a different occupation with less risk of getting infected. A lot of nurses chose to stay, they realized that there were no one else who could take care of the patients.  Conclusions Despite the psychological symptoms that affected the nurses, they realized that they could get through the epidemic with the support of each other. Many nurses felt a growth in their profession and could bring a lot of new knowledge with them for the future. A lack of knowledge was discovered in the healthcare system and there are a lot off lessons to be learned for future epidemic and pandemic outbreaks.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is in the center of the scientific debate both for its complex pathophysiology and for the discussion about the remedies that could contribute to its healing. The intricate interplay of different body systems that characterizes ARDS is mirrored by two main research threads, one centered on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and the other on the new approaches to lung imaging. In this Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine are presented studies using imaging technologies based on electrical impedance tomography, synchrotron radiation computed tomography and intravital probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy. The studies on the pathophysiological mechanisms pertain to the evaluation of the biomarkers of the disease and the platelet disfunction during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. These contributions witness the intensity of ARDS research as many of the key problems of the disease are only in part resolved.

Enteral nutrition (EN) is often delayed in critically ill patients despite strong evidence to support that early enteral nutrition feeding is beneficial in this population. Adverse outcomes in critically ill patients in which nutrition is delayed include a longer length of stay and time on the ventilator, and a higher incidence of pneumonia and hospital mortality. The purpose of this literature review was to evaluate the current evidence regarding trophic enteral feeds in mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury (ALI) and associated clinical outcomes. A retrospective literature review was performed to identify articles published on the topic of trophic feeds in mechanically ventilated adult patients with ALI/ARDS, with a focus on associated clinical outcomes. The studies included in this literature review indicated that the dose and timing of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients with ARDS/ALI had an effect on clinical outcomes. It is possible that additional variables such as the level of organ dysfunction and varying definitions for trophic enteral nutrition also influenced clinical outcomes. The United States (U.S.) and Canadian guidelines for nutrition supportrecommend either trophic or full EN for patients with ARDS/ALI on the basis that these two feeding strategies have similar patient outcomes over the first week of hospitalization. After reviewing the literature, we conclude that caution is warranted when following this recommendation. Regressions suggest full calorie enteral nutrition administered early in the course of critical illness significantly increased the odds of mortality, whereas full calorie enteral nutrition administered later reduced the odds of mortality.

No description available.

Einleitung: Trotz jahrzehntelanger Forschung bleibt die lungenprotektive Beatmung bei Menschen mit Lungenkontusion und daraus resultierendem ARDS ein kontrovers diskutiertes Thema. Als bisheriger Goldstandard gilt das ARDSnet Protokoll. Es zeichnet sich durch ein niedriges Tidavolumen (6ml/kg), einen maximal zu erreichenden Plateaudruck von 30cmH2O und tabellarisch festgelegten Kombinationen von Positivem Endexspiratorischen Druck (PEEP) und Inspiratorischer Sauerstoffkonzentration (FiO2) aus. Die Generierung einer akzeptablen Oxygenierung bei minimaler Volu- und Barotraumabelastung ist das Ziel. Im Gegensatz dazu steht das OPEN LUNG Konzept (OLC), bei welchem zu Beginn der Therapie ein Rekrutierungsmanöver zum