Teachers are increasingly aware of the technological world in which their students live. They are aware that the use of computers affects the motivation and attitudes of learners. There has also recently been governmental pressure to integrate ICT in the teaching and learning at school level. The question remains how exactly these technologies should be implemented, particularly to aid in the acquisition of a second language. This study investigates if the use of CALL in the teaching of second language Afrikaans has affected the attitudes and motivation of learners and if it had any effect on the results they achieved. A comparative study was conducted with a group Grade 11 learners in which they completed a series of research tasks that included no technology or computerrelated input. The same group was also exposed to lessons with a computer-assisted approach, where a series of comparative research tasks were completed with the use of technology. The group completed reflective questionnaires on the tasks they had completed. The sets of tasks were analyzed and compared to each other and the reflective questionnaires were analyzed and general trends and findings were noted. The findings in this study suggests that learners respond well to computer-assisted tasks and that there is a marked improvement in attitude and motivation when they are exposed to technology in the second language classroom. Furthermore it is evident that the shift in motivation contributes to an overall improvement of their results, which in computerassisted tasks are on average 8%-12% higher.

Text in Afrikaans / This study investigates the opportunities provided in outcomes-based language textbooks to develop learners' full potential. This is done by looking at how learners' multiple intelligences can flourish. Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which is used as a framework in the current study, claims that learners have different combinations of intelligences, and that the various intelligences can be developed. By doing so, learners are developed in their totality as knowledgeable, skilful and balanced adults. By giving learners a variety of activities which accommodate the different intelligences, they have the opportunity to use their strong intelligences in the language classroom. At the same time, learners are given the opportunity to expand their less developed intelligences. In this study, selected Afrikaans and English language textbooks are analysed to determine how the different intelligences are covered. Outcomes-based language textbooks are used because outcomes-based education deals with the development of learners' full potential. The assumption can be made that this approach to teaching and learning enables learners to develop their multiple intelligences. The study brings to light that only some intelligences receive attention in language textbooks, namely the linguistic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and spatial intelligences. On the other hand, other intelligences get little or even no attention in the textbooks that were analysed, namely the bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic and musical intelligences. In spite of the important role that music plays in language teaching, it appears that the musical intelligence is afforded the least attention of all the intelligences in seven of the eight textbooks that were analysed. As a result, learners' uniqueness in this regard is not respected, and their total development as knowledgeable, skilful and balanced human beings can therefore be hindered. Recommendations are made regarding the curriculum, teaching practice and teacher training, and are directed to stakeholders in the writing of textbooks. The recommendations make it clear that different aspects of all the intelligences should be taken into consideration in the development of textbooks and other learning materials for language teaching and, by implication, teaching in general. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Didactics)

Thesis (D.Litt. et Phil.)--Universiteit van Suid-Afrika, 2002.

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study involves a qualitative and quantitative investigation into the promotion of reading by means media reading instructional strategies to Afrikaans grade 7 learners at one school. The research methodology used is a case study supported by a literature study. The aim of this study is five-fold. Firstly, based on the literature study, the study sets out to establish a theoretical framework for reading at school. This is related to three problem areas: poor reading comprehension, limited fluency in reading, and a negative attitude to reading. Underlying assumptions are that reading problems occur even in learners with above-average intellectual ability and that many learners cannot function optimally in society because they are poor readers. Instructional models and different approaches to teaching reading are explored. This study questions the efficacy of traditional approaches to reading instruction and makes a strong case for a balanced approach in which both topdown