<p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvården har och hur de upplever bemötandet av patienter med missbruksproblematik.</p><p>Metoden som användes var intervjustudie. Åtta sjuksköterskor intervjuades, varav 4 arbetade på akutmottagningen och 4 på ambulansen. Studien bestod av 6 öppna frågor samt frågor om ålder, kön och antal år som sjuksköterska.</p><p>Resultatet redovisades med 3 kategorier och 6 subkategorier. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av 7 kvinnor och 1 man.</p><p>Intervjupersonerna lyfte fram problemet med för lite utbildning om missbruk och hur mer utbildning skulle kunna tillgodoses. Deras upplevelser var att negativa erfarenheter och för lite kunskap inom området kunde leda till bemötanden som inte alltid blev så bra. Även förutfattade meningar och patienternas yttre inverkade till viss del på omvårdnaden som gavs. Samarbete med andra yrkesgrupper som möter missbrukare efterfrågades.</p><p>Studien visar på att mer utbildning inom detta område behövs, och förslag har getts på hur detta skulle kunna tillgodoses.</p> / <p>The purpose with this study was to describe what knowledge nurses working within the emergency treatment have, and how they experience the response of patients with problems of abuse. The method used was field survey. Eight nurses were interviewed, four of them worked at the emergency treatment and four worked in the ambulance.</p><p>The result was shown with three categories and six subcategories. The investigation group consisted of seven women and one man. The interviewees emphasized the problem with too little education about abuse and suggested how more education could be provided for. They experienced that negative experience and little knowledge within the area could lead to responses that were not always that good. Even prejudices and the patients appearance affected to some extent the given nursing. Co-operation with other occupational groups who meet addicts was asked for.</p><p>The study points out that more education within this area is needed and propositions have been made on how this could be provided for</p>

<p>The aim of this study was, with a theoretical approach, to examine women’s alcohol- and drug problems. Our questions at issues considered early debut, heredity and environment as well as which factors can explain women’s use of alcohol and drugs. This study is based on 5 international published articles, Swedish literature and reports and a minor questionnaire meant to be at help in our analysis of the material. We examine our material with the control theory, the social learning theory, the masculinity theory and developmental psychological theory. Research shows an increase in young women’s alcohol and drug abuse and possible reasons are increase of media exposure, changed gender roles, sexual abuse, stress and mental health problems and social marginalization. Our questionnaire shows similar results as earlier research. We found that peers and boyfriends influenced the women in our study in their early onset and that heredity and environment also is pertinent factors for developing abuse of drugs and alcohol. For the women in our study, there seems to be a lack of protective factors which researchers find important. On the contrary, there seemed to be several numbers of risk factors who could explain the women’s development of alcohol and drug abuse.</p><p>Keywords: Abuse, addict, adolescence, alcohol, drugs, drug misuse and women.</p>

Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvården har och hur de upplever bemötandet av patienter med missbruksproblematik. Metoden som användes var intervjustudie. Åtta sjuksköterskor intervjuades, varav 4 arbetade på akutmottagningen och 4 på ambulansen. Studien bestod av 6 öppna frågor samt frågor om ålder, kön och antal år som sjuksköterska. Resultatet redovisades med 3 kategorier och 6 subkategorier. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av 7 kvinnor och 1 man. Intervjupersonerna lyfte fram problemet med för lite utbildning om missbruk och hur mer utbildning skulle kunna tillgodoses. Deras upplevelser var att negativa erfarenheter och för lite kunskap inom området kunde leda till bemötanden som inte alltid blev så bra. Även förutfattade meningar och patienternas yttre inverkade till viss del på omvårdnaden som gavs. Samarbete med andra yrkesgrupper som möter missbrukare efterfrågades. Studien visar på att mer utbildning inom detta område behövs, och förslag har getts på hur detta skulle kunna tillgodoses. / The purpose with this study was to describe what knowledge nurses working within the emergency treatment have, and how they experience the response of patients with problems of abuse. The method used was field survey. Eight nurses were interviewed, four of them worked at the emergency treatment and four worked in the ambulance. The result was shown with three categories and six subcategories. The investigation group consisted of seven women and one man. The interviewees emphasized the problem with too little education about abuse and suggested how more education could be provided for. They experienced that negative experience and little knowledge within the area could lead to responses that were not always that good. Even prejudices and the patients appearance affected to some extent the given nursing. Co-operation with other occupational groups who meet addicts was asked for. The study points out that more education within this area is needed and propositions have been made on how this could be provided for