Öffnen aller Alveolen durchgeführt wird. Anschließend erfolgt die Beatmung mit titriertem, hohem PEEP Niveau, sodass die Lunge offen gehalten werden kann. Tidalvolumen und Sauerstoffpartialdruck werden so gering wie möglich eingestellt. Ziele der Arbeit: Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, auf histologischer Basis zu evaluieren, ob es einen beatmungsassoziierten Unterschied der Lungenschädigung nach experimentell erfolgtem Thoraxtrauma am Modell Schwein gibt. Darüber hinaus sollten als zweites Ziel dieser Arbeit zwei histologische Analysemethoden in ihrer Anwendbarkeit überprüft und miteinander verglichen werden. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Als Versuchstiere gingen 17 weibliche, 10-12 Wochen alte Schweine der Deutschen Landrasse in den Versuch ein. Nach experimentell induziertem Thoraxtrauma (Fallrohr-assoziiert) wurden die Tiere in zwei Beatmungsgruppen randomisiert und über 24 Stunden nach ARDSnet oder OLC Protokoll beatmet. Nach erfolgter Euthanasie der Tiere am Ende des Versuches wurden Lungenproben aus insgesamt 9 Arealen der Lobi caudales (rechts dorsal, rechts medial, rechts ventral, rechts Kontusion, rechts Randkontusion, links dorsal, links medial, links ventral und links Contre Coup) gewonnen und fixiert. Als Analysemethoden standen der DAD Score (semiquantitative Analyse) und ein für diese Arbeit entwickelter Grid Score, der an Hand eines Punktegrids die Auswertung der Präparate erweitern und verfeinern sollte, zur Verfügung. Die statistische Auswertung des Datenpools erfolgte durch die Anwendung des Kolmororov-Smirnov-Tests, gefolgt von dem Mann-Whitney-U-Test (p<0,05). Für die Analyse der Interobserver- und Intraobserver-Übereinstimmung wurde die Bland-Altman-Methode genutzt. Ergebnisse: Es konnte ein klarer Unterschied im histologischen Schädigungsbild zwischen den Beatmungskonzepten OLC und ARDSnet in beiden Analysemethoden detektiert werden. Dieser beschränkte sich auf den Bereich „rechts dorsal“. In allen Kriterien des DAD Scores (intraalveoläres Ödem, Hämorrhagie und Inflammation) zeigte sich ein signifikant geringeres Schädigungsbild der Lunge im OLC verglichen mit dem ARDSnet Protokoll (Mittelwerte der Scoringpunkte für intraalveoläres Ödem: 1,2 im OLC und 4,2 im ARDSnet; Hämorrhagie: 1,2 im OLC und 3,3 im ARDSnet; Inflammation: 3,3 im OLC und 7,5 im ARDSnet). In der Grid Score Methode wurde diese Aussage bei den Kriterien „Luft“ (51,2% im OLC und 17,9% im ARDSnet), „Zellen“ (24,6% im OLC und 41,2% im ARDSnet), „Blut“ (1,9% im OLC und 12,5% im ARDSnet), „Ödem-Blut-Gemisch“ (2% im OLC und 9% im ARDSnet) und „Gewebe gesamt“ (48,8% im OLC und 82,1% im ARDSnet) bestätigt. Das Kriterium „Hyaline Membran“ wurde im OLC signifikant häufiger ermittelt (0,9% im OLC und 0,3% im ARDSnet). Im Kriterium „Ödem“ des Grid Scores konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen beiden Beatmungskonzepten evaluiert werden (19,6% im OLC und 19,3% im ARDSnet). Schlussfolgerung: Der histologisch sichtbare Lungenschaden nach Thoraxtrauma ist nach 24 Stunden OLC-Beatmung signifikant geringer als mit ARDSnet-Beatmung. Damit bietet das OLC die bessere Möglichkeit zur Regeneration. Da sekundäre Schäden bis hin zum Multiorganversagen auf ein Thoraxtrauma folgen können, sollte in weiteren Untersuchungen zusätzlich die Reaktion des gesamten Körpers verglichen werden. In Abhängigkeit des Schädigungsmusters ist dann eine entsprechende intensivmedizinische Behandlung zu wählen. Im Vergleich der Scoringmethoden kann zusammengefasst werden, dass beide Methoden durchaus die histologischen Unterschiede des Lungenschadens beider Beatmungskonzepte quantifizieren konnten, allerdings Vor- und Nachteile bergen. Deutlich wurde im Verlauf der Untersuchungen, dass in der Grid Score Methode einzelne Kriterien genauer definiert werden müssen. Generell verspricht die Grid Score Methode jedoch einen erheblichen Informationszuwachs im Vergleich zum DAD Score.