and bottom-up approaches are integrated in an interactive approach. Secondly, drawing on the literature survey the study provides a theoretical framework for using the media and technology in developing and improving reading. The role of visual literacy in the development of reading is also examined. It seems that learners have a strong interest in the media as well as technological aids so educators who have access to these should use them in the classroom. Thirdly, the study sets out to design media reading instructional strategies based on learners' interest in mass media, as well as technological aids. This is so that learners can be empowered with strategies that will enable them to successfully address their reading problems. The use of media reading instructional strategies is applied as an alternative to the traditional approach to reading instruction. The case study explores the use of media reading instructional strategies developed for grade 7 learners studying Afrikaans as a primary language and the extent to which this is successful. The learners are exposed to an instructional reading programme consisting of media reading strategies (designed by the researcher) for a period of 16 weeks. Data generation comprises individual diagnostic reading tests for learners, interviews with educators and learners and questionnaires administered to educators and learners. The literature study provides evidence that poor readers do not necessarily lack the intellectual ability to make sense of what they read or to read independently. Results from the case study support the findings that these learners have the ability to learn a variety of reading strategies which help them to apply the reading skills that enable them to read successfully. Although the learners in the experimental group still experienced problems with comprehension, they had made significant gains in reading fluency and developed a more positive attitude towards reading. The main conclusion is that interactive media reading instructional activities can make a meaningful contribution to learners with reading problems. According to the findings of this study, learners are more likely to read successfully and follow a successful academic career if their problems are diagnosed early and they receive the necessary help and support. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie was 'n kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe ondersoek na die bevordering van lees in Afrikaans by die graad 7-leerders van een skool deur die daarstelling van media-leesonderrigstrategieë. Die navorsingsmetode was 'n gevallestudie ondersteun deur 'n literatuurstudie. Die doelwit van die ondersoek was vyfvoudig. Ten eerste het die studie gepoog om op grand van die literatuurondersoek 'n teoretiese begranding van lees te verskaf. Dit sluit drie problematiese aspekte van lees in, naamlik gebrekkige leesbegrip en leesvlotheid en 'n negatiewe leeshouding. Die studie wys daarap dat leesprobleme manifesteer ten spyte van 'n bo-gemiddelde intellek en dat baie leerders nie optimaal in die samelewing kan fungeer nie omdat hulle swak lesers is. Verskillende benaderings tot die onderrig van lees is ondersoek. Die studie bevraagteken die effektiwiteit van tradisionele benaderings tot leesonderrig. Dit word ten sterkste aanbeveel dat 'n interaktiewe benadering gevolg word waar beide die top - down en bottom - up -benaderings geïntegreer word. Tweedens het die studie gepoog om vanuit die literatuurandersoek 'n teoretiese begranding van katalisators wat lees kan bevorder, naamlik media en tegnologiese hulpmiddele, te ondersoek. Die rol van visuele geletterdheid in die onderrig van lees is ondersoek. Die uitgangspunt was leerders se belangstelling in die media en tegnologiese hulpmiddele en dat opvoeders vandag toegang het tot 'n verskeidenheid media en tegnologiese hulpmiddele wat hulle van hulp kan wees met leesonderrig. Opvoeders moet hulself hiervan vergewis ten einde dit sinvol by die bestaande leesonderrigprogram te kan integreer. Derdens het die studie ten doel gehad om media-leesonderrigstrategieë te ontwerp wat gebaseer is op leerders se belangstelling in die media en tegnologiese hulpmiddele wat die swak leser in staat sal stel am sy / haar leesprobleme suksesvol aan te spreek. Die gebruik van die media-leesonderrigstrategieë is derhalwe aangewend as 'n alternatief tot die tradisionele benaderings van leesonderrig. Vierdens is hierdie media-Ieesonderrigstrategieë by wyse van 'n gevallestudie op die vlak van graad 7 in die vak Afrikaans geïmplementeer om die sukses daarvan te bepaal. Leerders is vir 16 weke aan 'n intervensie, 'n program bestaande uit media-leesonderrigstrategieë, in die Afrikaansperiode blootgestel. Datagenerering tydens hierdie tydperk van ses maande het behels individuele diagnostiese leestoetse vir leerders, onderhoude met opvoeders en leerders, en vraelyste wat deur opvoeders en leerders voltooi is. Uit die literatuurstudie was dit duidelik dat daar geen probleem was met die intellektuele vermoëns van die leerders nie en dat hulle wel oor die vermoë beskik om met begrip en onafhanklik te lees. Die