Title: Effect of the load and recovery time on a physiological response in sport rock climbers Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to assess the inluence of various types of climbing loads on a physiological response in sport rock climbers. Methods: Seven experienced (8 to 9+, UIAA - Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme) sport climbers (age 25,4 ± 7 years, body 64,8 ± 6 kg, height 175,8 ± 5,3 cm) were subjected to climbing test until exhaustion, which involved three excercises that included various types of load: continuous, intermittent with 30s load and 30s rest periods (test 30/30) and intermittent with 90s load and 90s rest periods (test 90/90). All subjects refrained from exercising at least 48h between each testing. The monitored variables were performance of climbing steps, heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), energy expenditure (EE) and blood lactate (LA). Results: Peak values of monitored variables show that a climbing intensity was similar among all tests (HRpeak 168 ± 11 to 172 ± 7 bites/min, VO2peak 35,2 ± 4,7 to 40,3 ± 5,3 ml/kg/min, LA 4,1 ± 1,1 to 4,9 ± 1,4 mmol/l). EE was in average 9,0 to 9,8 kcal. Subjects climbed longest (4min 45s ± 37s) in the test 30/30 (six climbers achieved maximum defined time 10 x 30s), whereas total...

L’optimisation de la performance en endurance oblige l’athlète à répéter des séances d’entraînement intermittent à haute intensité (EIHI), ce qui génère une fatigue neuromusculaire qui peut être préjudiciable. Ce type d’EIHI peut être aussi à l’origine des perturbations importantes de l’homéostasie générale affectant ainsi le volume plasmatique et les réponses physiologiques. Ainsi, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier l’effet de l’intensité d’EIHI (100% vs. 110% de VMA) sur les performances en endurances, marqueurs des dommages musculaires, le volume plasmatique et les réponses inflammatoires suite à l’exercice intermittent. Pour les études 2, 3 et 4, quatre groupes de sujets masculins et sains ont participé à ce travail. Ils ont été répartis d’une façon aléatoire en 2 groupes expérimentaux (GE100 et GE110) et en 2 groupes contrôles (GC100 et GC110). Pour l’étude 1, seulement 3 groupes (GE100, GE110 et GC) ont participé à l’expérimentation. En effet, deux programmes d’EIHI ont été mis à disposition avec un EI à 100% de VMA (pour GE100) et un EI à 110% de VMA (pour GE110). Les résultats montrent que l’EIHI s’accompagne d’une augmentation significative du volume plasmatique chez les deux groupes entrainés. Ces changements du volume plasmatique ont été accompagnés par une augmentation des performances physiques mesurée lors de l’exercice maximal à charge croissante et lors de l’exercice intermittent chez les groupes entrainés. Nos résultats ont révélé un taux d’amélioration plus élevé en suivant un EIHI à 110% de VMA. Des adaptations endocriniennes sont probablement à l’origine de ces modifications liées à l’entrainement intense. En effet, après entrainement, nous avons observé une diminution significative des marqueurs des dommages musculaires (au repos et à l’exercice intermittent) chez les sujets entrainés par rapport aux groupes contrôles. La différence liée à l’intensité de l’EIHI disparait après entrainement seulement entre les groupes entrainés. Le même constat a été observé concernant les concentrations plasmatiques des cytokines. En conclusion de ce travail de thèse, il semble que l’augmentation de l’intensité d’EIHI serait un bon moyen pour réduire et atténuer les effets délétères de l'EI supra-maximal. Le majeur fruit de ce travail est que l'intensité de 110% de VMA provoque une meilleur amélioration des performances aérobies que 100% de VMA, tout en avoir le même niveau de variation plasmatique, voir même des préférences au niveau des réponses inflammatoires. / Optimization of endurance performance requires the athlete to repeat high intensity interval training (HIIT). This type of training can induce a neuromuscular fatigue, a homeostasis perturbation which affects the plasma volume and the physiological responses. