Die roman Ons is nie almal so nie (1990) deur Jeanne Goosen word aangebied in 'n realistiese (oftewel tradisionele) vertelvorm. Feministiese vakkundigheid verwys na die narratiewe tipe as patriargaal of fallosentries. As sodanig, is daar 'n ingrypende verskil tussen die vertelwyse van hierdie teks en die van die outeur se vroeere tekste. Hierdie verskuiwing dien as stimulus vir 'n evaluasie van bogenoemde teks binne 'n raamwerk van die feministiese literere teorie en kritiek. Genoemde verskuiwing beteken ook 'n behoefte na 'n ondersoek van die feministiese literatuur en vakkunde in verhouding tot die heersende manlike "stem" van tradisionele redevoering. Dit word beklemtoon dat elkeen van die feministiese teoretiese standpunte die onvoorwaardelike politieke doelstellings van alle feministiese tekste aan die lig bring. Daar word onder andere te kenne gegee dat patriargale mag nie net op persoonlike vlak voorkom nie, maar ook op die vlak van instellings en sosiale gebruike. Patriargale beheer is dus nie 'n onveranderliknatuurlike gegewe nie; dit is vatbaar vir teoretiese analise en praktiese wysiging. Vanwee die feministiese literere teoriee se preokkupasie met patriargale mag, word hierdie teoriee dikwels gekritiseer as synde onbetrokke by strydvrae ten opsigte van rassisme en klasseverdeling. Dit word erken dat die feministiese literere kritiek die geskil met betrekking tot seksisme moet transendeer; dat die toekoms van die feministiese literere teoriee gelee is in 'n deurdringende gesprekvoering met materialisme. Dit is die uitdruklike doelstelling van die marxisties-feministiese kritiese standpunt om rekening te hou, nie net met vraagpunte ten opsigte van taal en "gender" nie, maar ook van klas en ras. Goosen se teks is besonder ontvanklik vir 'n ondersoek van hierdie verwante probleme. * * * The novel Ons is nie almal so nie (1990) by Jeanne Goosen is presented in a realistic (or traditional) narrative form. In feminist terms this narrative form is referred to as patriarchal or phallocentric. As such, the text differs radically from the narrative mode in which the author's previous texts are presented. This shift invites an assessment of the text within a framework of feminist theory and criticism. Moreover, it indicates the need for an investigation into the relationship of feminist literature and scholarship to the dominant male voice of traditional discourse. It is stressed that each of the feminist theoretical positions reveals the unreservedly political purpose of all feminist writing. It is further suggested that patriarchal power exists in institutions and social practices, not merely in individual intentions. Patriarchal power is therefore not a part of immutable nature, but open to effective theoretical analyses and practical change. Due to their preoccupation with patriarchal power, feminist literary theories are often criticised as being blind to issues of race and/or class. It is recognised that feminist literary theory must transcend the issue of sexism; that its future lies in a far more articulated dialogue with materialism. The express purpose of the marxist-feminist critical position is to take into account questions not only of language and gender, but also of class and race. Goosen's text is particularly receptive to an exploration of these interrelated problems.

From Inleiding: In dié inleiding word die implikasies van die woord "teks", asook die resepsie van die Ingrid Jonker-teks in die lig van haar dood, en 'n eie benaderingswyse, in teenstelling met die tradisionele kritiese metodes, bespreek. 1.1 Die teks: Die Ingrid Jonker-teks behels (met die dood, die rninnaar en die OedipaIe struktuur as uitgangspunt) aIIes waarop die woorde "Ingrid Jonker", as teks - die parentese tussen die datums op haar grafsteen - dui. Dit beteken dat genre-onderskeidinge en die onderskeid biografie en literatuur opgehef word. Verdere implikasies van die woord "teks" gaan vervolgens ter inleiding ondersoek word. Daar sal ruim gebruik gemaak word van die literêr-teoretiese en filosofiese veronderstellinge van Julia Kristeva, Maurice Blanchot, Jacques Derrida, Jacques Lacan, Pierre Macherey en Roland Barthes.

