Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to investigate Afrikaner identity in the Afrikaans blogosphere on the basis of the Afrikaner nasionalist identity that was forged during the twentieth century. The environment within which blogs function and its characteristics are discussed, after which the circumstances that led to the development of Afrikaner identity as well as the current sociopolitical position of Afrikaners are traced. Through quantitative analysis, the Afrikaans blogosphere is compared to this identity to discover too what extent the identity is still remnant in Afrikaans bloggers. It is concluded that Afrikaner nationalism is virtually extinct in the Afrikaans blogosphere and that the plurality of identities hosted by it are fragmented and paradoxical. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om identiteitsvorming in die Afrikaanse blogosfeer te ondersoek aan die hand van die Afrikaner-nasionalistiese identiteitskonstruk van die twintigste eeu. Aandag word geskenk aan die milieu waarbinne blogs funksioneer en hul aard, waarna die omstandighede waaronder Afrikaneridentiteit ontstaan sowel as die huidige sosio-politiese posisie van Afrikaners nagespeur word. Aan die hand van kwantitatiewe ondersoekmetodes word Afrikaanse blogs dan met die voorafgenoemde identiteit vergelyk in 'n poging om agter te kom in watter mate dit nog by Afrikaanse bloggers teenwoordig is. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat Afrikaner-nasionalisme bykans afwesig is in die Afrikaanse blogosfeer en dat die pluraliteit van identiteite daarop gefragmenteerd en paradoksaal daar uitsien.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Harry Potter series is currently one of the most popular book series for children in the world. The original British books have been translated into more than three hundred languages - one of them being Afrikaans, for which the Afrikaans translator received two translation prizes. Yet closer investigation reveals that these translations are not written in idiomatic Afrikaans, mostly due to the phenomenon of 'interference'. This phenomenon entails an excessive influence of the linguistic structures of the source text on that of the target text. The influence of the English source text on the Afrikaans translator by means of interference was of such an extent that the texts have been written in unnatural language, called 'translationese'. In this study the influence of interference on the quality of the Afrikaans translations of Harry Potter is examined. The focus is on books 4 and 5 in the series, namely Harry Potter en die Beker vol Vuur and Harry Potter en die Orde van die Feniks. The basic premises of the functionalistic approach to translation are used to emphasise the importance of the translation skopos, the function that the translation has to fulfil in the target culture, a detailed translation brief as well as the translator's loyalty towards the various role players in the translation process. Descriptive translation studies is used to prove the apparent absence of knowledge of translation norms as well as translation decisions and strategies that had to be considered carefully during the production of the Afrikaans translations. The researcher hereby attempts to emphasise the importance of careful consideration and planning of translation strategies. Cognisance of the functionalistic and descriptive premises would have lead to a more natural translation that communicates optimally with the target readers in the target culture. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Harry Potter-reeks is tans een van die mees gesogte kinderreeksboeke ter wêreld. Die oorspronklike Britse boeke is in meer as driehonderd tale vertaal - onder andere ook in Afrikaans, waarvoor die Afrikaanse vertaler reeds twee vertaalpryse ontvang het. Tog toon nadere ondersoek dat hierdie vertalings inderwaarheid nie in idiomatiese Afrikaans vertaal is nie, hoofsaaklik weens die verskynsel 'interferensie'. Hierdie verskynsel behels 'n oormatige invloed van die linguistiese strukture van die brontaal op die doeltaal. Die Engelse bronteks het sodanige invloed op die Afrikaanse vertaler gehad, dat die teks weens interferensie in onnatuurlike taal geskryf is, oftewel in 'translationese'. In hierdie studie word die invloed van interferensie op die kwaliteit van die Afrikaanse Harry Potter-vertalings, spesifiek boeke 4 en 5 in die reeks, naamlik Harry Potter en die Beker vol Vuur en Harry Potter en die Orde van die Feniks, ondersoek. Die basiese uitgangspunte van die funksionalistiese benadering tot vertaling word gebruik om die noodsaaklikheid van 'n vooropstelling van die vertaalskopos, die funksie wat die vertaling in die doelkultuur moet speel, die belangrikheid van 'n gedetailleerde vertaalopdrag asook lojaliteit van die vertaler aan die onderskeie rolspelers in die vertaalproses uit te lig. Deskriptiewe vertaalstudie word gebruik om die klaarblyklike afwesigheid van 'n kennis van vertaalnorme, asook van weldeurdagte besluite en vertaalstrategieë tydens die produksie van die Afrikaanse vertalings te bewys. Die navorser poog om hierdeur op die noodsaaklikheid van weldeurdagte en beplande vertaalstrategieë klem te lê. Kennis van die funksionalistiese en deskriptiewe uitgangspunte sou kon lei tot 'n natuurliker vertaling wat optimaal met die doellesers in die doelkultuur kommunikeer.