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of increasing HIIT intensity (100% vs. 110% of VMA) on endurance performance, muscular damage marker, plasma volume and inflammatory responses after an intermittent exercise (IE). For the first study, only 3 groups (EG100, EG110 and CG) participated in the experiment. However, in the2 sd, 3rd and 4th studies, 39 male volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly assigned in control groups (CG100 and CG110), trained group with 100% of maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) (EG100) and trained group with 110% MAV (EG110). The training program consisted of 3 sessions a week during 8 weeks and presented only 30/30s IE. Before and after HIIT, participants performed a maximal graded test (MGT) and IE test at 100% or 110% MAV with 30s recovery at 50% MAV. Blood was collected at rest, at the end of the IE and after 15min of passive recovery. Results showed that increasing IT running intensity by 10% of MAV increases significantly the PVV at rest and after the IET. Despite the fact that EG100 and EG110 had the same PVV rise level after HIIT, greater aerobic performances were recorded in EG110. Our results revealed a higher improvement in response to HIIT at by following a 110% VAM EIHI. Endocrine adaptations are probably the cause of these changes related to intense training. Indeed, after training, we observed a significant decrease in markers of muscle damage (resting and intermittent exercise) in subjects trained compared to control groups. The difference related to the intensity of the EIHI disappears after training only between the groups trained. The same observation has been observed concerning the plasma concentrations of cytokines. In conclusion of this thesis work, it seems that increasing the intensity of EIHI would be a good way to reduce and mitigate the deleterious effects of the supra-maximal EI. In conclusion, HIIT at 110% MAV provoked better aerobic performances than 100% MAV, while having the same plasma volume and inflammatory responses levels.

Dėl diskusijos tarp tyrėjų ir dėl darbų trūkumo apie vežimėlių krepšinio specialiuosius fizinius gebėjimus, aerobinį pajėgumą ir žaidimo įgūdžius. Aktualūs ir reikšmingi moksliniai tyrimai analizuojantys šių rodiklių kaitą negalios sunkumo laipsnio, amžiaus, žaidimo stažo aspektais. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti ir įvertinti vežimėlių krepšinio žaidėjų fizinių ypatybių, aerobinio pajėgumo ir žaidimo įgūdžių rodiklių kaitą pažeidimo laipsnio, amžiaus, žaidimo stažo aspektais. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir įvertinti ve��imėlių krepšinio žaidėjų specialiųjų fizinių gebėjimų rodiklių priklausomybę nuo negalios sunkumo laipsnio, amžiaus, žaidimo stažo. 2. Nustatyti ir įvertinti kokią įtaką vežimėlių krepšinio žaidėjų žaidimo rodikliams turi negalios sunkumo laipsnis, amžius, žaidimo stažas. 3. Nustatyti ir įvertinti vežimėlių krepšinio žaidėjų aerobinio pajėgumo rodiklių priklausomybę nuo negalios sunkumo laipsnio, amžiaus, žaidimo stažo. Specialiųjų fizinių gebėjimų ir žaidimo rodiklių testais buvo ištirti 42 vežimėlių krepšinio žaidėjai. Visi tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti i tris grupes pagal pažeidimo laipsnį, pagal amžių ir pagal žaidimo stažą. Atliekant nenutrūkstamą nuosekliai didinamą fizinį krūvį rankų ergometru „Monark“, dujų analizatoriumi „Oxycon Mobile“ buvo ištirtas 21 vežimėlių krepšinio žaidėjas. Jie taip pat buvo suskirstyti i tris grupes pagal pažeidimo laipsnį, pagal amžių ir pagal žaidimo stažą. Buvo nustatyti fizinio darbingumo, kvėpavimo, dujų apykaitos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Because of discussion among researchers and shortage of research works in respect of special physical abilities, aerobic performance and playing skills of wheelchair basketball players. There are actual and relevant scientific research analyzing these problems in aspects of players age, disability and time playing wheelchair basketball. Aim of the research was to determine and evaluate special physical abilities, the aerobic performance and playing skills of weelchair basketball players according to playing experience, age and disability. Goals of research : 1. To determine and evaluate physical features of weelchair basketball players according to playing experience, age and disability. 2. To determine and evaluate playing skills of weelchair basketball players according to playing experience, age and disability. 