D.Litt. et Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. / Since the 1960s, teaching has become ever-more learner-centred, with the results that drastic changes have been wrought to the theory of language learners' problems. In the present study, - the emphasis falls on linguists' realisation that knowledge of the language-learner's native language (L1) is vital. The principle aim of this study is, therefore, to launch an investigation into the linguistic aspects of the difficulties against which the experimental group has come up. The various schools of thought that have been developing on theoretical linguistics since the 1960s are directional for the approaches to language-learners' problems. In this way the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis has originated within the framework of Structuralism and is based on the premise that the learner's LI has a strong influence on the target language. The standpoint is that the most effective learning materials are those that are based on a scientific description of the language to be acquired, carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learner. Language acquisition was, in line with the Structuralists' Behaviorist view, considered to comprise the overcoming of the effects of L1, which interfere with L2. The latter process of interference or negative transfer had to be unlearned by means of pattern drills and memorisation. With the advent of the Chomskian view of the creative aspects of the language user's competence, in terms of which language users are purported to dispose of language rules for the generation of language utterances, strong criticism was, however, levelled at the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis. Despite this, contrastive studies are still being undertaken. Thanks to the Error Analysis Theory, which has propounded in reaction to the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, language learners' errors are viewed more positively. The Error Analysis Theory, in turn, gave rise to the interlanguage theory, in terms of which errors constitute a diagnostic tool that could be used to determine the interlanguage stage that the learner has reached on his or her way to acquiring the target language. Learners construct their own set of rules according to which they can try and restore order in the mass of stimuli with which they are being bombarded in terms of this theory, L1 is also considered to be a handy tool in the acquisition of the target language. For the purposes of this study, a contrastive error analysis was performed on the interlanguage used by Northern Sotho speaking teacher students who are going to teach Afrikaans. The data was collected from their written work. Special attention was devoted to general syntactic, morphological, semantic and lexical problems. Structural variances between Afrikaans and Northern Sotho were indicated. Further it was shown that English, in its capacity as the other secondary language, may also be exerting a measure of influence on the structures of the target language, and that other difficulties may also crop up that could not be imputed to interference.

M.A. (Afrikaans) / The women's liberation movement, which had its origins in the seventies, produced a number of intellectuals who have been actively campaigning for the eradication of sexism in especially the American society ever since. In terms of this movement, language is deemed to provide the very paradigm within which gender inequality is set to flourish unchecked. One of the principal aims of the movement is, therefore, to eliminate all grammatical forms in terms of which women, trapped in a traditionally male-dominated world, are being ignored, slighted, degraded and stereotyped. Soon, several publishers started introducing and organising women's study series and workshops on sexism at conferences on language and sociology. In the wake of that, a great number of publications, in which language inequalities are scientifically described, have appeared already. In addition, many articles and books were published in which guide-lines were laid down for the avoidance of sexist lexical items in the English language, which has since gained the unfortunate distinction of being labelled the most sexist language. The emphasis in the present study will, however, not fall on the ideology underlying the women's liberation movement, but on the many publications on language sexisms that had been prompted by it. Language planning and change naturally play a crucial part in all publicatlons on language sexisms. The general sociolinguistic supposition about language change is that it is prompted by change in the social structure of a society. The advocates of the development of a non-sexist language, however, appeal to the Whorf hypothesis, in terms of which the language structure of a society is deemed to reflect and facilitate its world view. According to the champions of the said hypothesis, however, the reverse of this argument should also hold good, namely that a change in the language structure of a society should bring about an inevitable change in its world view. On the strength of the latter hypothesis, alternatives are suggested for all sexist lexical items, so that v the new-found non-sexist language could help society to create a non-sexist social structure. A definition of the term language sexism has been formulated in the present study, based on the conclusions reached in research articles. The conclusion drawn is that the term sexism could only be applied in respect of language usage relating to women. Although feminists have even coined such phrases as male chauvinist pig, the literature that was taken into study (with the possible exception of that generated by Hauptfleisch, 1989), made no mention whatsoever of the possibility that male terms' could also be considered sexist. Current research projects and existing publications on language sexisms are mainly in English. With the exception of Liebenberg (1976), the few existing research studies in Afrikaans deal with specific topics, such as sexisms in translation practice or teaching material. In the present study, however, the researcher has endeavoured to describe the specific nature of those sexisms found in the Afrikaans lexicon.