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study has been a long journey to pursue the art and craft involved in a translation process. The indisputably differing natures of the languages at stake have been prominent in the translator's psychological frame throughout the process. The acknowledgement of the differing natures of languages often means knowing exactly what has to be transferred and in which manner it has to be transferred without compromising the demands of any of the languages at stake. The latter also speaks to the preservation of the message of the ST in the TL in the process of transition. The translation of Molope's Dancing in the Dust has given good ground for the exploration of the processes involved in a literary translation. Although the status of Molope's novel in the publishing market appears to be relatively new, there are some good grounds to declare it as fairly translatable. It has been noted in the study that there has been a desire to consult her existing literatures with an intention to evaluate her dominant style of writing, or any of her translated works so that it becomes easier to determine the translatability of this novel. However, this only proved to be an unsuccessful business in the sense that this novel is the first of her works, ever. Nevertheless, it has been stated simultaneously in this study that the expressiveness of Mol ope's novel, especially in rooting out the main events of the 197 6 Soweto Uprisings, ultimately convinced the translator that this art is worthy to be translated. The acknowledgement (by some legends) ofMolope's potential to probe into the main events of the struggle during that era has been another area the translator could rely on. This attempt has been done albeit Molope's sometimes poignant style of writing (much of this has been said in the study), which sought to pose some problematic areas. As has been declared in the hypothesis section, translatability is possible if the process of translation commences on a ST analysis, whereby problematic areas (or areas of interest thereof) are identified with an intention to select a suitable translation strategy. Suffice then to say that an attempt to answer the translatability question of this novel has been made in the chapter of annotation. Assembling a chapter of annotation is itself an attempt to demonstrate the translator's creativity in manoeuvring the ST material in order to produce what she assumes will suit the target readers. The discussion of well-established translation literatures in Chapter 2 serves to give background to the random choice of particular translation strategies at particular points in time. Therefore, the literature which forms Chapter 2 of this study serves to substantiate both what appears in the chapter of annotation and the entire product thereof. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie was 'n lang ontdekkingstog na die kuns en vernuf betrokke by die vertaalproses. Die uiteenlopende aard van die tale ter sprake was deurentyd 'n belangrike oorweging vir die vertaler. Die erkenning dat die betrokke tale onteenseglik van mekaar verskil, gaan gewoonlik gepaard met die besef van presies wat op watter wyse oorgedra moet word ten einde aan albei tale reg te laat geskied. Dit behels dus dat die boodskap van die bronteks (BT) in die oordragproses na die teikentaal (TT) behoue bly. Die vertaling van Kagiso Lesego Molope se boek Dancing in the Dust (2004) het as 'n goeie vertrekpunt vir die ontdekking van die letterkundige vertaalproses gedien. Hoewel Molope se roman in die uitgewersmark as betreklik nuut beskou word, kan dit om 'n paar goeie redes as redelik vertaalbaar bestempel word. In die studie het dit duidelik geword dat 'n letterkundige vertaling hetsy vereis dat auteurs se bestaande letterkundige werke geraadpleeg word ten einde hulle oorheersende skryfstyl te bepaal 6f dat enige van hulle reeds vertaalde werke bestudeer word om deur middel van vergelyking die vertaalbaarheid van die tersaaklike werk vas te stel. Aangesien hierdie roman egter Molope se heel eerste werk is, was sodanige vergelykende navorsing nie moontlik nie. Die studie toon nietemin ook aan dat die beeldende aard van Molope se roman, veral met betrekking tot die hoofgebeure van die Soweto-opstand van 1973, die vertaler uiteindelik oortuig het dat die werk 'n vertaling waardig is. Die bevestiging (deur 'n paar legendariese figure) van die potensiaal wat Molope in hierdie ondersoek na die hoofgebeure van die vryheidstryd in daardie era openbaar, was n6g 'n faktor waarop die vertaler kon steun. Die vertaling is dus aangepak ofskoon Molope se uiters aangrypende skryfstyl (waaroor daar heelwat in die studie uitgewei word) 'n paar probleme opgelewer het. Soos in die hipotese genoem, is vertaling slegs moontlik indien die vertaalproses met 'n BT-ontleding afskop waarin (moontlike) probleemareas uitgewys word ten einde 'n toepaslike vertaalstrategie te kies. Dit is dus voldoende om te se dat die annotasiehoofstuk poog om die vraag oor die vertaalbaarheid van hierdie roman te beantwoord. Die saamstel van die annotasiehoofstuk is op sigself 'n paging om te toon hoe die vertaler skeppend met die BT -materiaal omgaan ten einde 'n gepaste teks vir die teikenlesers te skep. Die bespreking van gesaghebbende, betroubare vertaalliteratuur in hoofstuk 2 dien as agtergrond vir die ewekansige keuse van bepaalde vertaalstrategiee op bepaalde tydstippe. Daarom dien die literatuur in hoofstuk 2 as stawing van die inhoud van die annotasiehoofstuk sowel as die eindproduk van die studie.