<p> This qualitative research study explored the characteristics, emergence, and engagement of people who occupy the role of the family champion in family-enterprise systems. The family champion is a next-generation leader who emerges from within the ownership group of a family-enterprise system and who works to develop the ownership, governance, and relational capabilities of the family-owners to support their goals of success. This study investigated the interdependent exchanges between individual family champions, the family-ownership group, and their family-enterprise systems. Much of the existing research on leadership within family-enterprises has focused on leadership for the business entity. This study focused specifically on leadership within the family-ownership group. Ownership of an enterprise by a family has long been cited as a strategic asset. A need exists for further understanding of the role and function of leadership within the family-owners. </p><p> This study explored the characteristics, emergence, and engagement of 14 primary family champions through semi-structured qualitative interviews. An additional eight supporting interviews were conducted with another family member who was familiar with the primary interviewee to provide a complimentary perspective. The research was discovery based and designed to explore the experiences of family champions. The extensive interviews were transcribed and analyzed utilizing grounded theory principles with the assistance of NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software. </p><p> This research revealed a rich interaction between the context of family-enterprise systems, the characteristics of family champions, and systemic shift points that created the awareness of the need for leadership. The family champions worked to develop the family-ownership group through a cycle of engagement, to produce an advanced family-enterprise system. Four main themes linked to issues in family-enterprises emerged: The systemic context of family-enterprises, the process of leadership emergence, how family champions operate as catalysts for change, and governance of both family and enterprise. The family champion is a visionary catalyst who brings new energy into the family system to support and develop the family-ownership advantage. This research makes a contribution to our understanding of the vital role of leadership within family-enterprises, and has significance for individual leaders, families who own a business, and professionals who work with these systems.</p>

<p> The purpose of this quantitative descriptive study was to describe the Washington, District of Columbia and metropolitan (DMV) area-based federal government employee perspectives on the adoption of enterprise information technologies. The sample size of this study consisted of 132 participants. The inability to accept or reject the hypothesis in this research was determined by descriptive statistics (means and standard deviation). Drawing from theoretical frameworks involving leadership, culture, human and organizational behavior, and decision-making, this study involves the introduction of an integrated model to describe the complexities of technology adoption in a single, comprehensive view. The comprehensive model attempted to emphasize interrelationships between key elements involved in organizational technology adoption, including how innovation spreads from various sources to influence organizational perceptions for both members and leaders. Additionally, this study also introduced a new survey tool (Employee Perceptions on Adoption of Enterprise Information Technology), and attempted to determine to what extent different factors affected enterprise information technology adoption. Data collected from this research effort suggested that government employees believe leadership represents the main factor influencing technology adoption in government organizations, with cost as the second leading factor. Government employees, however, did not believe that culture represented a key influence on technology adoption. Findings from this study may offer new insights on how to conduct technology adoption more effectively, and provide the foundation for recommending ways to create a successful enterprise system implementation. The main recommendation for future study is exploration of the Integrated Technology Adoption Model (ITAM) and the Employee Perceptions on Adoption of Enterprise Technology Survey. </p>

<p> This analysis contributes conceptually to the field by investigating how campuses both originate and respond to academic innovation by locating the focus of the study in the center of curricular decision-making and action&mdash;the academic department. </p><p> This study applies an organizational perspective to academic innovation directly by combining three ideas to conceptualize and measure departmental qualities. The research design proposes that (1) academic innovation is the result of a direct behavior taken by an actor&mdash;in this case, departments are collective actors and changes in academic programs require collective decision-making; (2) actor behaviors are often cyclical or routine and changes in behavior can be measured through these routines&mdash;in this case, departments routinely offer courses; (3) innovation requires feasibility in actor knowledge, capability, and skill&mdash;in this case, departments collectively contain faculty capability, course knowledge, and administrative skill. </p><p> The significance of departmental factors in a robust inferential model provides evidence that departments draw on technical knowledge and skills through course development and prior programmatic experience. Although enabling environments contribute, external conditions do not create organizational change. Program innovations occur within a campus, beginning at the department level. This study makes the case that context matters, but that its relative impact is mediated by the core characteristics of the collective actor that makes decisions and takes action.</p>

