The paper strives to answer the question what motives encourage high performance sport aerobic athletes and aerobic athletes to seek for better results. The objective of the research is to reveal motivation peculiarities in both groups. Research tasks: 1. reveal the motives of sport aerobic and aerobic athletes (using S. Butt approach, 1991). 2. investigate the level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of sport aerobic and aerobic athletes (using Frederick & Ryan approach, 1993). The research was carried out at Kaunas sport clubs in December 2004. The respondents consisted of 39 high performance aerobic female athletes and 43 women attending aerobic workouts. All of the respondents were questioned before or after training. Questionnaires were filled-in in the presence of the investigator. Investigation according to S. Butt approach shows that at psychological motivational level competence is equally important to both groups of the tested (p=0.221). At social motivational level, cooperation for sport aerobic and aerobic athletes is equally important (p=0.157). Aggression, conflict and competition motives are more important to sport aerobic athletes (p<0.0005). So according to S. Butt approach, sport aerobic female athletes have higher extrinsic motivation. Investigation according to Frederick & Ryan approach claims that motives of interest/enjoyment, competence, appearance and fitness credibly differ in both groups of respondents (p<0.0005). According to the results... [to full text]

Title: Evaluation of Developmental Tendencies in Fitness Aerobic Goals: Based on the content analyses and timelines of successful professional choreographies from the World Championship 2006-2016, the aim of this work is to forecast developmental tendencies and trends including the optimal content of professional choreographies within the organization FISAF for 2018. Methods: This Thesis has a character of a quantitative research. The main researching method is the timeline created with the help of a special program called Statistica 2017 and the content analysis developed with the help of a video recording. Results: Based on the results, it is possible to suppose that a composition can be successful only when it contains 15-16 swinging movements of legs and 17-20 vertical changes (squats, crouch positions) in the physical part, the musical part should consist of 2-4 musical artworks and within the part of choreography there should be 35-40 positions, approximately 25 - 28 contrasting divisions of the group in the movement and space and 10 - 12 interactions between the team members. Keywords: aerobics, fitness team, FISAF, choreography

American women have been accessing fitness spaces since fitness became an industry in the United States starting in the 1960s. Since that time the fitness industry has grown exponentially. Though a majority of Americans do not engage in fitness regimens on a regular basis, the cultural mandate for fitness (a combination of health and aesthetics) permeates American society. Though seemingly gender neutral, the fitness imperative has gendered prescriptions and results; some of which are on display in fitness spaces. Because of a presumption of equal access, supported by data illustrating that women use gyms in greater numbers than men, little research has focused on their specific uses of gym spaces and potential barriers they encounter in trying to access all the spaces in the gym. This dissertation is a qualitative study of the gendered barriers and fitness prescriptions in the contemporary American fitness center, or gym, as it is colloquially known. Using qualitative interviews (N=25) and participant observation at three gyms, I discuss the sociocultural creation of gym space and gym practices focusing on their gendered implications. The study focuses on specific spaces (i.e., the aerobics room, the weight room) as well as the more general uses of "open" gym space. I examine the sources of women's fitness knowledge, their entry points into fitness spaces, and their use of fitness technologies. I found that while women's movements within the gym and their choice of fitness regimens varied, they all understood the gendered nature of fitness as a whole and how it manifest on women's bodies. I discuss the pleasures gained as well as anxieties women had about using both traditional and non-traditional gendered gym spaces. Women's fitness regimens comprise part of their identities, in and outside the gym. In fitness spaces women earned social, cultural, and physical capital based on their fitness abilities, physiques, and fitness knowledge. These rewards were available to all women in all fitness spaces but the amount of capital accumulation varied depending on age, race, sexuality, ability and which fitness spaces they accessed and for what purpose.

Effect of the Aerobics Body Express intervention program on muscle strength. Objectives: The goal of the study is to validate the efficiency of the Aerobics Body Express intervention program and analyze its impact on three selected types of muscle strength and three muscle groups. Methods: The three-month intervention program shall be implemented as part of the syllabus of the Aerobics course at Palestra College of Physical Education and Sport. The studied population sample shall consist of 95 second-year students of Palestra College. The effect of the Aerobic Body Express intervention program on the individual types of muscle strength shall be assessed based on the difference in the results of pretests taken before application of the three-month intervention program and posttests taken after its completion. This shall constitute a quasi-experiment. The individual muscle strength types shall be measured using a battery of selected motor tests. To assess the changes in performance from the point of view of statistics, we shall use the signed-rank and Wilcoxon tests. To determine the effect size of the test results, we shall use the Cohen's d coefficient. Results: The measurements demonstrated statistically verifiable changes in all tests for the experimental group. Abdominal muscles tests showed...