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the way in which the construction of landscape interacts with the development of identity in Tikoes by Henk van Woerden. Taking the metaphor of traveling in Tikoes as vantage point, the coterminous development of the South African landscape and the characters' identities are explored. The study is placed in a theoretical framework by defining space, landscape and place, with specific reference to the interaction of landscape and identity, especially as portrayed in migrant literature. The difference between observation of space and the experiencing of landscape and place out of space through cultural processes are emphasized. It is postulated that these processes not only lead to the development of landscape and place out of space, but also contributes to the development of the characters' identities. Through an in-depth study of Tikoes, it is established that landscape and identity not only develop coterminously in this novel, but that these processes of development are actually interdependent. Tikoes, apparently a mere story about the journey of two lovers, is well constructed regarding the integration of themes and motives, which culminates in the cardinal interaction between observation and experience. The theme postulated by the motto is thus reflected in the structure of the novel: Let shallow people call me frivolous, when it comes to the point I have always been conscientiously precise. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek die wyse waarop die konstruksie van landskap in wisselwerking tree met die ontwikkeling van identiteit in Tikoes deur Henk van Woerden. Met die reismetafoor binne Tikoes as uitgangspunt, word die samevallende ontwikkeling van die Suid-Afrikaanse landskap en die karakters se identiteite bestudeer. Die ondersoek word geplaas binne 'n teoretiese raamwerk oor ruimte, landskap en plek, met spesifieke verwysing na die verhouding tussen landskap en identiteit, soos veral verwoord in migranteliteratuur. Daar word onderskei tussen die waarneming van ruimte, en die gewaarwording van landskap en plek na aanleiding van die geografiese ruimte, deur kulturele prosesse. Dit word geponeer dat hierdie prosesse nie net lei tot die ontwikkeling van landskap en plek uit ruimte nie, maar ook bydra tot die ontwikkeling van die karakters se onderskeie identiteite. Deur 'n analise van Tikoes, word gevind dat landskap en identiteit nie net samevallend in dié roman ontwikkel nie, maar dat dié ontwikkelingsprosesse as't ware interafhanklik van mekaar staan. Tikoes, oënskynlik bloot 'n verhaaloor die reis van twee geliefdes, bied 'n deurgekomponeerdheid van temas en motiewe wat kulmineer in die kardinale wisselwerking tussen waarneming en gewaarwording, waardeur die roman die tema wat in die motto aangekondig word ook struktureel waar maak, naamlik: Laat de oppervlakkigen mij lichtzinnig noemen. Als het erop aankwam was ik altijd heel nauwgezet.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the translation strategy oortekening (Afrikaans for “resigning” or “redrawing”) as it is found in the bilingual context of Breytenbach’s volume of poems Oorblyfsel/ Voice Over (2009). The term oortekening (retracing), coined by Odendaal (2011), refers to corresponding parts of the Afrikaans and English versions in the volume which differs semantically but which are alike phonologically and orthographically. The argument is made that, in the context of the bilingual layout of the volume, the translation strategy oortekening invites bilingual readers to take part in an interpretative game as they read the two versions side-by-side. It is further argued that currently there are not adequate theories in translation studies to describe and understand this interpretative play. This study therefore uses theories from outside translation studies to describe the translation phenomenon in this volume and in this way provide a theoretical framework in which the unusual nature of the translation of the volume can be understood. Chapter one, an introduction, is followed by Chapter two which gives an overview of the main approaches in translation theory, describing how the problem statement would be described and understood by each. The linguistic approaches which are covered includes structural linguistics, text and sociolinguistics and functionalism. The literary approaches include descriptive translation studies and more ideologically orientated approaches. Enquiry is made into which aspects of each approach are useful to explain the volume and which are not. Chapter three applies three concepts from outside translation studies to oortekening in the context of the bilingual layout of the volume: Pratt’s contact zone (1987, 1991, 1992, 1996), Bhabha’s in-between (1993) and Lecercle’s remainder (1990). These concepts are used to analyse examples of oortekening from the volume. In the last chapter the findings of the study are discussed. The relationship between the two languages in the volume is compared to the historical and current relationship between Afrikaans and English. The chapter ends with a discussion of the variety of possible further studies based on this volume and this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die vertaalstrategie oortekening soos wat dit in die tweetalige konteks van Breytenbach se bundel Oorblyfsel/ Voice Over (2009) voorkom. Die term oortekening is aan Pieter Odendaal (2011) ontleen en verwys na ooreenkomstige dele van die Afrikaanse en Engelse weergawes in die bundel wat semanties verskil maar fonologies en ortografies ooreenkom. Daar word geargumenteer dat die vertaalstrategie oortekening in die konteks van die