resultate van die gevallestudie ondersteun hierdie bevinding dat die swak leser wel die vermoë het om strategies aan te leer wat hulle in staat sal stel om hul leesvaardighede te verbeter en met sukses te lees. Ten slote is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat media-leesonderrigstrategieë wat deur middel van 'n interaktiewe benadering onderrig word, 'n betekenisvolle bydrae kan maak tot die bevordering van lees by leerders met leesprobleme. Alhoewel die leerders steeds met leesbegrip gesukkel het, het hulle leesvlotheid heelwat verbeter terwyl hulle ook 'n meer positiewe houding jeens lees gehad het. Daar is bevind dat ten spyte van leerders se leesprobleme hulle 'n baie goeie kans het om met sukses te lees en 'n suksesvolle loopbaan te volg, mits hulle betyds die nodige hulp en ondersteuning ontvang.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Thesis (MPhil )--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An increasing number of studies indicate that South African learners' literacy levels are deplorably low. According to one international study, the Progress in International Literacy Study (PIRLS), conducted in 2006, South African grade 4 learners' literacy levels are the lowest of the 40 countries that participated in the study. The results of the first Annual National Assessment (ANA), conducted in 2011, show that the average literacy performance of grade 3 learners in South Africa lies at 35%. Even though numerous reasons can be presented for these low literacy levels - amongst others, large classes, insufficient teacher training, insufficient educational practices (especially the fact that so little time is spent on reading instruction), and a lack of teaching material - the blame is often cast on the insufficient language proficiency of South African learners. South African learners often receive education in a language which is not their first language. A large number of learners only receive education in their first language for the first three years of their school career and thereafter English usually becomes the language of learning and teaching. It is, however, not only those learners who receive education in their second language who have low literacy skills. Learners who receive education in their first language also encounter problems. The aim of this study was to determine whether a reading intervention programme, designed on the basis of the most recent research on reading, could improve the reading comprehension skills of grade 8 learners in their first language Afrikaans and whether these skills could be transferred to their second language English. The study showed that there was a significant improvement in the participating learners' reading comprehension skills in their first language Afrikaans, as well as in their second language English, even though the reading intervention was only offered in Afrikaans. According to the results of this study, it seems that reading comprehension skills which are acquired in the first language can indeed be transferred to a second language. The implications of these findings for first and second language literacy development are discussed in the final chapter of the thesis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Toenemende aantal studies dui daarop dat Suid-Afrikaanse leerders se geletterdheidsvlakke kommerwekkend laag is. Volgens een internasionale studie, die Progress in International Literacy Study (PIRLS), wat in 2006 gedoen is, is Suid-Afrikaanse graad 4-leerders se geletterdheidsvlakke die laagste van die 40 lande wat deelgeneem het. Die resultate van die eerste Annual National Assessment (ANA) wat in 2011 gedoen is, wys dat graad 3-leerders in Suid-Afrika se gemiddelde prestasie vir geletterdheid slegs 35% is. Hoewel talle redes vir hierdie lae geletterdheidsvlakke aangebied kan word - waaronder groot klasse, onvoldoende onderwyseropleiding, onvoldoende onderrigpraktyke (veral dat daar te min tyd aan leesonderrig bestee word) en 'n gebrek aan onderrigmateriaal - word die blaam dikwels geplaas op die onvoldoende taalvaardighede van Suid-Afrikaanse leerders. Suid-Afrikaanse leerders gaan dikwels skool in 'n taal wat nie hul eerste taal is nie. Talle leerders ontvang slegs vir die eerste drie jaar van hul skoolloopbaan onderrig in hul eerste taal en daarna word Engels gewoonlik die taal van leer en onderrig. Dit is egter nie net die leerders wat in hul tweede taal onderrig ontvang, wat lae geletterdheidsvlakke het nie. Leerders wat in hul eerste taal onderrig ontvang, ondervind ook probleme. Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stel of 'n leesintervensieprogram, wat geskoei is op die nuutste navorsing oor lees, die leesbegripsvaardighede van graad 8-leerders in hul eerste taal Afrikaans kan verbeter en of hierdie vaardighede oorgedra kan word op hul tweede taal Engels. Die studie het aangedui dat daar 'n beduidende verbetering in die leerders se leesbegripsvaardighede in hul eerste taal Afrikaans sowel as hul tweede taal Engels was, alhoewel die leesintervensie slegs in Afrikaans aangebied is. Volgens die resultate van die studie wil dit voorkom asof leesbegripsvaardighede wat in die eerste taal verwerf word, oorgedra kan word na 'n tweede taal. Die implikasies van hierdie bevindinge vir die ontwikkeling van geletterdheid in 'n eerste en tweede taal, word in die finale hoofstuk van die tesis bespreek.