Thèse d'exercice : Médecine. Médecine interne : Paris 12 : 2006. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. f. 55-66.

Formação de tumores deve-se a combinações de fatores. A via de p53 tem um papel fundamental no controle de proliferação e apoptose. O interferon-beta (IFNb) é importante na modulação da resposta imunológica, no efeito antitumoral e no impacto apoptótico em células tumorais. Segundo a literatura, IFNb ativa a transcrição de p53 e componentes do sistema IFN efetuam sua função pela via p53/p14arf. Neste projeto, foi construída uma série de ferramentas para explorar interações entre p53 e IFNb. A primeira ferramenta, uma linhagem celular derivada de B16 com expressão de p53 reduzida por miRNA. Também construímos vetores plasmidiais e adenovirais portadores dos cDNAs para eGFP, Luciferase, p53 ou IFNb. Os vetores são utilizados para introduzir estes fatores, sozinho ou combinados, na célula alvo. Mesmo confirmando a atividade de p53 ou IFNb sozinho, não foi observado um efeito aditivo destes fatores em conjunto com este tipo de ensaio. Futuros estudos das possíveis interações entre as vias de p53 e IFNb terão o benefício das ferramentas construídas neste projeto. / Formation of tumors it must to combinations of factors. The p53 pathway has an essential role in proliferation control and apoptosis. The interferon-beta (IFNb) is important in modulation of the immunologic response, in the antitumoral effect and in the apoptotic impact in tumor cells. According to literature, IFNb activate the p53 transcription and components of IFN system effect its function to p53/p14arf pathway. In this project, a series of tools was constructed to explore interactions between p53 and IFNb. The first tool, a cellular lineage derivative of B16 with expression of p53 reduced by miRNA. We also construct plasmidial and adenoviral vectors carriers of cDNAs for eGFP, Luciferase, p53 or IFNb. The vectors are used to introduce these factors, alone or agreed, in the target cell. Even confirming the activity of p53 or IFNb alone, an additive effect of these factors combined was not observed with this type of assay. Future studies of the possible interactions between p53 and IFNb pathways will have the benefit of the tools constructed in this project.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common viruses often associated withgastrointestinal, ocular and respiratory infections. They can infect a widevariety of cells, both dividing and non-dividing. HAdVs attach to and infecttarget cells through interactions with cellular receptors. It has also beenshown that HAdVs can use soluble host components in body fluids forindirect binding to target cells, a feature that enables the usage of new typesof receptors resulting in a more efficient HAdV infection. We thereforeevaluated the influence of soluble components from four different bodyfluids on HAdV infection of epithelial cells, representing the respiratory andocular tropism of most HAdVs. We found that plasma, saliva, and tear fluidpromote binding and infection of HAdV-5 (species C) and that plasmapromotes infection of HAdV-31 (species A). Further binding and infectionexperiments identified coagulation factor IX (FIX) and X (FX) as thecomponents of plasma responsible for increase of HAdV-5 infection whileFIX alone mediates increase of HAdV-31 infection. We found that as little as1% of the physiological concentration of these factors is required to facilitatemaximum binding. The effect of coagulation factors on HAdV infection was thereafterextended to include all species A HAdVs: HAdV-12, -18 and -31. Species AHAdVs normally cause infections involving the airways and/or the intestine.These infections are often mild but species A HAdVs in general, and HAdV-31 in particular, have been shown to cause severe and life-threateninginfections in immunocompromised patients. We show here that FIXefficiently increase HAdV-18 and -31 (but not HAdV-12) binding andinfection of human epithelial cells, representing the respiratory andgastrointestinal tropism. FIX was shown to interact with the hexon proteinof HAdV-31 and surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that theHAdV-31:FIX interaction is slightly stronger than that of the HAdV-5:FIX/FX interactions, but more interestingly, the half-lives of theseinteractions are profoundly different. By performing binding and infectionexperiments using cells expressing specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and ivGAG-cleaving enzymes we found that the HAdV-31:FIX and HAdV-5:FIX/FX complexes bind to heparan sulfate-containing GAGs on targetcells, but we could also see a difference in GAG dependence and specificitybetween these complexes.We conclude that the use of coagulation factors might be of moreimportance than previously recognized and that this may affect not only theliver tropism seen when administering adenovirus vectors into thecirculation but also regulate primary infections by wild-type viruses of theirnatural target cells. We also believe that our findings may contribute tobetter design of HAdV-based vectors for gene and cancer therapy and thatthe interaction between the HAdV-31 hexon and FIX may serve as a targetfor antiviral treatment. HAdV vectors are mainly based on HAdV-5 and several problems haverecently become evident when using these vectors. Major challenges withHAdV-5 based vectors include pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, pooraccess to the receptor CAR (coxsackie and adenovirus receptor), and offtarget effects to the liver due to interactions with coagulation factors. Theneed for new HAdV vectors devoid of these problems is evident.HAdV-52 is one of only three HAdVs that are equipped with two differentfiber proteins, one long and one short. We show here, by means of bindingand infection experiments, that HAdV-52 can use CAR as a cellular receptor,but that most of the binding is dependent on sialic acid-containingglycoproteins. Flow cytometry, ELISA and surface plasmon resonanceanalyses revealed that the terminal knob domain of the long fiber (52LFK)binds to CAR, and the knob domain of the short fiber (52SFK) binds tosialylated glycoproteins. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 52SFK in complexwith sialic acid revealed a new sialic acid binding site compared to otherknown adenovirus:glycan interactions. Moreover, glycan array analysisidentified α2,8-linked oligosialic acid, mimicking the naturally occurringpolysialic acid (PSia), as a potential sialic acid-containing glycan receptor for52SFK. ELISA and surface plasmon resonance confirmed the ability of52SFK to interact with PSia. Flow cytometry analysis also showed a fivefold vincrease in binding of 52SFK to PSia-expressing cells compared to controlcells. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 52SFK in complex with oligo-PSiarevealed engagement at the non-reducing end of oligo-PSia to the canonicalsialic acid-binding site, but also suggested the presence of a 'steering rim'consisting of positively charged amino acids contributing to the contact bylong-range electrostatic interactions. PSia is nearly absent on cells in healthy adults but can be expressed inhigh amounts on several types of cancers including: glioma, neuroblastomaand lung cancer. We show here that the short fiber of HAdV-52 bindsspecifically to PSia. Taking into account that HAdV-52 has a supposedly lowseroprevalence and is incapable of interacting with coagulation factors webelieve that HAdV-52 based vectors can be useful for treatment of cancertypes with elevated PSia expression.

