As angolanas Alda Lara e Paula Tavares, a cabo-verdiana Vera Duarte, a moçambicana Noémia de Sousa e as são-tomenses Alda Espírito Santo e Conceição Lima são as escritoras que melhor representam a poesia de autoria feminina em seus respectivos países e, embora pertençam a contextos socioeconômicos e culturais bastante diferentes, suas obras se aproximam tanto pela abordagem temática, quanto pela existência de um projeto de construção social do sujeito feminino. Assim, embasamo-nos, teoricamente, nos estudos em especial os de Michel de Certeau (2005) e Maria Odila da Silva Leite Dias (1992; 1994; 1998) em torno da hermenêutica do cotidiano feminino, a fim de demonstrar a importância dos papéis informais, das experiências vividas e da resistência das mulheres no processo de formação de suas subjetividades. Recorremos, ainda, a relatórios baseados em recenseamentos e a diversos documentos elaborados por organismos internacionais, a exemplo da ONU e da UNESCO, para estabelecer os pontos de contato entre a situação das mulheres e os contextos históricos-sociais em que estão elas inscritas, ou seja, Angola, Cabo Verde, Moçambique e São Tomé e Príncipe. Finalmente, aliando os aspectos teóricos e os contextuais, analisamos poemas contidos nas obras iniciais de cada uma das já referidas autoras respectivamente, Poemas (1966), Ritos de passagem (1985), Amanhã amadrugada (1993), Sangue negro (2001), É nosso o solo sagrado da terra (1978) e O útero da casa (2004) e procuramos demonstrar que as mulheres, muitas vezes portadoras de uma voz quase silenciosa e marcada pelas miudezas do cotidiano, inscrevem suas marcas na sociedade e têm o poder de (trans)formá-la e de transformar-se, decorrendo daí o título de nossa tese, De missangas e catanas, alusivo à simbologia da resistência empreendida por elas em favor do afloramento de suas subjetividades e do registro de suas historicidades. / The Angolan Alda Lara and Paula Tavares, the Cape Verdean Vera Duarte, the Mozambican Noémia de Sousa and the Santomean Alda Espírito Santo and Conceição Lima are the writers who best represent the poetry authored by women in their respective countries and, although belonging to very distinct socioeconomic and cultural contexts, their works approach both thematically and as a project of social construction of the female subject. Therefore, our work is based specially in the studies of Michel de Certeau (2005) and Maria Odila da Silva Leite Dias (1992, 1994, 1998) concerning the hermeneutics of everyday life of women in order to demonstrate the importance of informal roles, the experiences of women and the resistance in the formation of their subjectivities. We also recall the reports based on different censuses and documents prepared by international bodies such as the United Nations and UNESCO to establish points of contact between the situation of women and the social-historical contexts in which they are inscribed: Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique and São Tome and Principe. Finally, combining the theoretical and contextual aspects, we analyzed poems contained in the initiation works of each of the aforementioned authors respectively - Poemas (1966), Ritos de passagem (1985), Amanhã amadrugada (1993), Sangue negro (2001), É nosso o solo sagrado da terra (1978) and O útero da casa (2004) and we demonstrated that even though women often suffer from an almost silenced voice, marked by the offal of daily life, they inscribed their mark on society having the power of (trans)form it. Hence, this is the origin of the title of our thesis, Of beads and machetes which illustrates the symbols of resistance undertaken by the authors for the blossoming of their subjectivities and for the registering of their historicities.