<p>The concept of implementing organizational learning principles in an organization to help individuals and groups ?learn to learn? (Schein, 2017), thereby making the ongoing adaptation and change that inevitably occurs in organizations more successful, is an interesting problem to explore. While interesting, there are very few studies that examine the sustainability of change in any context. Several theoretical models incorporate the idea of sustaining, or institutionalizing, change. But, very few empirical studies actually explore that concept. The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive, embedded case study was to explore how a government agency developed and sustained organizational learning, using the Organizational Learning Systems Model (OLSM) as a lens. To fulfill the purpose of this study, the following research question was addressed: How did a government agency introduce and sustain organizational learning during and after a planned change? The results from this study contributed to the literature and to the practitioner community by showing that (1) the organization introduced and implemented organizational learning by centrally managing the learning subsystems during the change itself; (2) the organization introduced and sustained organizational learning by involving, encouraging, and empowering employees and middle managers during the change; (3) the organization introduced and implemented organizational learning by aligning all messaging from senior leadership to front-line employees during the change; (4) the organization implemented and sustained organizational learning by encouraging practice to learn the new behaviors and to iterate the change plan based on lessons learned; (5) the organization sustained organizational learning by counting on middle managers to sustain sensemaking and organizational learning post-change; and, (6) the organization was challenged in sustaining organizational learning because the specific change to a dispersed work environment has several unintended consequences that make it a tricky change. A conceptual model to augment the OLSM was proposed. Future studies could: (1) test the conceptual model proposed; (2) explore the impacts of a dispersed work environment using OLSM or social network analysis; and, (3) examine the relationship between open office design and a dispersed work environment.

<p> One of the most overlooked and complex problems that universities and colleges face nation-wide is how to reduce and eliminate research misconduct. Because of the confidential nature of allegations of research misconduct and the high rate of underreporting, administrators at scholarly institutions struggle with understanding the cause of such behavior. Without a clear picture of the prevalence of misconduct or the barriers to reporting, leaders at institutions of higher learning find themselves at a disadvantage when dealing with these problems. This uncertainty coupled with a growing regulatory emphasis from federal funding agencies, results in a reactionary approach while questionable practices go unchecked. </p><p> In the early 2000s, federal funding agencies began requiring colleges and universities to provide training in the responsible conduct of research prior to receiving funding. The Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training covers research misconduct (falsification of data, fabricating data, and plagiarism) as well as other topics related to research misbehaviors (mentoring, peer review, data management, authorship, etc). This emphasis on training, while well intended, has not had a significant impact on faculty and student knowledge about misconduct. </p><p> Authentic Leadership Theory is based on Aristotle&rsquo;s concept of authenticity and has gained attention over the last decade. It is comprised of four main components: Balanced processing, internalized moral perspective, relational transparency, and self-awareness. These types of leaders focus on moral standards and values and that is what guides his or her leadership. </p><p> This study evaluates the impact authentic leaders have on shaping the ethical attitudes of faculty when they are placed in direct departmental supervisory positions. A survey of faculty from 15 Mississippi colleges and universities was conducted. Results indicate that the self-awareness and relational transparency constructs of authentic leadership influence faculty attitudes towards objective research integrity issues, but the direction of influence conflicts with each of the constructs. Additional variables failed to reach a level of significance suggesting that other variables, not historically associated with organizational leadership and research integrity, are influencing faculty&rsquo;s ethical perceptions. Additional attention is focused on barriers to effective leadership caused by the compliance focused culture of institutions of higher learning.</p><p>

<p> Academic and behavioral success in middle school is a predictor of academic and behavioral success in high school. How best to provide a developmentally responsive education to students at the middle level is a challenge that American educators and policymakers need to address (Jackson et al., 2000). This case study provides an understanding of the unique organizational structures and school culture that contributed to a diverse school&rsquo;s fostering and sustaining the goals of a middle school reform initiative designed to contribute to students&rsquo; academic and behavioral success. </p><p> Once a low-performing school with high disciplinary referrals, Crossroads Middle School is now considered exemplary because of high ratings on district climate surveys and success in increasing student achievement for all student groups since implementation of the reform strategy. Notably, during the reform implementation, three principals led the school. Given this leadership turnover, the school&rsquo;s success cannot be attributed to one charismatic leader, but rather the organizational culture fostered by the instructional leadership team. Data include interviews with 19 past and present members of the instructional leadership team, meeting observations, and reviews of school documents and artifacts. This exemplary case study reveals the shared norms, values, and beliefs developed over time by the leadership team members as they designed and implemented the structures, policies, and practices needed to foster the goals of the reform. </p><p> Crossroads had and continues to have a student population that mirrors the demographics of its large diverse district. This diversity contributes to the relevancy of the findings for other school leaders in districts that have diverse student populations and who seek to improve middle level education. The results of this study may inform district leaders and school-based staff seeking to adopt a middle school model uniquely suited to developing middle school students, and seeking to develop a staff with skill sets unique to teaching students at the middle school level.</p>

