O presente trabalho tem como objetivo trazer uma pequena contribuição à resposta que a clínica psicanalítica vem sendo solicitada a dar para a questão da toxicomania e do seu tratamento. Trata-se, pois, de uma pesquisa fundamentalmente teórica, cujas duas grandes partes articulam os temas da Toxicomania e da Transferência psicanalítica. As reflexões teóricas foram ilustradas com os testemunhos de alguns psicanalistas que lidam com toxicômanos. Na primeira parte, buscou-se compreender, mediante algumas referências fundamentais da Metapsicologia freudiana, as principais características da vida psíquica e pulsional do toxicômano. Na segunda parte, dedicada ao problema do tratamento psicanalítico desses pacientes, procurou-se problematizar alguns aspectos específicos, que se apresentam como obstáculos e/ou possibilidades para a constituição de um campo transferencial e os manejos que se fazem necessários para a criação de um espaço analítico, onde possa o toxicômano ser acolhido e escutado em vista de um tratamento analítico. A segunda parte, por sua vez, foi dividida em dois capítulos, o primeiro dos quais aborda a trajetória percorrida por Freud para a elaboração teórica do conceito psicanalítico de transferência, mostrando sua central importância na análise. O segundo trata da novidade clínica que a toxicomania representa e as diversas questões que levanta: a chegada do toxicômano ao analista, suas demandas que geralmente não são de análise , e a posição em que esses pacientes tendem a colocar o analista. Faz-se, ainda, uma referência à complexidade das transferências múltiplas, próprias do tratamento institucional, e ao novo desafio que elas representam para a clínica psicanalítica / The objective of this present study is to give a little contribution to the answer that the psychoanalytic clinic is asked to give to the matter of drug addiction and its treatment. It is indeed a theoretical research, whose two main parts are linked to the matters of drug dependence and psychoanalytic transference. The theoretical reflections were clarified with the testimonies of some psychoanalysts that deaI. with drug dependants. On the part we tried to understand, through some fundamental references of the Freudian Meta psychology, the main characteristics of the psychic and pulsing life of the drug addict. On the second part, we dedicated to the problem of the psychoanalytical treatment of those patients, we tried to raise the problem of some specific aspects that present themselves as obstacles or possibilities for the constitution of a transferential field and the handling necessary for lhe creation of a analytic field, where the drug addict may be guarded and heard so as to be given an analytic treatment. The second part was algo divided into two chapters, the first one deals with the trajectory that Freud went through for a theoretical elaboration of the psychoanalytical concept of the transference thus showing its central importance in the analysis. The second one deals with the clinical news that drug addiction represents and the various problems that it raises; the arrival of the drug dependent to the analyst, his demands -that are not generally related to analysis -and the attitude in which these patients have the tendency of placing the analyst -We still make a reference to the complexity of the multiple transferences inherent to the institutional treatment an to the new challenge that they represent to the psychoanalytical clinic

abstract: The ability to manipulate the interaction between small molecules and biological macromolecules towards the study of disease pathogenesis has become a very important part of research towards treatment options for various diseases. The work described here shows both the use of DNA oligonucleotides as carriers for a nicotine hapten small molecule, and the use of microsomes to study the stability of compounds derived to treat mitochondrial diseases. Nicotine addiction is a worldwide epidemic because nicotine is one of the most widely used addictive substances. It is linked to early death, typically in the form of heart or lung disease. A new vaccine conjugate against nicotine held within a DNA tetrahedron delivery system has been studied. For this purpose, several strands of DNA, conjugated with a modified dTpT having three or six carbon atom alkynyl linkers, have been synthesized. These strands have later been conjugated to three separate hapten small molecules to analyze which conjugates formed would be optimal for further testing in vivo. Mitochondrial diseases are hard to treat, given that there are so many different variations to treat. There is no one compound that can treat all mitochondrial and neurodegenerative diseases; however, improvements can be made to compounds currently under study to improve the conditions of those afflicted. A significant issue leading to compounds failing in clinical trials is insufficient metabolic stability. Many compounds have good biological activity, but once introduced to an animal, are not stable enough to have any effect. Here, several synthesized compounds have been evaluated for metabolic stability, and several showed improved stability, while maintaining biological activity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2016

abstract: This dissertation explores the historical development and contemporary deployment of discursive practices that constitute the “truth” of addiction, which in turn serve as the bases for interventions into the lives of people who use intoxicants for any number of reasons. A number of interrelated research questions structure this governmentality analysis. First, what is the evolution of the governmental frames developed and deployed to understand, discipline, and recover addiction in the arena of alcohol and illicit drug use in United States? Second, how does twelve-step serve to transform unruly addicts into self-disciplining citizens? Finally, how does The Meth Project (TMP) exemplify and/or diverge from the dominant addiction governmental frames developed during the Temperance and Progressive eras in the United States? My overall goal is to destabilize our ready understanding of addiction and demonstrate that it is as much a tool of social needs as it is a mental illness by demonstrating: 1) the historically contingent nature of our understandings of addiction and addicts; 2) how these historically contingent understandings are actualized as technologies geared toward “recovering” unruly subjects; and 3) how these historically contingent understandings are taken up as “epistemological scripts” used to conceptualize the “true nature” of certain types of drugs and drug users while simultaneously supporting various regimes of discipline and punishment for those determined to remain “unruly subjects.” / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2016