The aim of this study was, with a theoretical approach, to examine women’s alcohol- and drug problems. Our questions at issues considered early debut, heredity and environment as well as which factors can explain women’s use of alcohol and drugs. This study is based on 5 international published articles, Swedish literature and reports and a minor questionnaire meant to be at help in our analysis of the material. We examine our material with the control theory, the social learning theory, the masculinity theory and developmental psychological theory. Research shows an increase in young women’s alcohol and drug abuse and possible reasons are increase of media exposure, changed gender roles, sexual abuse, stress and mental health problems and social marginalization. Our questionnaire shows similar results as earlier research. We found that peers and boyfriends influenced the women in our study in their early onset and that heredity and environment also is pertinent factors for developing abuse of drugs and alcohol. For the women in our study, there seems to be a lack of protective factors which researchers find important. On the contrary, there seemed to be several numbers of risk factors who could explain the women’s development of alcohol and drug abuse. Keywords: Abuse, addict, adolescence, alcohol, drugs, drug misuse and women.

The purpose of this study was to, through the life stories of four women and their experiences, thoughts and feelings according to a life in drug dependency reach an increased knowledge about how a dependency can arise, continue and be brought to an end. The question at issue were: How do a small amount of women describe and comprehend their experiences, thoughts and feelings according to their drug addiction seen through a process perspective. In order to answer that question three themes were investigated: the road into dependency, living as an addict and the road to recovery from dependency and the time that follows. The study followed a qualitative method and the theoretical approach was hermeneutic. The results were analysed through a process analyse perspective, from the view of the chosen theoretical perspectives, social constructivism, experience perspective and a psychodynamic perspective. The results of the study showed a concordance in the initial experiences in contact with the drug between the informants. The informants all had difficulties in realizing that the drug had become a problem. The process of ending the dependency was seen as a lenghty process. They expressed feelings of loss in connection to drugs and drug taking.

Sexmissbrukets underliggande orsaker skiljer sig åt och detta beror på flera faktorer som exempelvis internet, alkohol och droger. Denna studie behandlar sexmissbrukets utveckling under åren 1990 till 2000. Studiens syfte är att visa på den samexistens som begreppet anses ha med andra missbruk som visas genom de faktorer som kommer att nämnas i studien. Studien som är en litteraturbaserad översikt bygger på sex artiklar och en rapport som analyserats utifrån systemteorin. Studien visar att sexmissbruk kan tolkas på olika sätt beroende på den målgrupp som kommer i kontakt med begreppet. Det centrala är att sexmissbruk ses som ett dolt problem och utvecklas genom samexistensen med alkohol och droger. Denna samexistens initieras under slutet av 1990-talet och det sker en drastisk ökning under 2000-talet. Det vi kan konstatera i studien är att resultatet av ökningen har ett direkt samband med utvecklingen och användningen av internet i kombination med alkohol och droger. Min slutsats är därmed att internet och cybersex i kombination med nämnda droger leder till den samexistens som studien visar på. Studien visar alltså på att faktorerna har ett samband med varandra och att sexmissbruk inte bara är ett missbruk, utan även multipla missbruk, ett blandmissbruk.