健全組織，精簡員額，使職務編制合理，以達成機關目標，不只為人事行政之鵠的，亦為政府多年來的一貫政策。是以，組織職務如何根據機關特性及業務繁簡作適當的配置，並隨著客觀環境的變遷發展，經透過職務普查制度之實施，適時作機動調整適應，以達組織職務配置合理化之理想，為民眾提供最好服務，係為亟待研究檢討之課題。 　　本研究所稱的「職務普查制度」(Position Survey System)，其研究範圍主要係由員額管制角度加以探討－－即指因應內外在環境變遷，並參酌機關目標及任務，透過一套標準化的評量技術，對機關內全部職務的職掌、工作項目、工作量與其人力運用等情形，均予客觀而理性之評估後，從而發現缺失，進而提出具體職務調整的改進辦法，以謀求機關人力合理調配運用。 　　另就系統研究途徑－－即視行政機關組織只是整個社會系統內之一個次級系統，設定組織結構設計與職務普查措施，必受政治、經濟、文化、技術及生態等環境因素之影響，及心理研究途徑著重該制度執行者的意向問題，以二者作為選擇問題及資料的準則，期能增加解釋現象的狀況，有助問題的解決；亦透過文獻研究法、實地觀察法、及深度訪談法等研究方法加以蒐集資料作為研究參者。 　　本研究共分為六章，計二十五五節。各章節安排之目的如下： 第一章是緒論，計有四節，分別說明本文之研究動機、研究目的；另將本文的三個主要概念：行政機關、職務普查及制度加以界定；然後說明研究範圍；並敘述本文的研究方法與限制；最後再建構本文的研究架構。 　　第二章計五節，透過「巨視」(macro)觀點來探討職務普查組織設計層面理論基礎，並就組織如何因應環境變遷的「情境面」(situation side)、以整體組織結構外貌為主的「結構面」(structure side)、及在既定機關組織結構中，其成員如何實際運作為主的「過程面」(process side)等三個要素加以探討，並參酌其重點列入職務普查制度實施之範圍，以資肆應。 　　第三章計三節，首先係透過「微視」(micro)觀點來探討職務普查員額配置層面理論，其涵蓋範疇包括工作分析、職務設置、機關的人力規劃和用人標準等理論；另參酌英國、美國及日本等外國政府行政機關員額管理精神及措施，以為借鏡。 　　第四章是實證狀況分析，計四節，主要在分析討論分類職位普 （抽）查措施之沿革、實施情形及其檢討；另借重組織員額評鑑（行政院）及職位普查 （內政部）之經驗；並就其三者之實施缺失，提出批判性之看法，以作為改進之參考。 　　第五章計六節，是實施職務普查所面臨問題與現象的分析，首先釐清建立職務普查制度所面臨的問題，主要有兩方面：一為該制度執行的步驟為何；另一方面為該制度有無一套具體可行的辦法。並透過愛德華三世(George C. Edward III)之政策執行力模式所論之「溝通」、「資源」、「執行者意向」、「機關結構」四種主要變數；及筆者結合前述組織設計與人事管理等理論而成之「理想化政策」等面向來探討職務普查工作執行應注意面臨之問題。 　　第六章為結論與建議，有三節。第一節為結論，亦即研究之心得及發現。有關研究發現略述如下： 　　一、職務普查結果與組織設計具不可分割性。 　　二、工作分析等理論為職務設置之基礎。 　　三、外國員額管理措施確值職務普查辦理之借鏡。 　　第二、三節為建議，亦即對策的提出。係針對上述問題，嘗試結合有關公共政策及人事管理等理論；另參酌外國行政機關員額管理制度之精神及方法；借重分類職位普（抽）查措施、行政院組織員額評鑑及內政部職位普查之經驗，提出改進建議，並嘗試提出一套具體可行的方案，俾供有司者參者。