tweetalige uitleg van die bundel tweetalige lesers nooi om aan ’n interpretatiewe spel deel te neem soos wat hulle die twee weergawes saam lees. Daar word verder geargumenteer dat daar tans in die vertaalkunde nie gepaste teorieë is om die interpretatiewe spel te beskryf en te begryp nie. Die studie gebruik dus teorieë van buite die vertaalkunde om die vertaalverskynsel in hierdie bundel te beskryf en om so ’n teoretiese raamwerk voor te stel waarbinne die ongewone aard van die bundel se vertaalaspek begryp kan word. Die inleidende hoofstuk word gevolg deur hoofstuk twee wat ’n oorsig gee van die vernaamste vertaalteoretiese benaderings en hoe die probleemstelling volgens elk van die benaderings beskryf en verstaan word: die linguistiese benaderings, vanaf die strukturele linguistiek, teks- en sosiolinguistiek na die funksionalisme; en die literêre benaderings, wat deskriptiewe vertaalstudies en meer ideologies gefundeerde benaderings insluit. Daar word ondersoek ingestel na watter aspekte van elk van die benaderings nuttig is om die bundel te beskryf en watter tekortkominge elke benadering bied. Hoofstuk drie maak drie konsepte van buite die vertaalkunde van toepassing op oortekening in die konteks van die tweetalige uitleg van die bundel: Pratt (1987, 1991, 1992, 1996) se contact zone as die kontaksone, Bhabha (1993) se in-between as die (in)tussen(in) en Lecercle (1990) se remainder as die oorblyfsel. Hierdie konsepte word gebruik om voorbeelde van oortekening uit die bundel te analiseer. In die laaste hoofstuk word die bevindinge van die studie bespreek. Die verhouding tussen die twee tale in die bundel word vergelyk met die historiese en huidige verhouding tussen Afrikaans en Engels. Daar word laastens gewys op ’n verskeidenheid verdere navorsingsmoontlikhede wat hierdie bundel en hierdie studie bied.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: J. M. Coetzee se werke ondersoek dikwels op intense en ongewone wyse wat kreatiwiteit is en hoe dit werk, wat die bronne en oorspronge daarvan is, en verwonder sig aan die onvoorspelbaarheid van die voorwaardes en katalisators vir, en die aard en uitkomste van, die kreatiewe proses. Hierdie essay ondersoek eerstens die teoretisering van literêre kreatiwiteit deur veral Derek Attridge, wat hy hoofsaaklik baseer op Coetzee se werk. Tweedens word die komplekse uitbeeldings – of performance – van kreatiwiteit en die kreatiewe proses in Coetzee se oeuvre, spesifiek aan die hand van The Master of Petersburg en die post-Disgrace werke, ontleed. Daar word gefokus op skeppende karakters en alter ego’s, veral skrywers, wat toenemend hul verskyning in Coetzee se prosa maak. Kwessies van skrywerlike mag, die etiek van skryf, die konflik tussen werklikheidsvlakke binne fiksie asook tussen werklikheid en fiksie, soos dit uitspeel in die hibriede en eksperimentele laat werke, kom aan bod. Die essay maak dikwels van stipleestegnieke gebruik in die lees van die betrokke werke. Ander strategieë word egter ook ingespan, veral by die lees van die laat werke. Die siening van kreatiewe impuls wat aldus blyk, is ‘n radikale een. Kreatiwiteit is blind vir moraliteit en dalk selfs etiek. Dit word onder andere gelykgestel aan die epileptiese val. Dit gaan oor die oopstelling vir – en die eksklusiewe verantwoordelikheid teenoor – die onverwagse, die Beckettiaanse/Derridiaanse proses van ‘n produktiewe/onproduktiewe gewag. Dit word vergestalt deur ‘n gebeurtenis wat beslag vind in die onverminderbare eiesoortigheid van die literêre werk. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: J. M. Coetzee’s work often investigates in an intense and unusual manner the nature of creativity and how it works, what the sources and origins of creativity are, and marvels at the unpredictability of the preconditions and catalysts for, and the nature and outcomes of, the creative process. This essay investigates, in the first place, the theorisation of literary creativity by especially Derek Attridge, which he mainly bases on Coetzee’s work. In the second instance, the complex portrayals – or performances – of creativity and the creative process in Coetzee’s oeuvre are analysed, particularly with reference to The Master of Petersburg and the post-Disgrace works. The focus is on creative characters, particularly authors, who are increasingly making an appearance in Coetzee’s prose. Questions of authorial power, the ethics of writing, the conflict of reality levels within fiction as well as between reality and fiction, as it plays out in the hybird and experimental late works, are presented. The essay often uses close reading in the reading of the mentioned works. Other strategies are also used, particularly in the reading of the late works. The view of the creative impulse thus crystallising, is a radical one. Creativity is blind to morality, and perhaps also ethics. It is equated, inter alia, to the epileptic fit. It is about the opening up – and the exclusive responsibility – to the unexpected, to the Beckettian/Derridian process of a productive/unproductive waiting. It is represented by a happening which precipitates in the irreducible singularity of the literary work.