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The non-standard “way of speaking” associated with gang members on the Cape Flats is the focus of the present study. This thesis is not about gangsters and gang culture, neither is it an attempt to analyze their use of language. Rather, it is an investigation of the linguistic markers of the language variety spoken by gang members on the Cape Flats, according to the film Dollars and White Pipes. This film portrays the true story of Bernie Baatjies and is set in Hanover Park, an area on the Cape Flats characterized by a high level of unemployment and low levels of education. During the Apartheid years, people of colour all over Cape Town were displaced: they were forced to move to barren land and start rebuilding their lives all over again. The youth perceived their parents as cowards for not fighting back against the system. Their anger with their parents led to the formation of gangs on the Cape Flats. These gangs resort to violence, using it as a means of dominating others and showing power through claiming territory. Gang members establish in-group distinctiveness through speech divergence. In this thesis, the notion of establishing membership of a specific linguistic community, in this case gang membership, by means of vocabulary use is examined with reference to concepts such as slang, anti-language and social judgments based on linguistic aspects. It is shown that the linguistic repertoire of the Cape Flats gangsters as a speech community can broadly be categorised as non-standard Afrikaans, non-standard English and English-Afrikaans code switching. In order to examine the linguistic markers of the language variety spoken by gang members on the Cape Flats, utterances in the film that were judged non-standard were transcribed orthographically. The standard version of each utterance was also identified. Non-standard words and phrases were then grouped according to language and parts of speech. These non-standard words and phrases were in turn presented to real–life gangsters from the Cape Flats in order to obtain judgements on their authenticity. Research approaches and methods drawn on in the thesis are Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Discourse Analysis (DA), both of which are briefly discussed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die nie-standaard “manier van praat” wat geassosieer word met bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte is die fokus van hierdie studie. Hierdie tesis handel nie oor bendes en die bendekultuur nie en is ook nie ʼn poging om hul gebruik van taal te analiseer nie. Dit is eerder ‘n beskrywing van die linguistiese merkers van die taalvariëteit wat deur bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte gepraat word, volgens die rolprent Dollars and White Pipes. Hierdie rolprent is die ware verhaal van Bernie Baatjies en speel af in Hanover Park, ‘n area van die Kaapse Vlakte gekenmerk deur ‘n hoë vlak van werkloosheid en lae vlakke van opvoeding. As gevolg van Apartheid is mense van kleur regoor Kaapstad verplaas: hulle is forseer om na dor land te verskuif en om hul lewens van oor af op te bou. Die jeug het hul ouers gesien as lafaards omdat hulle nie terug baklei het teen die stelsel nie. Hulle woede teenoor hulle ouers het gelei tot die vorming van bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte. Hierdie bendes het hulle gewend na geweld. Geweld is gebruik in ʼn poging om andere te domineer en om mag ten toon te stel in die aanspraak op gebied. Bendelede bewerkstellig spraak uiteenlopenheid as ʼn metode om in-groep onderskeibaarheid daar te stel. In hierdie tesis word die idee van bewerkstelliging van lidmaatskap van ʼn spesifieke linguistieke gemeenskap, in hierdie geval bendelidmaatskap, by wyse van die woordeskat wat hulle verkies om te gebruik, bekyk met verwysing na konsepte soos groeptaal, anti-taal en sosiale oordeel gebaseer op linguistieke aspekte. Daar word gewys dat die linguistiese repetoire van die bendes van die Kaapse Vlakte as spraakgemeenskap, gekategoriseer kan word as nie-standaard Afrikaans, nie-standaard Engels en Afrikaans-Engels kodewisseling. Om die linguistiese merkers van die taalvariëteit wat deur bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte gepraat word te bekyk, is uitings in die rolprent wat nie-standaard ge-ag is, ortografies getranskribeer. Die standaard weergawe van die uitings is ook geïdentifiseer. Nie-standaard woorde en frases is gegroepeer volgens taal en woordsoorte. Hierdie nie-standaard woorde en frases is aan werklike bendelede van die Kaapse Vlakte voorgelê om betroubaarheidsoordele te verkry. Die navorsingsbenaderinge en metodes waarop gefokus is, is Kritiese Diskoers Analise (KDA) sowel as Diskoers Analise (DA), wat beide kortliks bespreek word.

Bibliography / Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.