Although previous research has focused on subcultures among deviant groups, very little research has been conducted on older adults' subcultures or subcultures within exercise settings. Given the lack of research on older and non-deviant groups, the current research study was designed to reveal how a senior water aerobics exercise class is indeed a subculture and provide a rich description of this understudied and unappreciated subculture. Data collection took place at a water aerobics exercise class at a health club in Central Florida. In the first phase of data collection, ethnographic observations were utilized to identify the social processes in the pool setting. In the second phase of data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 seniors to provide a rich description of a water aerobics subculture. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, the results revealed that the water aerobics class resembles a subculture with distinctive norms, social roles and rituals. Based on these findings, this study concludes that groups such as water aerobics classes may influence seniors' self-esteem, wellbeing and transition into late adulthood.

A review of certification domains and study materials for four national group fitness or aerobics instructor certifying organizations found them to be deficient in preparation of candidates in exercise psychology skills, An exercise psychology workshop was developed to address these deficiencies and was specifically designed for certified group fitness or aerobics instructors. The workshop was an overview of exercise psychology as it related to basic motivation techniques, goal setting, use of imagery, exercise anxiety, concentration, injury recovery, barriers to exercise, exercise behavior, and recognizing negative issues associated with exercise. The six-hour workshop was designed to prepare group fitness or aerobics instructors to be able to recognize and utilize exercise psychology skills when interacting with beginners to experienced exercisers to help participants achieve their fitness goals. The aerobics instructors have direct contact with more individuals engaging in exercise than any other fitness professionals in the fitness centers. The group fitness or aerobics instructors were provided with an introduction in how to use exercise psychology skills training techniques. The workshop was presented at Temple University on three separate dates, February 8th, February 22nd, and March 9th, 2014. The workshop was not approved for continuing education credits but was able to be submitted by the attendee, on a case by case basis, through each unique organization's petition process to receive educational credits toward the renewal of the certification. The certified group fitness or aerobics instructors received a booklet containing the workshop slides and handouts. They were asked to take a short Psychological Skills Assessment for Group Fitness Instructors Questionnaire prior to and at the completion of the workshop. A randomized group was selected to participate in a phone interview one month post workshop to determine the extent to which the knowledge gained was utilized and beneficial in the execution of the group exercise instruction. A total of 91 certified group fitness instructors attended the workshop and 84 participated in the study. It was found that the participants significantly increased their knowledge of exercise psychology and group fitness instruction by 52.5% by the end of the workshop. There was no overall significant difference between the three workshop groups. The feedback obtained from the evaluation of the workshop question was generally positive and offered some suggestions for future use of the workshop material. The post workshop phone interview indicated that the certified aerobics instructors who participated in the workshop were able to utilize the exercise psychology techniques covered in the workshop in conjunction with their job as a group fitness or aerobics instructor. / Kinesiology

This study was designed to determine the effects of a progressive aerobics training program on the physical working capacity of adults as measured on the bicycle ergometer. The following hypotheses were tested: A progressive aerobics training program does not increase physical working capacity (PWC). A progressive aerobics training program has no effect on resting, exercise or recovery heart rate. A progressive aerobics training program does not increase predicted maximum oxygen consumption (VO2).

TITLE: Body styling - Principles and Practical Implementation OBJECTIVES: The aim of this diploma thesis is the search processing of available literary sources associated with bodystyling and the draft and verification of appropriate bodystyling lessons with positive effect on body composition for women and men without previous experience with bodystyling. METHODS: While elaborating this diploma thesis, my efforts were based on literary search, in particular I searched in literature focused on bodystyling and muscular system anatomy. This work shows its descriptive analytical character. Verification of drafted bodystyling lessons reveals, why bodystyling is a suitable form of regular physical exercise or activity. The target group consisted of twelve persons, six women and six men, within the age from twenty to fifty. None of them had previous experience with bodystyling lessons. RESULTS: The proposed physical intervention positively affected body composition interceded subjects that directly affected the body shaping. Body fat percentage was significantly reduced in eleven people out of twelve. The result of percentage of fat for the examined group is (-0,9±0,6) %. There was also a significant increase in skeletal muscle percentage for all twelve subjects. The result of percentage of skeletal...

