No description available.

先秦時期，隨著列國戰事的劇烈，各國君主對國內山林藪澤資源需求亦愈加增強。為加強對這些自然資源的掌控，便導致了本文的研究對象--「地方都官」的出現。所謂「都官」，即中央機構的總稱，同時包括了真正處於中央的機構，及它們設於地方的分支單位。這些位於地方的都官，與它們的中央主幹機構一樣，屬於非治民官，與郡、縣等直接面對人民的治民官有所不同。 / 本文首先嘗試對秦漢「地方都官」實際包括的各種機構作出考釋，並嘗試歸納地方都官的命名方式，以及對地方的縣級都官在漢代官僚系統中的地位進行探討。其次，本文又嘗試以鹽、鐵、田、工四種地方都官為例子，復原地方都官的行政架構，結果顯示，雖然這四種地方都官各自經歷了行政組織上的變革，但整體來說，四種地方都官組織的基本結構大致相同，擁有一套共用的五層組織結構。而在地方都官的裁判權方面，地方都官雖然擁有治獄、訊獄、覆獄的權力，但這種權力無疑只在處理屬吏瀆職罪行的行政程序時方可體現。事實上，地方都官在制度上雖屬中央官，但本身在行政上的各方面皆從屬於所在的郡、縣；這種二重的特質，在田官的個案身上便得到徹底的展現。 / 最後，這些掌控帝國山林藪澤資源、為皇家服務的地方都官，因維持其生產的成本極其巨大，故在西漢末時便漸漸被廢置。至東漢時，那些還未廢置的地方都官，亦正式劃歸地方，成為隸屬於郡的機構，不復以往中央官的性格。 / During the Warring States period, there was an increasing demand over natural resources. To have better control over these strategic resources, the central government departments established certain regional branch-offices. Unlike commanderies 郡 and counties 縣, these branch-offices, which similar to their central counterparts, were not responsible for civil affairs and were regarded as Dū-guān 都官. For the sake of convenience, these branch-offices are entitled in a somewhat contradictory way through the article --“regional Dū-guān 地方都官. / Chapter 3 details the macro-organization of regional Dū-guān established during Qin and Han, summarizing a total of 23 different types of regional Dū-guān. It further places the regional Dū-guān under the bureaucratic system as a whole, examining their responsibilities and roles in Han bureaucracy. / Chapter 4 narrows the scope of investigation by selecting four regional Dū-guān, namely, Offices of Salt and Iron 鹽、鐵官, Offices of Farming 田官, and Offices of Workmen 工官, using them as examples to reconstruct the administrative framework of regional Dū-guān. Astonishingly, although these regional Dū-guān had their own specialties, they did maintain a parallel administrative framework, reflecting their nature of not committing to civilian administrations. / Chapter 5 follows a study on the jurisdiction of regional Dū-guān, elaborates that given a complete right in investigation, adjudication, and lawsuits reviews, regional Dū-guān could only execute their jurisdiction right on cases related to misconducts of their subordinates. / Chapter 6 assesses the administrative relationships between regional Dū-guān and regional administrative units, i.e. commanderies 郡 and counties 縣, where these Dū-guān located. Although regional Dū-guān were theoretically belonged to the central government departments, they were controlled by regional administrative units in most of the administrative aspects, including administrative communication; vessels, weapons, necessary raw materials transmission as well as labour force and annual fiscal budget provisions. These natures could perfectly reveal in the case study of the Office of Farming provided in chapter 7. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 唐俊峰. / "2013年7月". / "2013 nian 7 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-225). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Tang Junfeng. / 摘要 --- p.i / 目錄 --- p.iii / 圖表目錄 --- p.vi / Chapter 一、 --- 引論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- 地方都官的源起與性質 --- p.3 / Chapter (1) --- 地方都官的源起 --- p.4 / Chapter (2) --- 地方都官的性質 --- p.8 / Chapter 二、 --- 近人研究回顧 --- p.12 / Chapter 1. --- 睡虎地秦簡出土後 --- p.12 / Chapter 2. --- 尹灣漢簡出土後 --- p.17 / Chapter 3. --- 張家山漢簡發表後 --- p.18 / Chapter 三、 --- 地方都官的種類、命名及其在官僚系統的地位 --- p.26 / Chapter 1. --- 地方都官的種類 --- p.26 / Chapter (1) --- 鹽、鐵官 --- p.29 / Chapter (2) --- 服官 --- p.31 / Chapter (3) --- 工官 --- p.32 / Chapter (4) --- 牧師苑官、家馬官 --- p.33 / Chapter (5) --- 均輸官 --- p.34 / Chapter (6) --- 金官、銅官、木官、奢官 --- p.35 / Chapter (7) --- 橘官、圃羞官、羞官 --- p.37 / Chapter (8) --- 都水官、漁官、陂官、湖官 --- p.39 / Chapter (9) --- 雲夢官 --- p.41 / Chapter (10) --- 發弩官、樓船官 --- p.43 / Chapter (11) --- 田官 --- p.45 / Chapter (12) --- 敖倉官 --- p.48 / Chapter (13) --- 未能確定諸官：洭浦官、常平倉、市令（長）、雒陽武庫令 --- p.49 / 結語 --- p.53 / Chapter 2. --- 地方都官的命名方式 --- p.57 / Chapter 3. --- 都官在官僚系統的地位--對于振波意見的檢討 --- p.60 / Chapter (1) --- 在京畿地區的郡、縣地方行政機關都不屬於都官 --- p.60 / Chapter (2) --- 丞相、廷尉都不屬於都官 --- p.62 / Chapter (3) --- 丞相、御史、大將軍、軍吏和二千石官員都不在都官之列，且官秩高於都官令、丞 --- p.63 / Chapter (4) --- 吏二千石與諸侯相等官員不包括在中都官之內；中都官的級別在二千石、諸侯相之下 --- p.64 / Chapter (5) --- 都官的上司為二千石官，而二千石官本身不是都官 --- p.65 / Chapter (6) --- 都官是縣級經營性或事務性機構；而列卿名下設有令、丞或長、丞的經營性或事務性機構，大概都屬於都官 --- p.66 / Chapter (7) --- 諸侯王國的太傅、內史、中尉、丞相、群卿、大夫與都官並提，說明這些官員都不屬於都官 --- p.66 / Chapter 4. --- 縣級都官地位的演進 --- p.69 / Chapter (1) --- 西漢縣級中都官的地位 --- p.69 / Chapter (2) --- 新莽時中都官的改革--都官令的比士化 --- p.70 / Chapter (3) --- 東漢時「令比士化」的進一步申延 --- p.72 / Chapter (4) --- 「命都官曰長」-- 對秦代縣級都官的一點懸想 --- p.75 / Chapter 附： --- 漢代官吏秩級與秦代軍功爵的比附問題 --- p.78 / Chapter 四、 --- 地方都官的行政架構 --- p.81 / Chapter 1. --- 鹽、鐵官 --- p.81 / Chapter (1) --- 鐵官 --- p.81 / Chapter (2) --- 鹽官 --- p.85 / Chapter 2. --- 田官 --- p.88 / Chapter (1) --- 漢代田官行政組織的幾個問題 --- p.89 / Chapter (2) --- 漢代田官的組織變化 --- p.92 / Chapter 3. --- 工官 --- p.98 / Chapter (1) --- 地方工官的結構 --- p.99 / Chapter (2) --- 地方工官都、離官設置的問題 --- p.104 / Chapter (3) --- 護工卒史的性質與地方工官的組織變革 --- p.105 / 結語 --- p.113 / Chapter 五、 --- 法律中的都官：地方都官的刑獄裁判 --- p.115 / Chapter 1. --- 秦漢法律中的「都官」 --- p.115 / Chapter (1) --- 《睡虎地秦簡》秦律中的「都官」 --- p.115 / Chapter (2) --- 《二年律令》中的都官條文 --- p.123 / Chapter 2. --- 地方都官的刑獄審判權 --- p.126 / Chapter (1) --- 「都官自尉、内史以下毋治獄，獄無輕重關於正；郡關其守」律文的檢討 --- p.127 / Chapter (2) --- 秦漢法律顯示的地方都官審判權再議 --- p.128 / Chapter (3) --- 地方都官審判權的限定 --- p.132 / 結語 --- p.139 / Chapter 六、 --- 地方都官與郡縣行政之一 --- p.140 / Chapter 1. --- 文書行政的聯繫 --- p.140 / Chapter (1) --- 秦代地方都官與郡縣的文書聯繫 --- p.141 / Chapter (2) --- 漢代地方都官與縣文書聯繫的取消 --- p.150 / Chapter 2. --- 公用物資的轉輸 --- p.151 / Chapter (1) --- 地方都官對廢棄公用物資的處理 - 對工藤元男論點的檢討 --- p.152 / Chapter (2) --- 地方都官的公用物資供給 --- p.154 / Chapter (3) --- 地方都官對郡縣的公器輸送 --- p.159 / Chapter 3. --- 勞動力和營運經用 --- p.169 / Chapter (1) --- 勞動力的依賴 --- p.169 / Chapter (2) --- 營運經用的依賴 --- p.171 / 結語 --- p.172 / Chapter 七、 --- 地方都官與郡縣行政之二：邊郡田官的個案研究 --- p.174 / Chapter 1. --- 邊郡田官與中央大司農的聯繫 --- p.174 / Chapter 2. --- 邊郡田官與郡縣級單位的行政關係 --- p.179 / Chapter (1) --- A35大灣地區的遺址 --- p.179 / Chapter (2) --- 田官與肩水都尉府的行政關係 --- p.189 / Chapter (3) --- 田官與肩水都尉的糧食出入 --- p.196 / Chapter (4) --- 田官與縣級單位的行政關係 --- p.202 / 結語 --- p.206 / Chapter 八、 --- 結論 --- p.207 / 參考書目 --- p.217