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 2 Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Anatomie und Physiologie der Lunge 2 2.1.1 Makroskopischer Aufbau und Funktion 2 2.1.2 Histologie des Alveolarraumes 3 2.2 Thoraxtrauma und Lungenkontusion 5 2.2.1 Lungenkontusion 5 2.2.1.1 Definition und Charakter der Lungenkontusion 5 2.2.1.2 Geschichtlicher Hintergrund der Forschung zur Lungenkontusion 6 2.2.1.3 Modellmöglichkeiten zur Nachstellung einer Lungenkontusion in der Forschung 6 2.2.2 Thoraxtrauma und Lungenkontusion in der Tiermedizin- Vorkommen, Häufigkeit und Ursachen 7 2.3 Diffuse Alveolar Damage und Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome- Definition und histologischer Hintergrund 9 2.3.1 Diffuse Alveolar Damage 9 2.3.2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 10 2.4 Therapiekonzepte einer Lungenkontusion 12 2.4.1 Das ARDS Netzwerk Protokoll 12 2.4.2 Das Open Lung Concept 13 2.4.3 Beatmungsassoziierte Schäden- VALI/VILI 14 2.4.4 Behandlung einer Lungenkontusion in der Tiermedizin 16 2.5 Histologische Analysen pulmonaler Schädigung 17 2.5.1 Der Diffuse Alveolar Damage Score 17 2.5.2 Der Grid Score zur Quantifizierung histologischer Veränderungen des Lungenparenchyms 19 3 Tiere, Material und Methoden 20 3.1 Versuchstiere 20 3.2 Versuchsablauf 21 3.2.1 Prämedikation und Instrumentierung 22 3.2.2 Ablauf aller Messmanöver eines Messzeitpunktes 25 3.2.3 Thoraxkontusion und Prähospitale Phase 27 3.2.4 Randomisierung und Einstellung der Beatmung 29 3.2.5 Euthanasie des Tieres und Probenentnahme 30 3.2.5.1 Sektion des Versuchstieres 30 3.2.5.2 Probenentnahme 31 3.2.5.3 Probenentnahme aus der Lunge zur histologischen Auswertung – Fokus dieser Arbeit 31 3.3 Aufbereitung des Gewebes für die histologische Auswertung 32 3.3.1 Fixierung und Einbettung 32 3.3.2 Hämatoxylin-Eosin-Färbung 33 3.3.3 Mikroskopie und Digitalisierung der histologischen Präparate 34 3.4 Auswertung der histologischen Schnitte 34 3.4.1 Diffuse Alveolar Damage Score nach SPIETH et al. 2007 und 2011 34 3.4.2 Grid Score 35 3.4.3 Statistische Auswertung 38 4 Ergebnisse 39 4.1 DAD Score Übersicht 39 4.2 Grid Score Übersicht 40 4.3 Parallele Betrachtung des DAD und GRID Scores im dorsalen Bereich des Lobus caudalis dexter (RD) 42 4.4 Ergänzende Betrachtung des dorsalen Bereiches des Lobus caudalis dexter (RD) durch die Grid Score Methode 44 4.5 Ergebnisse der erweiterten Grid Score Methode 46 4.6 Gesamtübersicht des dorsalen Bereiches des Lobus caudalis dexter (RD) 47 4.7 Probleme der Grid Score Methode und Neubewertung der Vorgehensweise 48 4.8 Evaluierung der Scoringmethoden mittels Inter- und Intraobserververgleichen 51   4.9 Ergebnisse der Gebiete „Kontusion- rechte Lunge“, „Randkontusion- rechte Lunge“ und „Contre-Coup Bereich der linken Lunge“ 54 4.10 Entwicklung eines ARDS nach Berlin Definition in den unterschiedlichen Beatmungsgruppen 55 5 Diskussion 57 5.1 Vergleich der Beatmungskonzepte auf histologischer Ebene 57 5.2 Vergleich der Methoden DAD Score und Grid Score 66 6 Zusammenfassung 69 7 Summary 71 8 Literaturverzeichnis 73 9 Anhang 81 10 Danksagung 87

We have demonstrated that simvastatin and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) both attenuate increased vascular permeability in preclinical models of acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. As Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) serves as a critical regulator for cellular stress response in endothelial cells (EC), we hypothesized that simvastatin enhances endothelial barrier function via increasing expression of the barrier-promoting S1P receptor, S1PR1, via a KLF2-dependent mechanism. S1PR1 luciferase reporter promoter activity in human lung artery EC (HPAEC) was tested after simvastatin (5 mu M), and S1PR1 and KLF2 protein expression detected by immunoblotting. In vivo, transcription and expression of S1PR1 and KLF2 in mice lungs were detected by microarray profiling and immunoblotting after exposure to simvastatin (10 mg/kg). Endothelial barrier function was measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance with the S1PR1 agonist FTY720-(S)-phosphonate. Both S1PR1 and KLF2 gene expression (mRNA, protein) were significantly increased by simvastatin in vitro and in vivo. S1PR1 promoter activity was