3. To determine and evaluate the aerobic performance and of weelchair basketball players according to playing experience, age and disability. By methods of testing and pedagogical observation 42 wheelchair basketball players participating in wheelchair basketball competitions were under research. Participants of the research were divided into different groups according to their age, disability and time playing wheelchair basketball. The following wheelchair basketball players participating in the research according to the International wheelchair basketball classification system were divided: eight 1-1,5 point players, fifteen 2-2,5 points players, 8– 3-3,5... [to full text]

La consommation de boissons froides et l’utilisation de menthol par voie orale sont des moyens efficaces pour lutter contre des effets néfastes du climat chaud /humide sur la performance aérobie. Les buts de cette thèse étaient 1) de déterminer l’efficacité des effets cumulatifs de l’eau froide et du menthol sur la performance aérobie et 2) d'identifier la capacité de renforcer la performance par la combinaison du précooling interne et du percooling interne en environnement tropical. Les expérimentations étaient des exercices de contre-la-montre, en laboratoire ou en extérieur, dans lesquelles les sujets ont bu des boissons (i. E. , eau neutre, eau froide ou glace pilée) avec ou sans menthol. Les principaux résultats mettent en évidence que l'ingestion d'une boisson au menthol augmente la performanceet cette augmentation s’accentue en diminuant la température du liquide ingéré (étude 1). Cette glace pilée mentholée semble mieux conserver, en conditions écologiques, la capacité d’amélioration de la performance observée en laboratoire (étude 2). Une fois que la glace pilée mentholée est prise au cours de l’effort, l’adjonction pré-exercice d’un refroidissement par boisson froide devient inutile pour accroître davantage la performance (étude 3). Enfin, une boisson froide au menthol permet de limiter le stress psycho-physiologique durant l’exercice (étude 1 et 2). L’ingestion d’eau froide/mentholée ou de glace pilée/mentholée pendant l’exercice semble être une stratégie efficace pour améliorer la performance aérobie et peut être recommandée pour les athlètes lors de compétitions sportives sous climat chaud (sec ou humide). / Cold drink consumption and the use of menthol by mouth are effective ways to fight against harmful effects of hot and humid climate on aerobic performance. The aims of this thesis were 1) to determine the effectiveness of the cumulative effects of the cold water and the menthol on aerobic performance and 2) to identify the ability to enhance performance by combining internal precooling and internal percooling in a tropical environment. The experiments were time trial, in a laboratory or outdoors, in which subjects absorbed beverages (i.e., neutral water, cold water, ice-slurry) with or without menthol. The main results show that the ingestion of beverage/menthol increases exercise performance and this increase is accentuated while decreasing the temperature of ingested beverage (Study 1). The ice-slurry/menthol seems to be better in preserving, in ecological conditions, observed improvement of exercise performance in the laboratory (Study 2). When ice-slurry/menthol is absorbed in the effort, the precooling by adding cold drink becomes unnecessary to further increase the performance (Study 3). Finally, a cold beverage/menthol limits psychological and physiological stress during exercise (Study 1 and 2).The ingestion of cold water/menthol or ice-slurry/menthol during exercise appears to be an effective strategy to improve aerobic performance and is recommended for athletes in sports competitions in a hot climate (dry or wet).