本研究旨在探討國立高中學校行政組織調整之需求性、剖析我國國立高中學校行政組織中，職務由教師兼任的概況、瞭解我國國立高中學校行政組織及運作之缺失、分析現行國立高中學校行政組織之改進途徑，提出有助於國立高中學校行政組織再造的架構，以提供學校及主管教育行政機關參考。採用的研究方法計有：問卷調查法、訪談法。 本研究係以高中教師及兼任行政人員、專職行政人員及主管教育行政機關之教育行政人員為研究對象。在問卷方面，以臺中縣市國立高中為研究抽樣母體，採分層隨機抽樣進行問卷調查，總計共發出問卷500份，回收411份，有效問卷411份，總回收率為82.2%。 本研究經過文獻探討及調查和訪談結果分析，得到如下的結論： 一、 現行國立高中學校行政組織架構，各校設立之組別大致相似。 二、 各校現行之學校行政組織中較迫切需要再造之處，頗符合現況需求。加強專業養成訓練；採勞務外包制；員額採總量管制。 三、 各校現行之學校行政組織架構較類似甲方案。較傾向於傳統之處室分組架構。 四、 國立高中學校行政組織，多數的填答者認為國立高中之規模區分維持現狀無須調整。 五、 國立高中學校行政組織，教學組、試務組以及訓育組較適合由教師兼任組長。 六、 現行國立高中學校行政組織及運作之缺失︰教師兼任行政工作意願不高；行政工作勞逸不均；行政組織結構缺乏彈性。 七、 現行國立高中學校行政組織改進途徑︰加強行政人員的專業養成訓練；改善各組行政工作勞逸不均；教職員採總量管制。 八、 國立高中學校行政組織再造，可透過將非屬核心業務外包或場所委外經營的方式來提升行政效率。 九、 進行國立高中學校行政組織再造，可以朝著裁併處室、裁併組別或歸併的方向調整。 十、 國立高中學校行政組織架構調整，以維持現狀的甲案最為填答者支持，反映出普遍冀求安定，但亦有近半數認同再造。 根據以上之結論，提出如下的建議，以供參考。 壹、教育行政機關方面 一、訂定組織再造計畫，因應未來實際需求。 二、行政組織法令鬆綁，賦予彈性自主運作。 三、從制度面根本解決教師兼任行政工作意願不高之學校行政組織運作的缺失，建議教師兼任的適合度較低的職務由專任行政人員擔任。　　 貳、對學校的建議 一、訂定工作流程的簡化措施，修訂學校的校務章則規程。 二、積極進行較迫切需要再造之處。 三、辦理勞務外包，減輕人員工作負擔，縮編員額節省人事經費。 四、非屬核心業務委外經營，開拓財源，減輕行政負擔，有利於組織再造；建議學校可以將餐廳、合作社、游泳池等場所委外經營。 五、加強行政人員專業養成訓練，鼓勵兼行政教師參與行政研習。 六、合理分工各組業務，避免工作勞逸不均。 七、簡化行政業務工作流程，活化學校行政運作機制。 八、 進行國立高中學校行政組織再造，建議裁併部分處室或組別。 / This study is researching the necessity of adjusting the administration organization in national senior school, and exhaustedly analyzing the condition that a teacher holds a concurrent administrative post. Meanwhile, we can understand the faults of the school administrative organization and its administrative operation, and then we can analyze the improving gateways used nowadays in national senior high schools. Furthermore, we can offer the skeleton of reengineering administration organization, and the references to schools and the managers of the educational administration institution. These researching methods which I used are including “questionnaire survey law” and “visiting discussion”. The object personnel that I researched were senior high school teachers, concurrent administrators, full-time administrators and some educational administration personnel in manager educational administration institution. As to the questionnaire survey, we took national senior high schools in Taichung City and Taichung County as the matrix of lamination random sampling. We sent out about 500 “asks-the-volumes” and returned 411 “asks-the-volumes”. The recall “asks-the-volumes” were all effective, so the total returns-ratio reached 82.2%. After literature discussion, investigation and visiting discussion, we come to the following conclusions: 1. The administrative organization skeletons of sections in national senior high schools nowadays are similar to one another. 2. The schools’ administrative organizations now needed urgently reengineering in national senior high schools are: strengthen the professional nurture training, the school services need adopting by “outside the service wraps”. And the specified number of personnel uses the total quantity control. These conform to the present situation demand. 3. The school administrative organization skeleton now traditionally tends to the way of “office room grouping”. 4. The majority of the answerers think that we needn’t adjust the present scale discrimination in high schools’ administrative organization and maintain the present situation. 5. The suitable concurrent posts for high school teachers are the Curriculum and Instruction Section, Examination Section and Extra-curriculum section in national senior high school administrative organization. 6. The demerits in high schools’ administrative organization and their operations nowadays are: teachers are not willing to be concurrent administrative personnel, the administrative affairs unbalance, and the administrative organization structures are lack of flexibility. 7. The ways of improving the schools’ administrative organization in national senior high schools are: strengthen the administrative personnel professional nurture training, balance the service work between sections, and teachers and administrators use the total quantity control. 8. As for the high schools’ re-engineering administrative organization, we may penetrate the outside agent to deal with the non- core business, or place request management in order to uplift the administration efficiency. 9. In proceeding the schools’ re-engineering administrative organization in national senior high schools, we can consolidate offices, or sections, etc., or combine some offices or sections. 10. In adjusting national senior high schools’ administrative organization skeletons, most answerers support to maintain the present situation. According to the above conclusions, my proposals are as following: --supply the reference 1. The proposals for the educational authorities: (a) To make the plans of re-engineering organization, be accordance to the future actual demand. (b) To loose the administrative constitutive law, afford the autonomous flexibility in operation. (c) To solve the demerits basically from the system surface that the teachers are unwilling to serve the part-time employment, suggest that some jobs unsuitable for teachers can be done by full-time administrative personnel. 2. The proposals for school authorities: (a) To make the brief measure of working flow, reedit the rules and regulations of school affairs. (b) To carry on what will be re-engineered positively and urgently. (c) To transact all labor services done by outside agent to reduce the burden of internal personnel, and incorporate personnel to save the personnel funds. (d) To afford the non-core business managed by outside agent, exploit the finance, lighten the administrative burden, will be advantageous of re-engineering organization. And proposal that school cafeteria, cooperative, and swimming pool can be managed by outside agent. (e) To strengthen administrative personnel’s professional nurture training, encourage concurrently administrative teachers to attend the administrative thorough study. (f) To divide each service labor rationally, avoid the unfair burden in assigning work. (g) To brief the administrative affairs work flow, activate the school administrative operation mechanism. (h) To be engaged in re-engineering administrative organization in national senior high schools, suggest consolidating some offices or sections.