D.Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans) / Today linguists generally accept that languages change continuously and that variation characterizes language. lt appears from sociolinguistic research done since 1964 that there is a connection between linguistic and social or non-linguistic variables. Even an initial acquaintance with Rehoboth Afrikaans will indicate the general occurrence of variation; yet little research has been done in this area. The only noteworthy study in this field was carried out by J.H. Rademeyer in 1938. Variation, more specifically phonetic variation, is the object of study of this thesis ...

M.A. (Afrikaans) / In this study the place of the death poem as genre and particularly its incidence in Afrikaans is traced. Because the corpus of poems about death is so comprehensive, a distinction is made between two significant categories: death poetry in general and death poetry with specific regard to the death of a beloved, especially with reference to a close relative. For the purpose of this study the latter is dealt with. It is established that the death poem referring to the death of a close relative has in almost every known literature been responsible not only for some of the most touching poems, but also for some of the best. In certain Iiteratures particular conventions in connection with . the death poem have crystallized. In others the theme of death has found unrestrained expression. A comparative study and an assessment of value are the two most important methods that were used in this study to ascertain the place of the death poem in literature. The death poem can be classified under several categories, each of which has contributed to a greater or lesser degree to the genre of the death poem. The category of the beloved deceased, especially the beloved close relative is emphasized in this particular study. Most poets have contributed to the corpus of the death poem, but Totius, Elisabeth Eybers, D.J. Opperman and T.T. Cloete, each representing one of the great literary eras in Afrikaans, have contributed the best death poems. It appears from the comparative study that there has been a qualitative improvement in this genre.

This study investigates the role of the Afrikaans Churches in the quest for reconciliation in South Africa. Since it is a historical and analytical study, much use has been made of the relevant historical material. It is important in a study like this that there be a relevancy for this kind of study. South Africa is a nation with a complex society, who were weighed down for about forty years under an Apartheid policy, necessitating a probe into the influence of apartheid on society at large but also on the Afrikaans Churches. The different cultural groups in our country need to be reconciled to each other. But what kind of reconciliation? Many different definitions of reconciliation are given depending on who defines it. The politicians’ definitions were different from that of the church. Because reconciliation is a biblical term, it is necessary to look at the biblical mandate and how reconciliation is defined in biblical terms. Short overviews of the history of the origin of the different Afrikaans Churches under discussion are given. (Chapter 1) In order to understand the reaction of the different churches to the announcement of the constitution of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), it is necessary to look at those events that happened in the churches during the years of Apartheid. The fact that the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) is the largest church under the Afrikaners, explains why more space is given to occurrences in the DRC than to the others. Because Afrikaners work together in many situations, belong to the same clubs, etc. it is also clear that the occurrences in the DRC would have some effect on members of the other churches. Attention is paid to the polarisation and tension amongst churches due to race relations as it manifested itself within South Africa and also globally. (Chapter 2) Through Parliamentary legislation, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established for South Africa. It is important to take note of the mandate of the TRC and its method of work. Different reactions came from the faith communities and especially from the Afrikaans Churches. This researcher investigates the different attitudes in the churches as made known through correspondence in the different church magazines and daily newspapers. Attention is paid to the different reactions of the churches to the special