Cocaine is known for its severe addictive properties and still, there is no effective treatment for cocaine addiction. Cocaine is a powerful chemical substance. It enters the brain rapidly and cause abnormal high levels of dopamine. Dopamine is found to be the neural correlate for reward. Addictive drugs such as cocaine are reported to be rewarding and initially generate many dimensions of positive effects. However, repeated cocaine use are associated with both structural and functional abnormalities in several brain regions, especially in areas responsible for voluntary control. Loss of control gives way to compulsive consumption and craving for more cocaine stimulation. These neuronal changes and negative symptoms tend to occur gradually, while the tolerance increases. The addicted individual has to enhance the dose in order to obtain the desired effect, which is; becoming physically dependent of a substance. Also, dysregulation of reward circuitries causes decreased sensitivity to natural rewards leading to increased interest in cocaine-related reward stimulation. The abstinence usually last for long time, even years, after self-administration, which makes addicts highly sensitive to relapse. Up to date, effective therapeutic interventions and pharmacological treatments are limited. Neurostimulation techniques such as DBS have shown positive results in regulation of dopaminergic excitability. Though, more research in the complexity of dopamine and mesolimbic areas is well needed, in order to better understand the neural basis of cocaine addiction and be able to offer evidence-based treatments. This thesis will provide an overview of the neuronal impact of cocaine on the dopaminergic reward circuitries in the brain.

Background: Addiction is a serious problem in the world, Sweden included. This disease can affect anyone, regardless of gender and age. People with addiction, like the rest of the population, are entitled to respectful encounters in healthcare. However, research about encounters with patients suffering from addiction is limited and research about the possible impact of the patient's gender in this process – according to our knowledge – has not yet been published. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe nurses' experience about the eventual gender specific encounter of patients in addiction care units. Method: Data was assessed by nine semi-structured interviews which were analysed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The result was presented in two categories; to encounter patients regardless of their gender and to encounter patients according to their gender. The two categories consisted of several subcategories that emphasized the importance of a professional caring encounter, how patients were encountered according to individual differences and how the encounter was affected by whether the patient was a woman, man or without defined gender. Conclusion: Nurses felt that professional encounter was important in addiction care. Their intention was to treat patients alike, however the study revealed some differences in encountering process that could be linked to the patient's gender.

The main theme of this thesis are issues related to childhood and adolescence in the family with addicted parent. From the point of view of adult children of addicted parent, we try to uncover how is the complex development of such children and how they can influence their future lives. From several sub-questions that are open and therefore easy to specify, we try to identify the attitudes, values and opinions of respondents who grew up in the addicted parent family. These questions are created by a work author based on her own experience. Respondents of the research are then accidentally selected adult children of addicted parent who were interviewed.

The aim of this dissertation is to analyse problem of computer gaming, the relationship of adolescents who play computer games and the role of computers in young peoples´ lives. The theoretical part of this dissertation is devoted to problem of computer gaming which is covered in the specialized literature. We can look into the positive and negative aspects of playing computer games. The practical part of this dissertation is focused on obtaining the information in spirit with the aim of the work. By suitable methods the research was conduct at the chosen primary schools and the data was collected and evaluated.

Studien syftade till att belysa arbetet med missbruksvården i Bosnien-Hercegovina. Det som har studerats är hur de yrkesverksamma ser på forskning, egen erfarenhet samt klientens erfarenheter och önskemål i valet av behandling. Den metodologiska utgångspunkten var en hermeneutisk kvalitativ ansats, där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts och sedan studerats. Dessa intervjuer utfördes på ett behandlingshem i Bosnien-Hercegovinas huvudstad Sarajevo och antalet intervjupersoner var fem personer. Resultatet visade hur de arbetar på behandlingshem i Bosnien-Hercegovina. Resultatet visade även att Bosnien-Hercegovina använder sig utav evidensbaserad praktik. Vikten ligger i att få en trygg och verksam vård. Evidensbaserad praktik används utifrån tre olika källor, dessa är klientens erfarenhet, behov och önskemål, den professionellas erfarenhet och förmåga samt vetenskaplig kunskap. BosnienHercegovina tillämpar dessa tre olika källor i sitt behandlingsarbete.

No description available.

Prescription opioid (PO) abuse is a growing public health concern worldwide as evidenced by an increasing number of opioid-related hospital admissions with a striking lack of research examining the neural basis underlying cognitive symptomatology. Drugs of abuse, through their impact on the dopaminergic system, are thought to disrupt the cognitive network regulating impulse control and incentive salience through inhibition of goal-oriented behaviour and drug-induced attentional biases. The objective of the present study is to examine neurocognitive processes in PO abusers (vs. healthy controls) by relying on the enhanced temporal resolution (1ms) of event-related potentials (ERPs) to track information processing abnormalities associated with cognitive control. In a naturalistic clinical study, 16 patients actively using prescription opioids and 16 healthy controls (matched for age, gender, educational level and smoking status) were assessed using a Go/NoGo and cue reactivity paradigm. Analysis revealed no significant differences in N2 or P3 amplitude, measures of inhibitory control, between groups after successful NoGo trials and no significant differences in ERN or Pe amplitude, measures of error processing, between groups after unsuccessful NoGo trials. Cue reactivity analysis of attention-related ERP components in patients demonstrated significantly (p<0.005) smaller P2 amplitudes, indexing the commencement of attentional processing, for drug pictures compared to neutral and affective pictures. Furthermore, stimulus type did not significantly modulate LPP amplitudes, indexing sustained attention, in patients however arousal ratings for drug pictures were positively correlated with LPP amplitudes in patients. These ERP results of altered cognitive control and incentive salience suggest the neural mechanisms underlying these cognitions are affected by chronic opioid abuse. Investigating the cognitive abnormalities experienced by PO abusers is an important factor in understanding the neural correlates of substance abuse and in predicting successful outcomes to ensure the best chance at long-term recovery for addicted individuals.