Bakgrund: Internationell forskning visar att det från vårdpersonalens sida existerar dömande attityder gentemot patienter med drog- och alkoholmissbruk. Patienterna tillskrivs som grupp negativa egenskaper såsom att de är aggressiva, manipulativa och farliga och att arbeta med omvårdnad av dessa patientgrupper har lägre status än omvårdnaden av andra patienter. Motsvarande studier gällande hur det ser ut i en svensk kontext har däremot inte identifierats och således existerar här en kunskapslucka. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva sjuksköterskors syn på patienter med missbruksproblem inom psykiatrisk omvårdnad. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en empirisk intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats. En fokusgruppsintervju genomfördes med fyra aktiva sjuksköterskor som deltagare. Fokusgruppsintervjun analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i åtta kategorier som urskilts ur materialet: Kontakt genom vinnande strategi, Den självvalda kontaktlösheten, Den hämmande vårdmiljön, Människan som helhet, Den individreducerande vårdkulturen, Livsöde, Den onda cirkeln samt Frustration. Slutsats: Studien visar att sjuksköterskan inom psykiatrisk omvårdnad har en humanistisk människosyn som grund för omvårdnad av patienter med missbruksproblem. Denna människosyn hindras ibland av frustation som uppstår gentemot patienterna, av att patienterna reduceras till objekt, samt av den miljö i vilken sjuksköterskan och patienten möts, något som i sin tur leder till en mer naturalistisk människosyn. Klinisk betydelse: Att utöka kunskapen om synen på den missbrukande patienten i kontexten psykiatrisk omvårdnad. Kunskapen kommer att kunna användas för att minska distinktionen mellan teori och praktik gällande hur den humanistiska människosynen appliceras inom den psykiatriska omvårdnaden. / Background: International research shows that there exist judgmental attitudes among nursing staff towards patients with drug and alcohol addiction. The patients as a group are assigned negative properties such as being aggressive, manipulative and dangerous, and caring for these patients have a lower status than the care of other patients. Corresponding studies of how it looks in a Swedish context have not been identified and thus there’s a gap in knowledge. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the nurses’ view of patients with substance misuse problems in psychiatric care. Method: The study was conducted as an empirical interview study with a qualitative approach. A focus group interview was conducted with four active nurses as participants. The focus group interview was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in eight categories out of the collected data: contact by winning strategy, the self-selected absence of contact, the inhibitory care environment, the human being in its entirety, the reduction of the individual by care culture, destiny, the vicious cycle and frustration. Conclusion: The study shows that nurses within psychiatric care have a humanistic view of man as a basis for caring for patients with substance misuse problems. This view of man is hindered by frustration that arises in relation to the patients, that the patients are reduced to objects and the environment in which the nurse and the patient interact. This, in turn, leads to a more naturalistic view of man. Clinical significance: To expand the knowledge regarding the view of the patient with substance misuse problems in psychiatric care. The knowledge will be usable to decrease the distinction between theory and practice regarding how the humanistic view of man can be practically applied to psychiatric care.