hearings and the question whether churches must confess before the TRC or not. (Chapter 3) The reactions in the churches on the submission of evidence before the TRC are investigated. Only the DRC and the Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM) of the Afrikaans Churches and four theologians from the Reformed Churches of South Africa (RCSA) made their submissions. The other churches did not make use of this opportunity to clear their slates. The submission of the Uniting Reformed Church of South Africa (URCSA)is also mentioned as many of its members are Afrikaans speaking. (Chapter 4 ) The TRC suggested some proposals on reconciliation for the faith communities. This chapter looks at the responses of the churches to these proposals. There are wonderful things happening where churches were obedient and involved in their surroundings. Mostly they are helping in the areas of poverty relief and unemployment. The question about unity between the ‘sister’ churches amongst the Afrikaners and unification between the DRC and URSCA is discussed. (Chapter 5) Is there hope for our country for reconciliation? This question was addressed to a few leaders in the different churches and their responses are given. Churches do not always know how to go about helping their congregants working on reconciliation. Three models are currently being presented in South Africa on how reconciliation can become a reality and are briefly discussed. A new model is then worked out and proffered for use in and by the church to help congregants in the quest for reconciliation. (Chapter 6) Chapter 7 concludes this study by proposing a few conclusions. An extensive Addendum is given. This researcher interviewed church leaders. Their responses and other relevant material e.g. submissions by churches etc. to the TRC are given. A bibliography concludes this dissertation. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

AFRIKAANS: Afrikaans, as een van 11 amptelike landstale, bevind homself in ’n unieke posisie as ’n belangrike bemarkingskommunikasietaal. Die assosiasie tussen Afrikaans en die apartheidsregering het die beeld van Afrikaans, oor jare, groot skade berokken. Afrikaanssprekendes is egter vir baie jare reeds die taalgroep met die grootste besteebare inkomste en ʼn teikengroep wat maklik bereikbaar is. Tog word Afrikaans dikwels nie ernstig deur die reklame-industrie opgeneem nie. Weinig is egter bekend oor wat Afrikaanssprekende verbruikers se houding teenoor bemarkingskommunikasie in Afrikaans is, of hulle dit hoegenaamd verkies en of hulle bereid is om daarvoor te vra. Die primêre navorsingsdoel van die studie was om stedelike Afrikaanssprekende verbruikers se houding, voorkeur en selfgelding ten opsigte van Afrikaanse bemarkingskommunikasie te bepaal en verder te ondersoek. Primêre data is met behulp van rekenaargesteunde telefoononderhoude ingesamel. Die teikenpopulasie was stedelike Afrikaanssprekende verbruikers in Suid-Afrika van 19 jaar en ouer. ’n Verteenwoordigende steekproef van 306 voltooide onderhoude is op ’n nie-ewekansige wyse met behulp van ʼn kwotasteekproef verkry. Die studie het bevind dat stedelike Afrikaanssprekende verbruikers ’n positiewe houding ten opsigte van Afrikaanse bemarkingskommunikasie het; dat hulle tot ’n baie groot mate ’n voorkeur vir Afrikaanse bemarkingskommunikasie bo Engelse bemarkingskommunikasie het, maar dat hulle tot ’n mindere mate bereid is om waarskynlik selfgeldend ten opsigte van Afrikaanse bemarkings-kommunikasie op te tree. Die resultate dui ook aan dat daar, met die uitsondering van verskillende ouderdomsgroepe, verskeie beduidende verskille in stedelike Afrikaanssprekende verbruikers se houding, voorkeur en selfgelding ten opsigte van Afrikaanse bemarkingskommunikasie voorkom, wat betref: demografiese profiel (inkomste, ras en geslag); Engelse taalvaardigheid; taalgroepidentiteit; die bemarkingskommunikasiemedium (kontakpersoneel, tasbare kommunikasie, reklame en verpakking); produkbetrokkenheid (ooreenkomstig die FCB-matriks); en produkte se posisie op die goedere-dienstekontinuum (suiwer diens, goedere-dienstekruising en suiwer produk). Onder meer toon die resultate dat vroulike respondente ’n positiewer houding het, ’n groter voorkeur het en meer waarskynlik selfgeldend sal optree ten opsigte van Afrikaanse bemarkingskommunikasie as manlike respondente. Die resultate toon ook dat, waar dienste en kontakpersoneel ter sprake is, stedelike Afrikaanssprekende verbruikers by uitstek Afrikaanse bemarkingskommunikasie verkies. Aspekte soos hierdie behoort in ag geneem te word wanneer ’n