Within the research field of colonial violence, scholars focused on wars of conquest or independence and tended to picture counterinsurgency campaigns as an exceptional deployment of state violence in the face of peculiar threats. In colonial Kenya, the British repression of the Mau Mau uprising of the 1950s has been the object of extensive and thorough analysis, contrasting with the lack of research on colonial punishment during the preceding decades. Yet the unleashing of state violence during the 1950s actually has a much longer history, lurking in the shadows of the criminal justice system that British powers introduced in the colony in the late nineteenth century. In contrast to previous scholarship, this study shows how ordinary colonial violence - although massively scaled up during the 1950s - was progressively normalised, institutionalised and intensified throughout the colonial experience of the 1930s and 1940s, laying the ground for the deployment of a counterinsurgency campaign against Mau Mau fighters.

No description available.

Construction of the Pacific Northwest-Pacific Southwest Intertie (also known as the Pacific Intertie) began in 1964, following the culmination of a series of interrelated negotiations which included: 1) the planning for the construction and operation of the Pacific Intertie; 2) the passage of federal legislation that put limits on the export of electricity from the regions where it was generated; and 3) the full ratification of the Columbia River Treaty between the United States and Canada. By 1970, with construction complete, the Pacific Intertie allowed for the movement of more than 4,000,000 kilowatts of power among the electrical systems of British Columbia and eleven Western states, including 243 rural electrical cooperatives, municipal systems, and other public agencies. It had essentially become the backbone of the largest electrical grid in the Western world. In addition to widening the marketing area available to power producers throughout the grid, the Pacific Intertie also integrated the operations of the nation's largest hydropower system (Bonneville Power Administration), the largest privately owned electrical system (Pacific Gas & Electric), and the largest municipal power system (L.A. Department of Water and Power) in the country.

Orientador: Leila Mezan Algranti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T12:01:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antunes_AlvarodeAraujo_D.pdf: 26465599 bytes, checksum: c56ead47dbbc8cde0ed5f97240e1e4e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta tese analisa as práticas socioculturais de um grupo de advogados de Vila Rica e Mariana, Minas Gerais, entre 1750 e 1808. Seu objetivo é conhecer como a relações sociais e a fOTITIaçãodesses homens de letras, em seus mais vmiados níveis, intervieram e conformaram a prática da Justiça em Minas Gerais. A Justiça era a principal via de reconhecimento do poder régio em meio à sociedade e, por definição, constituía a virtude de atribuir a cada um o que é seu. Adotando a concepção de justiça enquanto uma prática essencial à caracterização do poder régio, esta tese investiga: o exercício jurídico dos advogados, as redes de sociabilidade que firmaraITI, suas formações universitárias, a composição de suas bibliotecas, suas práticas de leituras, as aprcp!"iações que faziam destas nos pleitos judiciais, a influência e os desdobraITIentos da política iTIodemizadora pombalina no âmbito do ensino e da justiça. Trata, portanto, da conjunção das políticas da Coroa portuguesa com aspectos socioculturais dos advogados em um microcosmo da justiça local de Vila Rica e Mariana / Abstract: This PhD thesis al1alyses the sacio-cultural practices of a group of lawyers il1 Vila Rica (the fom1er name of Ouro Preto) and Mariana in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 1750 and 1808. It aims at identifying how the social relationships and schooling of these men of letters, in various ways, interfered in and detenTIined the practice of justice. Justice constituted the principal means by which the society recognized and accepted the power of the Portuguese crown, and ,by definition, represented the virtue of assigning to each what belonged to him/her. Adopting the conception of Justice as a practice essential to the identification ofthe king's power, this investigation includes the legal activities of these lawyers, the social networks they established, their university education, the libraries that they established, their reading habits and the adaptations that they brought into court disputes, as well as the influence and implications of the Marques de Pombal's modemizing policy on issues of teaching and-justice. Therefore, this work deals with the corre1ation between Portuguese Crowl1 policies and lawyers' socio-cultura1 issues in a microcosm of local justice in Vila Rica and mariana / Doutorado / Historia Cultural / Doutor em História