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study the genre-theory of the ‘female’ Bildungsroman is utilised as a theoretical lens in the analysis of Annerkant die longdrop [Beyond sanity] by Anoeschka von Meck (1998) and De vriendschap [The friendship] by Connie Palmen. Differences and similarities between these narratives of female development, in comparison to the traditional Bildungsroman and ‘female’ Bildungsroman, are identified. This procédé leads to new insights regarding the female characters and their journeys to selfhood in Annerkant die longdrop and De vriendschap. The ‘female’ Bildungsroman is distinguished from her patriarchal counterpart by the central motifs of the developing female body and sexuality which are inscribed in the discourse. These motifs and the subversion of the traditional Bildungsroman are linked with French feminists’ concept of écriture féminine. By comparing Annerkant die longdrop and De vriendschap as ‘female’ Bildungsromane and examples of écriture féminine new derivations can be made about the genre and narratives of female development. The difference between male and female development is one of the aspects highlighted when the ‘female’ Bildungsroman is utilised as theoretical lens. Furthermore the fluidity and instability of the female subject and of the texts in which she comes to life are emphasized. This study raises new questions about the development and emancipation of the female character in Afrikaans literature from 1960 onwards. Furthermore it demonstrates that the theory of the Bildungsroman opens up new research possibilities, especially regarding identity, and can be utilised in the reading of a variety of Afrikaans texts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die genre-teorie van die ‘vroulike’ Bildungsroman dien in hierdie studie as primêre teoretiese bril of lens by die analise van Annerkant die longdrop (1998) deur Anoeschka von Meck en De vriendschap (1995) deur Connie Palmen. Die ontwikkeling van vroulike protagoniste in hierdie romans word met die eienskappe van beide die tradisionele Bildungsroman én die ‘vroulike’ Bildungsroman in verband gebring en vergelyk. Dié procédé bring nuwe aspekte oor die ontwikkelende vrouekarakters en ontwikkelingsreise in Annerkant die longdrop en De vriendschap na vore. Die wyse waarop die ‘vroulike’ Bildungsroman die literêre grense van die tradisionele Bildungsroman ondermyn en die ontwikkelende vroulike liggaam en seksualiteit inskryf in die diskoers, word met Franse feministe se teoretiese konsep van écriture féminine in verband gebring. Uit die vergelyking van Annerkant die longdrop en De vriendschap blyk dit dat die genre-teorie van die ‘vroulike’ Bildungsroman en die feministiese tradisie van die écriture féminine nuwe aspekte oor narratiewe van vroulike ontwikkeling na vore bring. So beklemtoon hierdie teorie byvoorbeeld die verskil tussen manlike en vroulike ontwikkeling en wys op sowel die vloeiende, onvaste aard van hedendaagse vroulike subjekte as op die tekste wat die ontwikkeling van hierdie vroulike subjekte verwoord. Nuwe vrae oor die mate waarin Afrikaanse vrouekarakters sedert die sestigerjare ontwikkel het, kan na aanleiding van hierdie studie gestel word. Verder wys die ondersoek op nuwe navorsingsmoontlikhede, veral in terme van die soeke na identiteit, wat die Bildungsroman inhou by die bestudering van die Afrikaanse literatuur.

Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:In the field of the science of language, dictionaries have always been part of a standardisation process. They are also part of the expansion, the development and the promotion of languages in societies. On the other hand, the education system is an important partner for both foreign language teaching and the development of local languages in countries with a weak written tradition like Gabon. It is a strong platform for the production of dictionaries because it includes the diffusion and the application of school programmes and school manuals. Therefore, it is relevant for the Gabonese population to rely on a well-established lexicographic tradition to preserve and promote their local languages. Introducing dictionaries in the field of education can ensure this. Dictionaries have to be compiled in the Gabonese languages for Gabonese pupils learning those languages. Because each culture encourages the development of dictionaries suitable to particular difficulties, dictionaries compiled in Gabonese languages have to be made according to the Gabonese situation. The present dissertation will present a model for a bilingual school dictionary involving Yipunu, one of the Gabonese languages, and French. The aim will be to develop a model, based on metalexicographical principles, applicable to the Gabonese context. In this model the French section of the dictionary will not be active. The frame structure required in the compilation of such a model will contain a front matter, a back matter and a central list. Even if there are two treated languages, the dominant language in this dictionary will be Yipunu. French will appear only as translation equivalents. And for the convenience of the target users, the model will describe the content of a polyfunctional monodirectional bilingual Yipunu/French dictionary for Yipunu learners.

Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study considers a lexicographical intervention in the acquisition and use of English in Zimbabwe. English is the country’s sole official language. This means that it dominates all the other languages in the country in terms of prestige and usage in the high status domains such as government, media, law, education, etc. English is learnt as a compulsory subject throughout the education system up to the General Certificate of Ordinary Level (‘O’ Level) and used as medium of instruction from the fourth grade upwards. The annual national pass rate of around 33% and less than 10% for some schools in this subject has been recorded in recent years. An ‘O’ Level certificate is considered complete if is has registered five ‘O’ Level subjects including English. This means that without an ‘O’ Level English pass, learners have no chance to proceed to the General Certificate in Education Advanced Level (‘A’ Level) or tertiary education, and their chances of getting employment in the public service are limited, if not non-existent. In the mainstream scholarship on language policy and language planning in the country, this situation has resulted in advocating that indigenous languages, particularly Shona and Ndebele, be developed and elevated to the official status currently enjoyed by English. Far from being against the development and status elevation of indigenous languages, this study proposes a lexicographical intervention in the acquisition and use of English as one of the necessary mechanisms that may mitigate some problems associated with this language. It is argued that the problem with English is not simply that it is a language of foreign origin, to be explicit, the language of the former colonial master. Rather, the problem is that the majority of Zimbabweans are not competent enough to function in this language. Of course, this may be related to the fact that many Zimbabweans have to learn it as an additional language since it is not an indigenous language and thus linguistically and culturally distant from the native languages of its learners. Dealing with the field of lexicography, this dissertation considers an intervention with respect to those problems that may be addressed by the consultation of dictionaries. The availability, use and user-friendliness of English dictionaries are investigated in view of the characteristics of Zimbabweans as additional language learners of English, their situations in which lexicographically-relevant problems occur and the subsequent information needs. In doing this, the theory of learners’ lexicography (Tarp 2004; 2004a; 2008) is used. Firstly, it is established that dictionaries are scarce commodities in Zimbabwe, with a very limited range of dictionaries being available for Zimbabweans to buy. Secondly, dictionaries are not actively used in the learning and use of English within the school system, except in the former Group A schools which are elitist in nature. Curriculum developers, teachers, assessors and learners are not very clear about the role of dictionaries within the school system. Thirdly, the dictionaries that are used are not appropriate for the learners who consult them, with advanced learners’ dictionaries dominating the limited presence even at primary schools. Notwithstanding this poor background, it is generally accepted that appropriate dictionaries, despite the fact that there is a general lack of awareness of the differences between dictionaries, may address some of the problems associated with English, especially within the education system. Should this happen, the learners will develop a dictionary culture and regard dictionaries as utility products which they may rely on later in their academic and professional careers in which English continues to be dominant. A model of lexicographical intervention in the acquisition and use of English in Zimbabwe is therefore formulated. This is done against the above background and also the history of both English and Zimbabwean lexicography. English lexicography now sees English dictionaries being produced in a host of countries other than Britain, America, Australia and New Zealand, where English is a native language. This is mainly because of the dominant role that English has acquired in those countries such as South Africa. However, Zimbabwean lexicography has thus far focused on mother-tongue dictionaries in Shona and Ndebele, the main reason being the need to develop these formerly marginalised languages. Accordingly, the proposed model seeks to expand the scope of Zimbabwean lexicography. This is not just for the sake of expanding. On the contrary, in the research it is observed that the dictionaries constituting the envisaged lexicographical intervention have to be produced in Zimbabwe in order for them to effectively address the local needs regarding this language. For example, lemma selection, paraphrases of meaning, illustrative examples and data contained in the outer texts have to be linguistically and culturally relevant, taking into cognisance the native languages and cultures of the target users. It is observed that if the proposed model is to be successfully implemented, local publishers will need to play an important role, while curriculum developers, assessors, teachers and learners have to be lexicographically educated. At present, local publishers with international affiliations distribute externally-motivated dictionaries (Gouws 2005). Where dictionaries are used, no serious consideration is given regarding the appropriateness of the dictionaries. Any available dictionary is purchased regardless of its user-friendliness. Unfortunately this results in a situation where users fail to extract the best from the dictionaries and end up being disillusioned about the usefulness of dictionaries as utility tools. Some of the dictionaries found at schools are just locked in safe cabinets in headmasters’ offices while learners continue experiencing problems that could be solved by appropriate dictionaries. Accordingly, with lexicographical pedagogy, and further research on specific aspects of the model, a lexicographical intervention in the acquisition and use of English in Zimbabwe is considered a worthwhile enterprise. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie beskou 'n leksikografiese tussenkoms in die verwerwing en gebruik van Engels in Zimbabwe. Engels is die land se enigste offisiële taal. Dit beteken dat dit al die ander tale in die land oorheers wat betref prestige en gebruik in die hoërstatusterreine soos die regering, media, reg, opvoeding, ens. Engels word as 'n verpligte vak geleer dwarsdeur die opvoedingstelsel tot by die Algemene Sertifikaat van Gewone Vlak ('O'-vlak) en gebruik as onderrigmedium vanaf die vierde graad en hoër. Die jaarlikse nasionale slaagsyfer van rondom 33% en minder as 10% vir sommige skole in hierdie vak is in onlangse jare waargeneem. 'n 'O'-vlaksertifikaat word as volledig beskou indien dit vyf 'O'-vlakvakke insluitende Engels geregistreer het. Dit beteken dat sonder die slaag van Engels op 'O'-vlak leerders geen kans het om voort te gaan na die Algemene Sertifikaat in Opvoedkunde Gevorderde Vlak ('A'-vlak) of tersiêre onderwys nie, en hul kanse is beperk, indien nie niebestaande nie, om werk in die openbare diens te kry. In die hoofstroomvakkundigheid betreffende taalpolitiek en taalbeplanning in die land het hierdie situasie daartoe gelei dat bepleit word dat die inheemse tale, veral Sjona en Ndebele, ontwikkel en verhef word tot die offisiële status wat tans deur Engels geniet word. Verre van teen die ontwikkeling en statusverheffing van die inheemse tale te wees, stel hierdie studie 'n tussenkoms in die verwerwing en gebruik van Engels voor as een van die noodsaaklike meganismes wat sommige probleme wat verband hou met hierdie taal, kan versag. Daar word geredeneer dat die probleem met Engels nie eenvoudig is dat dit 'n taal van vreemde herkoms, om dit onomwonde te stel, die taal van die vroeëre koloniale baas is nie. Die probleem is eerder dat die meerderheid Zimbabwiërs nie bedrewe genoeg is om in hierdie taal te funksioneer nie. Dit kan natuurlik verwant wees aan die feit dat baie Zimbabwiërs dit as 'n bykomende taal moet leer aangesien dit nie 'n inheemse taal is nie en daarom linguisties en kultureel verwyder is van die inheemse tale van sy leerders. Omdat dit oor die gebied van die leksikografie handel, beskou hierdie verhandeling 'n tussenkoms met betrekking tot daardie probleme wat deur die raadpleging van woordeboeke benader kan word. Die beskikbaarheid, gebruik en gebruikersvriendelikheid van Engelse woordeboeke word ondersoek met betrekking tot die kenmerke van Zimbabwiërs as leerders van Engels as 'n bykomende taal, hul omstandighede waarin leksikografies relevante probleme voorkom en die gevolglike inligtingsbehoeftes. Om dit te doen, word die teorie van aanleerdersleksikografie (Tarp 2004; 2004a; 2008) gebruik. Eerstens is vasgestel dat woordeboeke skaars artikels in Zimbabwe is, met 'n baie beperkte reeks woordeboeke vir Zimbabwiërs om te koop. Tweedens word woordeboeke nie daadwerklik aangewend by die leer en gebruik van Engels binne die skoolstelsel nie, behalwe in die vroeëre Groep A-skole wat elitisties van aard is. Leerplanontwikkelaars, onderwysers, assessore en leerders het nie baie groot duidelikheid oor die rol van woordeboeke binne die skoolstelsel nie. Derdens, die woordeboeke wat gebruik word, is nie geskik vir die leerders wat hulle raadpleeg nie, met gevorderde aanleerderswoordeboeke wat selfs in primêre skole die beperkte aanwesigheid oorheers. Nieteenstaande hierdie swak agtergrond, word dit algemeen aanvaar dat geskikte woordeboeke, ten spyte van die feit dat daar 'n algemene gebrek aan 'n bewustheid van die verskille tussen woordeboeke is, sommige van die probleme wat met Engels verband hou, veral in die onderwysstelsel, kan oplos. Sou dit gebeur, sal leerders 'n woordeboekkultuur ontwikkel en woordeboeke as nutsartikels beskou waarop hulle later kan steun in hul akademiese en professionele loopbane waarin Engels voortgaan om oorheersend te wees. 'n Model van leksikografiese tussenkoms in die verwerwing en gebruik van Engels in Zimbabwe word gevolglik geformuleer. Dit word gedoen teen die voorafgaande agtergrond en ook die geskiedenis van sowel Engelse as Zimbabwiese leksikografie. Engelse leksikografie toon tans dat Engelse woordeboeke voortgebring word in 'n menigte ander lande as Brittanje, Amerika, Australië en Nieu-Seeland waar Engels 'n inheemse taal is. Dit is hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die oorheersende rol wat Engels in daardie lande soos Suid- Afrika verkry het. Zimbabwiese leksikografie het egter tot sover gefokus op moedertaalwoordeboeke in Sjona en Ndebele, met as hoofrede die behoefte om hierdie voorheen gemarginaliseerde tale te ontwikkel. Gevolglik probeer die voorgestelde model om die omvang van Zimbabwiese leksikografie uit te brei. Dit is nie net ter wille van uitbreiding nie. Inteendeel. In die navorsing word dit waargeneem dat die woordeboeke wat die beoogde leksikografiese tussenkoms uitmaak, in Zimbabwe voortgebring moet word vir hulle om die plaaslike behoeftes met betrekking tot hierdie taal doeltreffend te benader. Byvoorbeeld, lemmakeuse, betekenisparafrases, toeligtende voorbeelde en data bevat in die buitetekste moet linguisties en kultureel toepaslik wees om die inheemse tale en kulture van die teikengebruikers in aanmerking te neem. Daar word opgemerk dat, om die voorgestelde model suksesvol deur te voer, plaaslike uitgewers 'n belangrike rol sal moet speel, terwyl leerplanontwikkelaars, assessore, onderwysers en leerders leksikografies opgevoed sal moet word. Op