bemarkingskommunikasieplan, wat hierdie teikengroep insluit, ontwikkel word. Bemarkers en maatskappye wat daarin belangstel om met stedelike Afrikaanssprekende verbruikers ’n verhouding te bou, behoort ongetwyfeld die moeite te doen om met hierdie teikengroep in Afrikaans te kommunikeer. ENGLISH: Afrikaans, as one of the country’s 11 official languages, finds itself in a unique position as an important marketing communication language. The association between Afrikaans and the apartheid government, over years caused much damage to the image of Afrikaans. Afrikaans speakers, however, have for many years been the language group with the largest disposable income and are a target group that is easily reached. In spite of this, Afrikaans is frequently not being taken seriously by the advertising industry. Little is however known about the attitude of Afrikaans-speaking consumers towards marketing communication in Afrikaans, whether it is at all preferred by them and if they are prepared to ask for it. The primary research goal of the study was to determine and further investigate the attitude, preference and assertiveness of urban Afrikaans-speaking consumers in terms of Afrikaans marketing communication. Primary data was collected by means of computer-assisted telephone interviews. The target population was urban Afrikaans-speaking consumers in South Africa aged 19 years and older. A representative test sample of 306 completed interviews was obtained by means of a nonprobability quota sample. The study found that urban Afrikaans-speaking consumers have a positive attitude towards Afrikaans marketing communication; that they, to a very large extent, prefer Afrikaans marketing communication to English marketing communication, but that they are to a lesser extent prepared to likely act assertively with regards to Afrikaans marketing communication. The results further show that, with the exception of different age groups, various significant differences exist in urban Afrikaans-speaking consumers’ attitudes, preferences and assertiveness with regards to Afrikaans marketing communication concerning: demographic profile (income, race and gender); English language proficiency; language group identity; the marketing communication medium (contact personnel, tangible communication, advertising and packaging); product involvement (according to the FCB grid); and products’ position on the goods-services continuum (pure service, goods-services hybrid; pure tangible goods). Amongst other things, the results show that female respondents have a more positive attitude, a greater preference and are more likely to act assertively with regards to Afrikaans marketing communication than male respondents. The results also show that, especially where services and contact personnel are concerned, urban Afrikaans-speaking consumers prefer Afrikaans marketing communication. Aspects like these should be taken into consideration when a marketing communication plan, which includes this target group, is developed. Marketers and companies, who are interested in building a long-term relationship with urban Afrikaans-speaking consumers, should undoubtedly make the effort to communicate with this target group in Afrikaans. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Communication Management / PhD / Unrestricted

This research engages with a contemporary theoretical debate in the literary field, namely the ability of fictional texts to contribute to archival records. Contemporary research in archival discourse suggests that there are many intersections between fiction and the archive. Using Hamilton and others’ seminal text Refiguring the Archive (2002) and Pasco’s “Literature as Historical Archive” (2004) as point of departure, this dissertation offers an analysis of the South African English translation of Marlene van Niekerk’s Agaat (2004, translated 2006). In both form and function, the novel is viewed as a simulation of an archive. In Agaat, Van Niekerk has compiled a fictional archive of two indigenous South African cultures through her portrayal of the two main characters: Afrikaner culture during apartheid as embedded in the focalization of Milla de Wet and remnants of Khoi and/or San culture as emerge from the fictionalised subjectivity of her coloured housekeeper-nurse, Agaat. Through a conceptual and theoretical exploration of archival discourse, I argue that literary texts, such as Van Niekerk’s novel, have the potential to refigure (or creatively redefine) the archive and to enhance its scope and relevance, especially as South Africa undergoes transformation.