“Creating Community in Isolation: The History of Corpus Christi’s Molina Addition, 1954-1970” examines the history of the Molina Addition in Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas, and its serving district, the West Oso Independent School District, from 1954 to 1970. Specifically, this essay begins with an analysis of the elite-driven campaign to annex the blighted Molina Addition in September and October 1954. The city intended to raze the neighborhood and develop middle-class homes in place of the newly annexed neighborhood. Following the annexation of the Molina Addition, African American and ethnic Mexican residents initiated protracted struggles to desegregate and integrate schools that served their area, the West Oso Independent School District, as detailed in the chapter, “The West Oso School Board Revolution.” The chapter examines the electoral “revolution” in which Anglo rural elites were unseated from their positions on the school board and replaced by African American and ethnic Mexican Molina Addition residents. The third chapter, “Building Mo-Town, Texas,” focuses on residents’ struggle to install indoor plumbing, eliminate pit privies, construct paved roads, and introduce War on Poverty grants to rehabilitate the neighborhood. This chapter also offers a glimpse into the social life of Molina youth during the 1960s.

Este é um estudo sobre o processo histórico de constituição e desenvolvimento da gerencia de serviços públicos estaduais, não hospitalares, no Estado de São Paulo. A partir da análise de documentos e da legislação pertinente, procura-se reconhecer as diferentes propostas de organização administrativa e gerencial, formuladas no interior do aparato público estadual, em relação as tecnologias de atenção a saúde hegemonicas nestes serviços ao longo do período histórico estudado. Discute-se a ação gerencial enquanto atividade instrumental inserida no processo de organização do trabalho em saúde. O período analisado vai do início da institucionalização das ações públicas de saúde neste estado, em 1892, a consolidação da gerência de nível local, enquanto ação de coordenação do trabalho coletivo em unidades de saúde, sob responsabilidade estadual, em 1983 / This paper traces the history of the setting up and development of management in the public non-hospital health services of the state of São Paulo. Based on the analysis of documents, publications and pertinent legislation, this thesis aims to identify teh various different proposals for administrative and management organization that have been formulated within the state\'s bureaucratic machine, with regard to predominant health care technology throughout the period unbder consideration. The action of management within the process of organization of health care organization in this state in 1892, and extends to the consolidation of management as a coordination action at the local level, with the organization of colletive work into health care units under state responsibility, in 1983.

Este é um estudo sobre o processo histórico de constituição e desenvolvimento da gerencia de serviços públicos estaduais, não hospitalares, no Estado de São Paulo. A partir da análise de documentos e da legislação pertinente, procura-se reconhecer as diferentes propostas de organização administrativa e gerencial, formuladas no interior do aparato público estadual, em relação as tecnologias de atenção a saúde hegemonicas nestes serviços ao longo do período histórico estudado. Discute-se a ação gerencial enquanto atividade instrumental inserida no processo de organização do trabalho em saúde. O período analisado vai do início da institucionalização das ações públicas de saúde neste estado, em 1892, a consolidação da gerência de nível local, enquanto ação de coordenação do trabalho coletivo em unidades de saúde, sob responsabilidade estadual, em 1983 / This paper traces the history of the setting up and development of management in the public non-hospital health services of the state of São Paulo. Based on the analysis of documents, publications and pertinent legislation, this thesis aims to identify teh various different proposals for administrative and management organization that have been formulated within the state\'s bureaucratic machine, with regard to predominant health care technology throughout the period unbder consideration. The action of management within the process of organization of health care organization in this state in 1892, and extends to the consolidation of management as a coordination action at the local level, with the organization of colletive work into health care units under state responsibility, in 1983.

Os Centros de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro são analisados enquanto uma organização estruturada para desempenhar, na área da saúde, parte das funções do aparato burocrático do Estado brasileiro. Seu papel institucional vincula-se à emergência de novos problemas sanitários numa sociedade em processo de urbanização e de consolidação de um Estado nacional. Ao longo de usa trajetória histórica passou por situações distintas, no que se refere ao seu papel no Sistema de Saúde, articuladas a determinantes de natureza técnica e política. Enquanto fenômeno burocrático, esta organização sobreviveu às diversas conjunturas históricas interpondo resistências, que se manifestaram, principalmente, pela lentidão com que eram processadas as mudanças internas propostas. / The Health Centers in the city of Rio de Janeiro are analyzed as organizations that have been structured to execute parto of the bureaucratic duties petaining to the brazilian State, as far as health care is concerned. Their role, as institutions, is related to the solution of new problems, in their sanitary aspects, that are emerging in a society in processo f increasing urbanization and inside a process of organizing a National State. Along the course of their history, these organization have overcome various distinctive situations, dependind on technical and political determinants. As bureaucratic phenomena, this organization have survived many historical conjuntures, presenting itself as resistant to the proposed changes, mainly by slow ways of implementing these propositions.