The aim of this article is to analyse allegories in the first four novels of the Swahili-writing author Euphrase Kezilahabi who is one of the most renowned authors in contemporary Tanzania. This analysis will be based on allegory as it is defined in literary studies. What is aimed at with this study is a hermeneutical interpretative approach to the allegories found in Kezilahabi`s early novels which shall be based on as much contexts as available: text-context, intertextual context, cultural context, historical context, only to mention the most important (cf. Mohlig 1994: 257). The text-context or co-text, however, is considered as the most reliable basis of such a study.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-02-01T12:08:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 elenrodriguesgonçalves.pdf: 1027723 bytes, checksum: fa97a7995c4cce9e88404d6b0b2bcec2 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Arquivo salvo com acento on 2018-03-21T15:52:15Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-21T17:34:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 elenrodriguesgoncalves.pdf: 1027723 bytes, checksum: fa97a7995c4cce9e88404d6b0b2bcec2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-21T19:16:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 elenrodriguesgoncalves.pdf: 1027723 bytes, checksum: fa97a7995c4cce9e88404d6b0b2bcec2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-21T19:16:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 elenrodriguesgoncalves.pdf: 1027723 bytes, checksum: fa97a7995c4cce9e88404d6b0b2bcec2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / A presente dissertação propõe um estudo da obra poética de Conceição Lima, escritora natural de São Tomé e Príncipe, à luz das leituras de cinco principais autores que nortearão todo eixo analítico da obra. Pretende-se lançar um olhar contestador dos discursos hegemônicos que atuam sobre realidade cotidiana de países subdesenvolvidos, a fim de analisar se, na obra de Conceição Lima, o sujeito subalterno tem voz, especialmente, o sujeito negro feminino. A partir de Gayatri Spivak (2014), compreende-se o espírito de nacionalidade em meio às dores da lembrança das lutas anticoloniais sob a reflexão de um mundo ocidental em crise. Propõe-se uma observação dos lugares de convergências de multiplicidades culturais que contribuem para renegociar experiências, a fim de explorar como as escritas de mulheres negras renegociam as questões relacionadas às identidades, especialmente, quando se tratam, para Carole Boyce Davies (1994), de escritas diaspóricas. A partir de Stuart Hall (2003), serão perscrutadas as ideias de nação e nacionalidade acerca de uma reflexão sobre identidades multiculturais, transnacionais e diaspóricas, resultantes de uma construção social, política e histórica, capaz de refletir, na produção artística, a busca pela liberdade, cidadania e autonomia culturais. Será analisada a forma como a poeta se auto define em meio às multiplicidades culturais em movimentos de diáspora, que lhe permite realizar um olhar crítico sobre sua terra natal, ao mesmo tempo em que lhe possibilita criar simbolicamente novas comunidades, visto que a ideia de identidade diaspórica, para Wendy Walters (2005), é mais do que uma performance literária. Ela é, sobretudo, um ato político. Na sociedade multicultural, o sujeito torna-se híbrido, e os discursos dominantes e pretensamente homogeneizantes passam a ser contestados. Por isso, é insustentável hoje pensar em uma identidade nacional que seja pura e de raiz única, visto que o mundo se criouliza e se criam microclimas culturais e linguísticos inesperados. Lugares nos quais a repercussão da sobreposição das culturas é abrupta e imprevisível, predominando na totalidade-mundo, para Édouard Glissant (2005), a realidade crioula, sempre ao encontro de outras raízes e capaz de revelar a Utopia necessária – o povo que falta – a fim de esfacelar as concretudes e fazer emergir o micro, o uno, o múltiplo e o inextricável. / The current master’s thesis aims to study the poetic work of Conceição Lima,a writer from São Tomé and Príncipe, under the readings’ perspective of five main authors that will guide the entire analytical axis of the work. It is intended to launch a questioning regard on the hegemonic discourses acting on the daily reality of underdeveloped countries, so as to investigate whether the subaltern subject has a voice in the work of Conceição Lima, hencing the female black subject. Starting with Gayatri Spivak (2014), the spirit of nationality is understood through the anguish comprised in memories of anti-colonial struggles.along with an observation of a Western world in crisis. It is proposed to look closely into the merging lieus of cultural multiplicities that contribute to renegotiating experiences, on the purpose of explore how black women's writings redesign issues concerning identities, especially when these are, according to Carole Boyce Davies (1994), diasporic writings. From Stuart Hall (2003), the concepts of nation and nationality will be scrutinized under a reflection on multicultural, transnational and diasporic identities, which derive from a social, political and historical construction, capable of expressing, through artistic production, a search for freedom , cultural citizenship and autonomy. An analysis will be performed over the way a poet self-defines in the midst of cultural multiplicities in diaspora movements, which enables the poet to turn a skeptical look on his homeland, at the same time as it raises the possibility of symbolically creating new communities, once the idea of diasporic identity, for Wendy Walters (2005), is more than a literary performance. It is, mainly, a political act. In the multicultural society, the subject becomes a hybrid, and the dominant and supposedly homogenizing discourses start being disputed. Therefore, this why it is unsustainable, nowadays, to think of a national identity as pure and unique in nature, as the world is creolized and unexpected cultural and linguistic microclimates are created. Places where repercussion of the overlapping cultures is abrupt and unpredictable, predominating in the totality-world, for Édouard Glissant (2005), the creole reality, constantly resembles with other origins and is capable of disclosing the essential Utopia - the missing people – in order to wreck certainties and to make the micro, the unique, the multiple and the inextricable emerge.