Thèse de doctorat : Biologie cellulaire et moléculaire : Paris 12 : 2004. / Version électronique uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine : Nancy 1 : 2003. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 15, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

O melanoma é uma forma de câncer com alto índice de morte devido, em parte, à sua tendência de formar metástases. Esse tipo tumoral apresenta deleção de CDKN2A e amplificação de HDM2 em aproximadamente 50 % dos casos, mas apenas 10 % apresentam mutação em p53. Aproveitando-se do fato de a maioria dos casos de melanoma retêm p53 selvagem, uma proteína supressora tumoral e fator de transcrição, utilizamos vetores adenovirais nos quais a expressão dos transgenes é controlada pelo p53 endógeno. Estes vetores foram aperfeiçoados com a inclusão de uma modificação na proteína fibra que permite a eficiente transdução de um amplo espectro de células. Utilizando estes vetores, nosso laboratório mostrou que o tratamento combinado, mas não individual, de vetores virais codificando p19Arf e IFNbeta (interferon-beta) induziu elevados níveis de morte em células de melanoma de camundongo, B16F10. Assim, iniciamos novos estudos que têm como alvo explorar os mecanismos de morte celular e identificar genes críticos cuja expressão é alterada frente o tratamento combinado e que agem como mediadores da resposta celular para a estratégia de transferência gênica. Com este projeto, transferimos a combinação gênica (p19Arf + IFNbeta) para células B16F10 e analisamos o tipo de morte celular induzido. Assim, detectamos o aumento da presença de marcadores de morte celular conhecidos, tais como de apoptose (atividade de caspases e exposição de fosfatidilserina) e de necroptose (expressão de RIPK3 e TNFR1), e a diminuição de um marcador de autofagia (expressão de LC3-II). Além disso, mostramos que a detecção dos três marcadores clássicos de morte imunogênica (ATP, calreticulina e HMGB1) foi possível somente quando as células B16F10 foram tratadas com a combinacao de p19Arf + IFNbeta. Por fim, a avaliação do perfil de expressão gênica através de microarray de cDNA das células B16F10 tratadas com p19Arf + IFNbeta revelou expressão diferenciada de 1054 genes em comparação com células que receberam apenas somente um ou outro transgene. Em seguida, a expressão dos genes Nr3c1, RanBP9, Sin3A, Wdr46, FoxO1, Phlda3 e tp73 foi validada por qPCR e estudos funcionais foram iniciados para revelar a participação destes na resposta celular. Dessa forma, desvendamos importantes aspectos da resposta de células B16F10 frente ao tratamento com p19Arf e IFNbeta / Melanoma is a form of cancer with a high death rate due, in part, to its tendency to generate metastasis. These tumors carry deletion of CDKN2A and amplification of HDM2 in nearly 50 % of cases, but only 10 % have mutations in p53. Taking advantage of the fact that most melanoma cases retain wild type p53, a transcription factor and tumor suppressor protein, we used adenoviral vectors in which transgene expression is controlled by endogenous p53. These vectors were improved with a modification of the fiber protein that allows efficient transduction of a broad spectrum of cells. Using these vectors, our laboratory showed that the combined treatment with viral vectors encoding p19Arf and IFNbeta (interferon-beta) induced high levels of B16F10 (mouse melanoma) cell death, but not when treated with these vectors individually. Thus, we initiated studies to explore the mechanisms of cell death and to identify critical genes involved in the response of B16F10 cells to treatment with p19Arf + IFNbeta. Here, we transferred p19Arf + IFNbeta genes to B16F10 cells and analyzed the type of cell death induced. In this regard, we detected an increase of cell death markers, such as apoptosis (caspase activity and exposure of phosphatidylserine) and necroptosis (RIPK3 and TNFR1 expression) and a decrease of an autophagy marker (LC3-II expression). Furthermore, we showed that the detection of three classic immunogenic cell death markers (ATP, calreticulin and HMGB1) was possible only when B16F10 cells were treated with p19Arf + IFNbeta combination. Lastly, assessment of gene expression profile using cDNA microarray analysis of B16F10 cells treated with p19Arf + IFNbeta revealed differential expression of 1054 genes compared to cells that received only one of the transgenes. Expression of Nr3c1, RanBP9, Sin3a, Wdr46, FoxO1, Phlda3 and TP73 genes was validated by qPCR and functional studies were started to reveal participation of these genes in the cellular response. Thus, we exposed important aspects of the B16F10 cellular response to treatment with p19Arf and IFNbeta