significantly increased by simvastatin (P < 0.05), which was significantly attenuated by KLF2 silencing (siRNA). Simvastatin induced KLF2 recruitment to the S1PR1 promoter, and consequently, significantly augmented the effects of the S1PR1 agonist on EC barrier enhancement (P < 0.05), which was significantly attenuated by KLF2 silencing (P < 0.05). These results suggest that simvastatin upregulates S1PR1 transcription and expression via the transcription factor KLF2, and consequently augments the effects of S1PR1 agonists on preserving vascular barrier integrity. These results may lead to novel combinatorial therapeutic strategies for lung inflammatory syndromes.

This thesis is about the politics and the possibilities of aetiology. Firstly, the possibilities. Does an infectious disease have one, single pathogenic cause or many, interacting causes? In the medical microbiological sciences, there is no definitive answer, one way or another, to this question: there, the conditions of aetiological possibility exist in a curious tension. Ever since the birth of the 'germ theory of disease' and the concomitant birth of the singular aetiological object, these conditions have allowed for the co-existence of a very different, and far less well understood kind of object: the multifactorial object. That SARS was caused by one, singular viral agent, a coronavirus (CoV), is now entrenched as microbiological fact. And yet, the curious thing about SARS is that the history of the 2003 outbreak is littered with moments at which the possibility of the multifactorial object presented itself to, and was actively considered by, medical microbiologists. So how did we get here - to SARS-CoV, an infectious disease that could be understood and storied in this, the most singular of ways? And what happened along the way to deny the multifactorial aetiological object any kind of existence at all? In an attempt to grapple with these questions, the thesis seeks to recover the possibility of the multifactorial object through a deep, ethnomethodological reading of the moments at which it flared up precise/y as a possibility for medical microbiologists investigating the outbreak. What emerges from that recovery operation is a sense that the multifactorial object was never actually ruled out or disproved in any way, but rather, was vanished. Put another way, the suggestion is that various medical microbiological practices and interventions, whilst establishing singularity, were serving, at the same time, to create an illusion of multifactorality's non-existence; an illusion behind which the issue of multifactorality, its possibility, could be discarded without ever having to be resolved, one way or the other. In the closing sections of this thesis a move is made towards suggesting that SARS-Co V, the singular disease, was the product of a choice-, a choice that was made to explore one aetiological possibility at the expense of another. And that is where the politics comes in. For if politics, the realm of the political, can be taken to arise in situations where various possibilities exist but not all possibilities can be chosen, then it follows that what this thesis provides is an opportunity to foreground the politics bound up with the practical doing of aetiology. As a result, and based on the experience of attempting to recover the vanished multifactorial object from the 2003 SARS outbreak, the thesis concludes with an attempt to inhabit the present in such a way as to make it possible to think, in a little more detail, about where aetiology, as understood by medical microbiologists, might be heading in the future: might recent shifts in practical, everyday, seemingly innocuous microbiological technique, have begun to make it easier to coax the multifactorial object out into a space of visibility? Might those shifts actually herald the crossing of an epistemological threshold in the medical sciences? And might the conditions of aetiological possibility be changing, and changing in ways that would drastically alter what it meant to speak of a 'disease', an 'infection' and a 'pathogen'?