Les recherches consacrées à Sony Labou Tansi et les publications d’inédits témoignent de la richesse d’une œuvre dont les facettes sont multiples. Un pan de cet univers demeure toutefois méconnu : les premiers pas de l’écrivain. L’accès à ses manuscrits et tapuscrits conservés en partie à la Bibliothèque francophone de Limoges – d’autres sont consultables à l’ITEM – ouvre la voie à des analyses renouvelées. Composés de 1967 à 1975, ces textes, pour la grande majorité inédits de son vivant, dressent le portrait d’un auteur congolais en formation, se lançant dans l’aventure de l’écriture. Celle-ci consiste alors à construire son identité d’auteur, fabriquer un univers et professionnaliser son écriture destinée à investir les maisons d’édition françaises. Dans une première partie, ce travail démontre qu’en rédigeant ses textes, Sony Labou Tansi forge son identité auctoriale. Il se conçoit sous les traits d’une bombe, les manuscrits devenant des laboratoires où s’exerce son audace. Devenir écrivain revêt une dimension institutionnelle, à laquelle s’intéresse notre deuxième partie. À rebours de l’imaginaire anarchiste de la bombe, la création littéraire est considérée comme un métier : il faut donc en accepter les codes et élaborer une stratégie d’émergence afin d’être publié. Une troisième partie analyse les métamorphoses de son univers en gésine. Les refus des maisons d’édition ainsi que la tension entre le fantasme d’une création conçue comme une révolte et le désir d’être adoubé l’institution littéraire ne le conduisent nullement à renoncer à ses ambitions. Le maître mot de ces années d’apprentissage est devenir et c’est ainsi que Sony Labou Tansi réinvente son univers, qui est le lieu de transformations incessantes. Sa trajectoire est doublement significative : la bataille de la création et de la publication est le lot de tout novice, mais paraît bien plus complexe pour une génération d’auteurs africains confrontée à un univers éditorial francophone en mutation. / The searches on Sony Labou Tansi’s works and the publications of his manuscripts testify of the wealth of his texts. A piece of it remains however unknown : the first steps of the writer. The access to its manuscripts and typescripts partially kept at the Francophone Library of Limoges – others are available for consultation in the Institute of Modern Texts and Manuscripts – open the way to renewed analyses. Written between 1967 and 1975, these texts, for the great majority unpublished in his lifetime, paint the portrait of a Congolese writer in training, dashing into the adventure of the writing. This one consists then in building his author’s identity, in making a universe and in professionalizing his writing intended to invest the French edition. In a first part, this work demonstrates that by drafting his texts, Sony Labou Tansi forges his auctorial identity. He conceives himself under the features of a bomb, the manuscripts becoming bold laboratories. Becoming a writer includes an institutional dimension, in which is interested our second part. Despite the anarchistic imagination of the bomb, the creative writing is considered as a job : it is thus necessary to accept its codes and to develop a strategy of emergence to be published. Our third part analyzes the metamorphoses of this universe under construction. The refusals of publishing houses as well as the tension between the fantasy of a creation conceived as a revolt and the desire to be recognized by the literary institution do not affect his will. The key word of these years of learning is to become and so Sony Labou Tansi reinvents its universe, which is the place of ceaseless transformations. His trajectory is doubly interesting : the battle of the creation and of the publication concerns every young writer, but seems more complex for a generation of African authors confronted with a changing editorial universe.