Contexto: O treinamento físico, especialmente aeróbico e combinado, é fortemente indicado no controle do diabetes tipo 2 (DMT2). Porém, faltam estudos investigando os efeitos desses modelos de treinamento em pacientes com DMT2 treinando em meio aquático, o qual parece ser uma interessante possibilidade terapêutica. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos de dois modelos de treinamento em meio aquático com similar duração (hidroginástica aeróbica e hidroginástica combinada) no controle do DMT2. Delineamento: Ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, em paralelo. Métodos: Cinquenta e sete pacientes com DMT2 foram aleatoriamente alocados em um grupo de treinamento aeróbico (GTA) em meio aquático (n=19), um grupo de treinamento combinado (GTC) em meio aquático (n=19) ou um grupo controle (GC), que realizou sessões de alongamento e relaxamento (n=19). As intervenções tiveram duração de 15 semanas, realizadas em três sessões semanais (60 minutos/sessão), com intensidade do treinamento aeróbico progredindo de 85 a 100% da frequência cardíaca do limiar anaeróbico durante as intervenções. O componente de força no treinamento combinado teve intensidade mantida em velocidade máxima com durações de séries pré-determinadas. Todos os desfechos foram avaliados antes e após as 15 semanas de intervenção. Os dados foram analisados por-protocolo (PP) e por intenção de tratar (ITT). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando-se equações de estimativas generalizadas, com post-hoc de Bonferroni, adotando-se um α de 0,05. Resultados: Os pacientes tiveram idade de 59,9 ± 7,7 anos. Reduções nos níveis de hemoglobina glicada foram observadas em todos os grupos nas duas análises realizadas (PP - GTA: - 0,36%, GTC: - 0,44%, GC: - 0,26%) Aumento nos níveis de atividade física em atividades moderadas, vigorosas e no somatório de atividades físicas e uma redução no tempo sentado em dias de semana ocorreram em todos os grupos, nas duas análises realizadas (p < 0,05). Glicemia de jejum e HOMA foram reduzidas somente no GTA pela análise ITT (p < 0,05). A análise PP demonstrou redução dos níveis de colesterol total e HDL (p < 0,05), enquanto as duas análises demonstraram redução dos níveis de LDL (p < 0,05), todos sem diferenças entre grupos. Os níveis de cortisol, a relação testosterona:cortisol e a força máxima de flexão de cotovelos foram aumentados apenas no GTC (p < 0,05). A força resistente na flexão de cotovelos melhorou apenas no GTA e no GTC (p < 0,05). Os desfechos consumo de oxigênio de pico e no segundo limiar ventilatório, pressão arterial diastólica, força máxima de extensão de joelhos, força resistente de extensão de joelhos e flexão de cotovelos, mobilidade funcional em velocidade usual, qualidade de vida geral e no domínio psicológico, sintomas depressivos e qualidade do sono melhoraram em todos os grupos (p < 0,05), sem diferença entre eles, resultados demonstrados nas duas análises (PP e ITT). A frequência cardíaca de repouso, a mobilidade funcional em velocidade máxima e a qualidade de vida no domínio físico demonstraram melhora nos três grupos, sem diferença entre eles, porém apenas pela análise ITT (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Intervenções em meio aquático proporcionam benefícios no controle do DMT2, podendo a hidroginástica de caráter aeróbico e combinado maximizar os efeitos metabólicos, cardiorrespiratórios e neuromusculares, com mínimas diferenças entre estas duas modalidades. / Context: Physical training, especially aerobic and combined, is very indicated for type 2 diabetes (DMT2) control. However, there are few studies investigating the effects of these training models in patients with DMT2 in aquatic environment, which appears to be an interesting therapeutic possibility. Objective: To compare the effects of two water-based training interventions with similar duration (water-based aerobic training and water-based combined training) on DMT2 control. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial, in parallel. Methods: Fifty-seven patients with DMT2 were randomly assigned to an aquatic aerobic training group (GTA; n=19), an aquatic combined training group (GTC; n=19) or a control group (GC; n = 19), that performed stretching and relaxation sessions. Interventions had duration of 15 weeks, performed in three weekly sessions (60 min/session), with intensity of the aerobic training progressing from 85% to 100% of heart rate of anaerobic threshold during interventions. The resistance component in the combined training was maintained at maximum speed with predetermined durations of sets. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 15 weeks after interventions. Data were analyzed per-protocol (PP) and by intention-to-treat (ITT). Statistical analyses were performed by generalized estimating equations, with post-hoc of Bonferroni, α = 0.05. Results: Patients were 59.9 ± 7.7 years old. Reductions on glycated hemoglobin levels were observed in both analyses performed (PP - GTA: - 0.36%, GTC: - 0.44%, GC: - 0.26%) Increase in physical activity levels in moderate, vigorous and in the sum of physical activities and a reduction in sitting time in weekly days occurred in all groups, in both performed analysis (p < 0.05). Fasting glucose and HOMA were reduced only in GTA by ITT analysis (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol and HDL were reduced in the PP analysis (p < 0.05), while LDL was reduced in both analyzes (p < 0.05), without differences between groups. Cortisol levels, testosterone:cortisol ratio and maximal strength in elbow flexors were increased only in GTC (p < 0.05). Resistance strength of elbow flexors improved only in GTA and in GTC (p < 0.05). Peak oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake in the second ventilatory threshold, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, maximal strength of knee extensors, resistance strength of knee extensors and elbow flexors, functional mobility at usual speed, overall quality of life and in the psychological domain, depressive symptoms and sleep quality improved in all groups (p < 0.05), without difference between them, with results demonstrated in both analyzes (PP e ITT). Resting heart rate, functional mobility at maximal speed and quality of life in the physical domain improved in the three groups, without difference between them, however only by ITT analysis (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Interventions in aquatic environment provide benefits in type 2 diabetes control, being water-based aerobic training and water-based combined training able to maximize the metabolic, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular effects, with minor differences between these two modalities.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a influência de fontes de carbono (FC) e composições de meio definido no crescimento celular e na produção do polissacarídeo PS14. Em batelada, testou-se como FC glicose, sacarose e frutose em diferentes concentrações. Testou-se também meios com ausência dos aminoácidos asparagina, ácido aspártico, fenilalanina, serina, alanina, treonina, triptofano, lisina e tirosina, das vitaminas/cofatores ácido fólico, piridoxamina, ácido p-aminobenzóico, <font face=\"Symbol\">b-NAD e riboflavina, além bem como da adição de maiores concentrações de aminoácidos identificados como importantes. Em cultivo contínuo foram avaliadas vazões específicas de alimentação (D) de 0,1h-1a 0,5h-1 e a influência das bases nitrogenadas. O meio com sacarose como FC, retirada dos aminoácidos e vitaminas citados e adição do dobro de glicina isoleucina, leucina, valina e o triplo de glutamina levou à maior produção de PS14 (441mg/L). Obteve-se a maior produtividade com D=0,4h-1e a maior quantidade de PS14 com adenina na concentração original no meio de cultura. / In this work we assessed the influence of different carbon sources (CS) and defined medium compositions on cell growth and polysaccharide PS14 production. In bath, glucose, sucrose and fructose were tested at different concentrations. Also, media were tested with absence of the amino acids: asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, serine, alanine, threonine, tryptophan, lysine, and tyrosine, and vitamins/cofactors: folic acid, pyridoxamine, p-aminobenzoic acid, riboflavin and <font face=\"Symbol\">b-NAD, besides the addition of higher concentration of amino acids identified as important. In continuous cultivation, dilution rates (D) from 0.1 h-1 to 0.5 h-1 were evaluated as well as the influence of nitrogenous bases. The medium containing sucrose as CS, absence of amino acids and vitamins and addition of twice glycine isoleucine, leucine, valine, and triple glutamine led to higher production of PS14 (441mg/L). D of 0.4 h-1 showed higher productivity and adenine in standard concentration produced greater amounts of PS14.