本論文共分為五章，第一章為緒論，除了對研究動機、研究目的、研就範圍、研究流程、研究限制、研究方法作一說明外並探討品質的概念，藉由幾位品管大師如W.EdwardsDeming，PhilipB.Crosby等人對品質所下的定義而了解品質的內涵。第二章則對全面品質管理作理論上的探討，在此章首先對TQM的興起背景作一說明，並對學者與實務界人士對TQM所下的定義略作闡述，進而說明TQM具有的特性與執行模式，最後並對TQM的執行工具作簡單介紹。從第三章起便以行政機關為對象探討TQM如何在其中應用，首先說明為何行政機關需要TQM。而由於行政機關顯然不同於企業組織，因此在第二節便對TQM在行政機關的適用性作一探討，然後指出行政機關若欲執行TQM所需遵循的原則，最後並針對我國情形，探討我國若欲實行TQM所須努力的方向。「他山之石，可以攻玉」，在第四章筆者主要係對目前TQM的實際運用狀況略作說明。但由於TQM是起源於美國、興盛於美國，因此本章首先便對目前TQM在美國的實施現況作一介紹，其次我國因目前除經濟部於民國80年曾有實施「團結圈」的經驗，因此在我國部分便介紹民間企業目前的實施現況作為參考、佐證；在本文中特以我國國家品質獎得主：臺灣德州儀器公司與中國鋼鐵公司作為探討的案例，而在最後以介紹經濟部團結圈的作法做為結束。第五章則為結論與建議，除了對本文作一總結外，並對公共行政學術界、實務界與後續研究者提出建議。

Este é um estudo sobre o processo histórico de constituição e desenvolvimento da gerencia de serviços públicos estaduais, não hospitalares, no Estado de São Paulo. A partir da análise de documentos e da legislação pertinente, procura-se reconhecer as diferentes propostas de organização administrativa e gerencial, formuladas no interior do aparato público estadual, em relação as tecnologias de atenção a saúde hegemonicas nestes serviços ao longo do período histórico estudado. Discute-se a ação gerencial enquanto atividade instrumental inserida no processo de organização do trabalho em saúde. O período analisado vai do início da institucionalização das ações públicas de saúde neste estado, em 1892, a consolidação da gerência de nível local, enquanto ação de coordenação do trabalho coletivo em unidades de saúde, sob responsabilidade estadual, em 1983 / This paper traces the history of the setting up and development of management in the public non-hospital health services of the state of São Paulo. Based on the analysis of documents, publications and pertinent legislation, this thesis aims to identify teh various different proposals for administrative and management organization that have been formulated within the state\'s bureaucratic machine, with regard to predominant health care technology throughout the period unbder consideration. The action of management within the process of organization of health care organization in this state in 1892, and extends to the consolidation of management as a coordination action at the local level, with the organization of colletive work into health care units under state responsibility, in 1983.