NARKOTIKŲ VARTOTOJŲ ILGALAIKIS NEDARBAS IR SOCIALINĖ ATSKIRTIS. KLAIPĖDA, 2000 - 2008 M. SANTRAUKA Narkomanija – ypatingai aktuali problema Klaipėdos uostamiestyje. Apžvelgiant 2000 - 2008 metus, šiame mieste registruojamas narkotikų vartotojų skaičius nuo 2000 - ųjų m. vis didėjo ir būtina pažymėti, kad ŽIV paplitimo rodiklis 2008 m. lyginant Lietuvos miestus buvo didžiausias. Priklausomybė nuo psichoaktyviųjų medžiagų nulemia daugelį ne tik medicininių, bet ir psichologinių bei socialinių problemų. Silpni ryšiai su artimaisiais, neigiamas visuomenės požiūris į šiuos asmenis, nedarbas, išsilavinimo stoka, socialinio pobūdžio problemos – tai priežastys, dažniausiai lemiančios asmenų, priklausomų nuo narkotinių medžiagų socialinę atskirtį. Siekiant išvengti narkomanijos sukeliamų padarinių, būtina suteikti sąlygas šiems žmonėms pasveikti ir sugrįžti į pilnavertį gyvenimą. Todėl šiuo magistro darbu buvo siekta atskleisti veiksnius, lemiančius narkotikų vartotojų socialinę atskirtį bei jų integracijos į visuomenę galimybes Klaipėdoje. Tuo tikslu buvo iškelta darbo tezė ir dvi hipotezės. Darbo tezė: pagrindiniai veiksniai, lemiantys narkotikų vartotojų socialinę atskirtį Klaipėdoje yra ilgalaikis nedarbas, finansinės, kriminalinės, nakvynės, sveikatos problemos, konfliktai su šeima ir aplinkiniais, socialinės integracijos galimybių stoka bei neigiamas visuomenės požiūris. Hipotezės: 1. Ilgalaikis nedarbas labiausiai įtakoja Klaipėdos narkotikų vartotojų socialinę atskirtį. 2... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / LONG TERM UNEMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF DRUG ADDICTS (KLAIPĖDA, 2000-2008) SUMMARY Drug addiction is an especially relevant issue in Klaipėda Port. If reviewing the years 2000-2008, the number of drug users registered in this city had been increasing since the year 2000, and it should be noted that the HIV prevalence rate in 2008 was the highest in comparison with other Lithuanian cities. Addiction to psychoactive substances determines many social problems, not only medical, but also psychological. Weak relations with close relatives, the negative attitude of the society towards these persons, unemployment, lack of education, and problems of social nature are causes that mostly condition the social exclusion of persons addicted to narcotic substances. In order to prevent consequences caused by drug addiction it is necessary to provide for these persons proper conditions to recover and to return to a full-rate life. Therefore, this Master thesis sought to reveal factors determining the social exclusion of drug users and possibilities for their integration into society in Klaipėda. For this purpose there were raised a thesis and two hypotheses. Thesis: main factors determining the social exclusion of drug users in Klaipėda are long-term unemployment, financial, criminal, night-stay and health problems, conflicts with family and the people round about, lack of possibilities for social integration and negative attitude of the society. Hypotheses: 1. Long-term unemployment... [to full text]

In recent years drugs have greatly influenced criminal activity, when drug addicted criminals after their sentence find themselves in prison. Programs of treatment of these persons are implemented in prison, which are directed at their correction, prevention of recurrence and re-integration into normal society. The main objective of this thesis is to map the specific services provided to drug addicted persons in prison in Vinařice. With regard to the set goal, I chose a qualitative research method when the technique of semi-structured interviews was used to collect the data. Respondents who participated in research were situated in the drug-free zone department of Prison in Vinařice. The research has shown that services provided to drug addicted persons are accepted positively by the respondents, they have their justification and they lead to successful re-socialization. The following hypotheses originated from the results of my paper: H 1: Illegal drugs are more obtainable in the environment of ordinary prison sentence, compared to separate drug-free zone. H 2: The specific services provided to drug addicts in the prison environment are accepted positively by the prisoners. H 3: Majority of convicted in the drug-free zone department committed crimes under influence of drugs, or to obtain funds for drugs. But the question remains, how people with drug addiction, namely the respondents who participated in research, will behave in society after their release from prison, when they have served their sentences. The stated facts could be used as a possible topic for further research.

The study focuses on the assessment of the implications that criminal behavior has, not only at the start of treatment for drug taking but also during its development and results. With this aim in mind a sample of 209 patients who had applied for treatment were selected and assessed inthe principal object areas of analysis over a period of ayear anda half at six monthly intervals.The results indicate that time spent in a therapeutic centre significantly reduces criminal behaviour. However, those patients with a greater past history present more difficulties and give a poorer initial response, although during the period of follow-up these differences tend to disappear. / El trabajo se centra en valorar las implicaciones que la actividad delictiva tiene, tanto en el inicio como en la evolución, y los resultados del tratamiento por consumo de drogas. A tal fin, se seleccionó una muestra de 209 pacientes que solicitaron tratamiento. Ellos fueron valorados enlas principales áreas objeto de análisis y seguidos durante un año y medio; se realizaron valoraciones de su evolución cada seis meses. Los resultados indican que el paso por la institución terapéutica conlleva una reducción muy significativa de la actividad delictiva, aunque los pacientes con un mayor historial ofrecen más dificultades y una respuesta inicial más pobre; noobstante, en el seguimiento estas diferencias llegan a desaparecer.