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissWHBV.pdf: 1262408 bytes, checksum: 46ed12e3f59bfa6a851e19038a1181ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-14 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The purpose of this study was to evaluate relative the physiological adaptation the activities of enzymes Lactate Dehidrogenase LDH (glycolytic) e Citrate Synthase CS (oxidative) and to the Anaerobic Threshold (AT), to the exercise in treadmill in rats submitted to the photostimulation for low-intensity laser (780 ηm) in the main participant muscles of the march. Fifty-four male Wistar rats had been part of the study. These animals were divided in four groups: Two had remained in rest (1) GRC, being one of them irradied (2) GRL, and other two were submitted to an aerobic treadmill training program during 5 weeks and to a multistage treadmill test of increasing intensity (3) GEC, being one of them irradied (4) GEL. The irradiation for infra-red laser (780 ηm) was made daily in number of four (quadriceps, maximum glúteo, soleus, tibialis anterior) in each back leg of the animals, totalizing 8 applications for animal/day, using (dose, 3,8 J/cm2; power, 15 mW; time, 10 s, continuous) during 5 weeks consecutives. The multistage treadmill tests of increasing intensity were made once a week totalizing 5 evaluation, in order to obtain blood samples for determination of the AT. In the analyses electrophoretics and spectrophotometic of the LDH and CS muscles samples (soleus, TA and cardiac) were removed 48 hours after the last exercise bout. The laser to promote increase in the oxidative metabolism of 2% a 78%, the exercise of 18% a 75%, and action combined of 43% a 92%; Apparent systemic action of the laser was detected in cardiac muscle with increase in the activity of the CS and reduction of the LDH. The group GEC and GEL showed increase in the maximum speed, in the speed corresponding to the AT and a trend reduction of the blood lactate concentration during the training period. However, no significant difference occurred between two groups though the GEL had shown higher values. These data suggest that the aerobic treadmill-training partner to the low-intensity laser can to promote physiological adaptation in the direction of increase oxidative capacity in the animals, represented by increase of the CS, reduction of the LDH and by the higher degree of effort to reach the Anaerobic Threshold. This similarity has a utility therapeutic practical. / O presente estudo avaliou as adaptações fisiológicas relativas as atividades das enzimas Lactato Desidrogenase - LDH (glicolítica) e Citrato Sintase - CS (oxidativa) e ao Limiar de Anaerobiose (LA), ao exercício em esteira em ratos submetidos à fotoestimulação por laser de baixa intensidade (780nm) nos principais músculos participantes da marcha. Fizeram parte do estudo 54 ratos machos, jovens (30 dias), Wistar, que foram divididos em quatro grupos: dois permaneceram em repouso: (1) GRC, sendo um deles irradiado (2) GRL, e dois foram submetidos a um protocolo de treinamento aeróbio em esteira por 5 semanas e a testes de esforços crescentes (3) GEC, sendo um deles irradiado (4) GEL. A irradiação por laser infravermelho foi feita, diariamente, em número de quatro: quadríceps, glúteo máximo, Tibial Anterior (TA) e sóleo, em cada pata traseira, totalizando 8 aplicações por animal/dia, sob os parâmetros: Dose: 3,8 J/cm2, Potência: 15 mW, Tempo: 10 segundos, modo contínuo, durante 5 semanas consecutivas. Os testes de esforço crescente foram realizados, uma vez por semana, totalizando 5 avaliações durante as quais foram obtidas amostras de sangue visando a determinação do LA. Nas análises eletroforéticas e espectrofotométricas da LDH e CS, foram utilizadas frações de músculo TA, sóleo e cardíaco retiradas 48 horas após a última sessão de exercício. O laser provocou aumentos do metabolismo aeróbio de 2% à 78%, o exercício de 18% à 75% e suas ações combinadas de 43% à 92%. Aparente ação sistêmica do laser foi detectada em músculo cardíaco, com aumento da atividade da CS e diminuição da atividade LDH. Os grupos GEC e GEL exibiram aumento na velocidade máxima, LA deslocado para um nível de maior esforço e uma ligeira tendência de redução do lactato sérico no decorrer das avaliações. Entretanto, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos, apesar do GEL ter exibido maiores valores. Esses dados sugerem que o treinamento aeróbio em esteira associado ao laser de baixa intensidade possa acarretar adaptações fisiológicas no sentido de aumento na capacidade oxidativa dos animais representada pelo aumento na atividade da CS, diminuição da LDH e maior grau de esforço para a obtenção do LA, fato este, de grande utilidade na prática terapêutica.

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