AFRIKAANS : Verstedeliking is ’n verskynsel wat sowel Afrikaners as swart mense in die twintigste eeu in Suid-Afrika geaffekteer het. In sommige opsigte was die traumatiese effek van hierdie gebeure vergelykbaar vir die twee groepe, maar in andere was dit ’n heel ander werklikheid vir Afrikaners om die platteland vir die stad te verruil as vir swart mense. Daar bestaan weinig studies wat ’n gesamentlike blik op die verstedeliking van die twee groepe werp. Hierdie studie doen juis dit deur die representasie in literêre tekste van die stad en die stadslewe deur Afrikaners en swart mense te ondersoek. Die welbekende stad/plattelandopposisie word verken, maar met die klem op die stad soos wat dit in literêre tekste gerepresenteer word. Die term “cultuurtekst” word in hierdie bestudering van representasie aangewend. Die term word deur Maaike Meijer gebruik vir die verskynsel waar bepaalde wyses van representasie rondom ’n onderwerp voortdurend herhaal. Die cultuurtekst is dus ’n denkbeeldige ‘teks’ wat bestaan uit verstarde kodes van representasie (of kulturele skemas, soos wat sy dit ook noem) wat steeds weer in individuele tekste herhaal word. Die doel van die studie is om die bestaan van kultuurtekste oor die verstedeliking van Afrikaners en swart mense aan te toon. Literêre tekste in Afrikaans word bestudeer om ’n stel kulturele skemas te identifiseer wat oor ’n verskeidenheid tekste aangetref word, wat aandui dat ’n kultuurteks oor Afrikanerverstedeliking in hierdie tekste herhaal word. Dieselfde werkwyse word betreffende swart verstedeliking gevolg: Engelse en Zulutekste word bestudeer om bewys te lewer van ’n kultuurteks oor verstedeliking. Laastens word hierdie kultuurtekste oor verstedeliking met mekaar vergelyk, aangesien bepaalde feite rondom Afrikaner/swart verstedeliking pas duidelik word wanneer ’n vergelykende benadering gevolg word. Deur hierdie vergelyking word gevolgtrekkings ENGLISH : Urbanization is a phenomenon that affected both Afrikaners and black people in twentieth century South Africa. In some respects the traumatic effect of these events are comparable for the two groups, but in others the experience of leaving the country for the city was a very different reality for Afrikaners and black people. Few studies have taken a simultaneous look at the urbanization undergone by the two groups. This study does this by investigating the representation in literary texts of the city and city life as experienced by black people and Afrikaners. The well-known opposition of city/country is explored, but with the emphasis on the city as it is represented in literary texts. In studying this representation, the term “cultuurtekst” (cultural text) is employed. The term is used by Maaike Meijer to describe the phenomenon of certain ways of representation around a specific topic being constantly repeated. The cultuurtekst is thus an imaginary ‘text’ consisting of fixed codes of representation (cultural schemes, as she also calls them) that we find being echoed anew in individual texts. The aim of the study is to prove the existence of such a cultuurtekst pertaining to the urbanization of both black people and Afrikaners. In order to achieve this, literary texts in Afrikaans are studied to identify a set of cultural schemes that are found across a variety of texts, thus indicating that a cultuurtekst about Afrikaner urbanization is being repeated in these texts. The same procedure is followed concerning black urbanization: English and Zulu texts are studied to establish evidence of a cultuurtekst about urbanization. Finally, these cultural texts about urbanization are compared with one another, seeing that certain facts about Afrikaner/black urbanization only become truly clear when a comparative approach is followed. From this comparison conclusions are drawn about the similar and different experiences of urbanization and city life for Afrikaners and black people. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Afrikaans / unrestricted