O melanoma é uma forma de câncer com alto índice de morte devido, em parte, à sua tendência de formar metástases. Esse tipo tumoral apresenta deleção de CDKN2A e amplificação de HDM2 em aproximadamente 50 % dos casos, mas apenas 10 % apresentam mutação em p53. Aproveitando-se do fato de a maioria dos casos de melanoma retêm p53 selvagem, uma proteína supressora tumoral e fator de transcrição, utilizamos vetores adenovirais nos quais a expressão dos transgenes é controlada pelo p53 endógeno. Estes vetores foram aperfeiçoados com a inclusão de uma modificação na proteína fibra que permite a eficiente transdução de um amplo espectro de células. Utilizando estes vetores, nosso laboratório mostrou que o tratamento combinado, mas não individual, de vetores virais codificando p19Arf e IFNbeta (interferon-beta) induziu elevados níveis de morte em células de melanoma de camundongo, B16F10. Assim, iniciamos novos estudos que têm como alvo explorar os mecanismos de morte celular e identificar genes críticos cuja expressão é alterada frente o tratamento combinado e que agem como mediadores da resposta celular para a estratégia de transferência gênica. Com este projeto, transferimos a combinação gênica (p19Arf + IFNbeta) para células B16F10 e analisamos o tipo de morte celular induzido. Assim, detectamos o aumento da presença de marcadores de morte celular conhecidos, tais como de apoptose (atividade de caspases e exposição de fosfatidilserina) e de necroptose (expressão de RIPK3 e TNFR1), e a diminuição de um marcador de autofagia (expressão de LC3-II). Além disso, mostramos que a detecção dos três marcadores clássicos de morte imunogênica (ATP, calreticulina e HMGB1) foi possível somente quando as células B16F10 foram tratadas com a combinacao de p19Arf + IFNbeta. Por fim, a avaliação do perfil de expressão gênica através de microarray de cDNA das células B16F10 tratadas com p19Arf + IFNbeta revelou expressão diferenciada de 1054 genes em comparação com células que receberam apenas somente um ou outro transgene. Em seguida, a expressão dos genes Nr3c1, RanBP9, Sin3A, Wdr46, FoxO1, Phlda3 e tp73 foi validada por qPCR e estudos funcionais foram iniciados para revelar a participação destes na resposta celular. Dessa forma, desvendamos importantes aspectos da resposta de células B16F10 frente ao tratamento com p19Arf e IFNbeta / Melanoma is a form of cancer with a high death rate due, in part, to its tendency to generate metastasis. These tumors carry deletion of CDKN2A and amplification of HDM2 in nearly 50 % of cases, but only 10 % have mutations in p53. Taking advantage of the fact that most melanoma cases retain wild type p53, a transcription factor and tumor suppressor protein, we used adenoviral vectors in which transgene expression is controlled by endogenous p53. These vectors were improved with a modification of the fiber protein that allows efficient transduction of a broad spectrum of cells. Using these vectors, our laboratory showed that the combined treatment with viral vectors encoding p19Arf and IFNbeta (interferon-beta) induced high levels of B16F10 (mouse melanoma) cell death, but not when treated with these vectors individually. Thus, we initiated studies to explore the mechanisms of cell death and to identify critical genes involved in the response of B16F10 cells to treatment with p19Arf + IFNbeta. Here, we transferred p19Arf + IFNbeta genes to B16F10 cells and analyzed the type of cell death induced. In this regard, we detected an increase of cell death markers, such as apoptosis (caspase activity and exposure of phosphatidylserine) and necroptosis (RIPK3 and TNFR1 expression) and a decrease of an autophagy marker (LC3-II expression). Furthermore, we showed that the detection of three classic immunogenic cell death markers (ATP, calreticulin and HMGB1) was possible only when B16F10 cells were treated with p19Arf + IFNbeta combination. Lastly, assessment of gene expression profile using cDNA microarray analysis of B16F10 cells treated with p19Arf + IFNbeta revealed differential expression of 1054 genes compared to cells that received only one of the transgenes. Expression of Nr3c1, RanBP9, Sin3a, Wdr46, FoxO1, Phlda3 and TP73 genes was validated by qPCR and functional studies were started to reveal participation of these genes in the cellular response. Thus, we exposed important aspects of the B16F10 cellular response to treatment with p19Arf and IFNbeta