die oomblik versprei plaaslike uitgewers met internasionale verbintenisse ekstern-gemotiveerde woordeboeke (Gouws 2005). Waar woordeboeke gebruik word, word geen ernstige oorwegings geskenk aan die geskiktheid van woordeboeke nie. Enige beskikbare woordeboek word gekoop ongeag sy bruikbaarheid. Ongelukkig lei dit tot 'n situasie waar gebruikers in gebreke bly om die beste uit die woordeboeke te haal en ontnugter eindig oor die nuttigheid van woordeboeke as gebruiksgereedskap Sommige van die woordeboeke wat in skole aangetref is, word net in veilige kaste in skoolhoofde se kantore weggesluit, terwyl leerders voortgaan om probleme te ondervind wat opgelos kan word deur geskikte woordeboeke. Met leksikografiese opvoeding, en verdere navorsing oor bepaalde aspekte van die model, word 'n leksikografiese tussenkoms in die verwerwing en gebruik van Engels in Zimbabwe gevolglik as 'n verdienstelike onderneming beskou.

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 1992. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Culture is and always will be of paramount importance to man. If the culture base is threatened, serious conflict and other problems will ensue. Even though there has been talk about a so-called internationalism that denotes a world devoid of different cultures, reality has caught up with the much advocated "melting pot" theory. Depriving groups of their cultural rights, or simply overlooking these rights, can result in a dangerous "boiling pot". Each culture group has a need for its own identity. Because only a small portion of the world population live in culturally homogenious states the potential for conflict is great between different groups that want to uphold and develop their own cultures. This is especially true where minority and majority groups exist within the same national boundaries. For any minority group wishing to preserve and develop its culture a logical solution would be to organize people in cultural organizations to maximize their effectiveness in attaining their goals. In this study, the task and activities of the cultural organization are examined, especially in respect of preserving, maintaining, and developing the culture of a specific group, in particular within minority cultures. Firstly, minorities as a group are discussed, with special reference to their particular needs, conflicts and threats and the conditions for survival.Subsequently, culture as a humanphenomenonis examined. In chapter 3 the cultural organization as a distinct organization, with its own characteristics, problems and success factors, is discussed. Chapter 4 examines cultural organizations and analyzes different ones, especially those of minority groups. Chapter 5 discusses Afrikaans cultural organizations along broad lines, emphasizing their chronological development, problems, inadequacies and challenges. The ATKV, as a minority cultural organization, and its activities are extensively discussed in the followingchapter. In conclusion, the study deals with the requirements and challenges for the successful task fulfilment of cultural organizations in order to understand, plan and evaluate their important task, especially within minority cultures. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kultuur is en bly vir die mens van wesentlike belang. Wanneer die kulturele basis bedreig of aangeraak word, vind ernstige teenreaksie plaas met gepaardgaande konflik en probleme. Alhoewel daar dikwels al gepraat is van internasionalisme in die sin van wegdoening met kulturele en volksbande, is hierdie siening as verkeerd bewys, want elke kultuurgroep het 'n besondere behoefte aan 'n eie kulturele identiteit. Aangesien slegs In klein gedeelte van die wereldbevolking in homogene state leef, is die potensiaal vir konflik tussen verskillende kultuurgroepe, wat elkeen streef na die behoud en uitbouing van die eie, groote Die voorkoms van minderhede, wat toenemend bewus raak van hul eie identiteit, is In feit en vera! waar minderheidsgroepe saam met meerderheidsgroepe voorkom, verhoog die konflikpotensiaal. Vir enige minderheidsgroep Ie 'n logiese oplossing vir die behoud en uitbouing van eie kulturele regte in die organisering van mense in kultuurorganisasies om In kollektiewe en meer effektiewe bedingingsmag te verkry. In hierdie studie word die taak en werksaamhede van kultuurorganisasies ten opsigte van van 'n spesifieke groep minderheidskultuurgroepe. die bewaring, handhawing en uitbouing se kultuur ondersoek, veral binne Eerstens word gekyk na die samestelling van minderheidsgroepe met hul eiesoortige behoeftes, konflikte en bedreigings, asook voorvereistes vir hul voortbestaan. Daarna word kultuur as menslike verskynsel bespreek. Hoofstuk 3 word gewy aan die kultuurorganisasie as In eiesoortige organisasie met sy eie kenmerke, probleme en suksesfaktore. Die kultuurorganisasie in praktyk, vera! binne minderheidsgroepe, kom in hoofstuk 4 aan die bod en word daar ontledend gekyk na verskillende kultuurorganisasies. In hoofstuk 5 word Afrikaanse kultuurorganisasies breedweg bespreek en word vera! gekyk na die organisasies se kronologiese ontwikkeling, asook probleme, leemtes en uitdagings. Daarna word die ATKV as In minderheidskultuurorganisasie, met sy werksaamhede in die praktyk indringend bespreek. Ten slotte word die vereistes en uitdagings op die pad van kultuurorganisasies vir suksesvolle en effektiewe taakvervulling bespreek om sodoende die belangrike taak van die kultuurorganisasie, vera! binne minderheidskultuurgroepe, te verstaan, te beplan en te beoordeel.