Text in Afrikaans / This study investigates the opportunities provided in outcomes-based language textbooks to develop learners' full potential. This is done by looking at how learners' multiple intelligences can flourish. Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which is used as a framework in the current study, claims that learners have different combinations of intelligences, and that the various intelligences can be developed. By doing so, learners are developed in their totality as knowledgeable, skilful and balanced adults. By giving learners a variety of activities which accommodate the different intelligences, they have the opportunity to use their strong intelligences in the language classroom. At the same time, learners are given the opportunity to expand their less developed intelligences. In this study, selected Afrikaans and English language textbooks are analysed to determine how the different intelligences are covered. Outcomes-based language textbooks are used because outcomes-based education deals with the development of learners' full potential. The assumption can be made that this approach to teaching and learning enables learners to develop their multiple intelligences. The study brings to light that only some intelligences receive attention in language textbooks, namely the linguistic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and spatial intelligences. On the other hand, other intelligences get little or even no attention in the textbooks that were analysed, namely the bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic and musical intelligences. In spite of the important role that music plays in language teaching, it appears that the musical intelligence is afforded the least attention of all the intelligences in seven of the eight textbooks that were analysed. As a result, learners' uniqueness in this regard is not respected, and their total development as knowledgeable, skilful and balanced human beings can therefore be hindered. Recommendations are made regarding the curriculum, teaching practice and teacher training, and are directed to stakeholders in the writing of textbooks. The recommendations make it clear that different aspects of all the intelligences should be taken into consideration in the development of textbooks and other learning materials for language teaching and, by implication, teaching in general. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Didactics)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / In die studie is daar gepoog om aan te toon waarom die ondervindingsmod~l vir taalleer die aangewese model vir effektiewe tweedetaalleer is. Die kommunikatiewe onderrigbenaderingswyse, onderhandeling in die klaskamer en die belangrikheid van die prosessillabus in tweedetaalverwerwing is bespreek. Die taalonderwyser se rot as fasiliteerder van leer in kommunikatiewe FAfrikaanstaalonderrig in die interaktiewe klaskamer met klem op leerdergesentreerde onderrig is uiteengesit. Daar is verder aangetoon dat daar ten opsigte van die rot van die onderwyser 'n paradigmatiese verskuiwing moet plaasvind, veral noudat beginsels van uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig wat deel van kurrikulum 2005 vorm, in 1998/1999 in aile Suid-Afrikaanse skole ingestel is. Die onderwyser is nou 'n fasiliteerder van kennis, nie 'n oordraer daarvan nie. Belangrike aspekte van leer wat leerders se tweedetaalleer be'invloed, is bespreek, byvoorbeeld klaskamerkommunikasie, fasilitering, suggestopedia, faktore wat begrip van leerstof be'invloed, onderwyser - en leerdergedragswyses, positiewe /eeratmosfeer, behandeling van leerderfoute, Jeerderpersepsies, kommunikatiewe strategiee en evalueringsmetodes. 'n Verskeidenheid taallesse wat op T2-Afrikaans en die T2-taalklaskamer betrekking het, en wat verskillende onderrigteoriee, uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig en die ses taalvaardighede integreer, word in hoofstuk 5 ge'illustreer. / In this study it is shown why the discovery model of language learning is the appropriate model for effective language learning. The communicative teaching approach, classroom-negotiation and the importance of the process syllabus in second language acquisition is discussed. The language teacher's role as facilitator of learning, in communicative L2 - Afrikaans language teaching in the interactive classroom with a learner-centered focus is explained. It is further shown that the role of the teacher must undergo a paradigm shift especially now that principles of outcomes based education which forms part of curriculum 2005 has been introduced into all schools in South Africa in 1998/1999. The teacher is now a facilitator of knowledge and not a transmitter thereof. Important aspects of learning that influence learners' second language learning are discussed, for example classroom communication, facilitation, suggestopedia, factors that influence the understanding of subject matter, teacher and learner behaviours, positive learning atmosphere, treatment of Ieamer errors, learner perceptions, communicative strategies and methods of evaluation. A variety of language lessons which integrate various teaching theories, outcomes based education and the six language learning skills which are related to L 2-Afrikaans and the L 2-classroom are illustrated in Chapter 5. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)