The Hope Scholars Programme (HSP) is an after-school programme implemented by the South African Education and Environment Project (SAEP) in Cape Town, South Africa. After-school programmes (ASPs) are widely described as programmes that are implemented independently of the school day and are aimed at improving the learning outcomes and advancement of kindergarten and high school learners. The HSP began in 1998 with a goal to equip HSP learners with foundational literacy and numeracy skills for the future education and training (FET) phase and subsequent education. HSP activities are implemented under four broad service areas: (a) academic tutoring sessions; (b) experiential learning; (c) psychosocial support services; and (d) community engagement. The scope of this evaluation was the academic component under which the programme offers intensive tutoring in mathematics, natural science and English literacy. The objective of the evaluation was to assess the implementation fidelity of the academic component for programme quality and effectiveness improvement purposes. A conceptual framework for measuring implementation fidelity by Carroll, Patterson, Wood, Booth, Rick and Balain (2007) was used to guide this evaluation. Using the logic model for the programme, the evaluation focused on examining whether the HSP sessions were implemented with the intended process mechanisms through which the programme was designed to lead to its desired academic outcomes. Both primary and secondary data were used to conduct the evaluation. Primary data were collected through oneon-one in-depth interviews with HSP staff members and the volunteer tutor and focus group interviews with the HSP learners. Secondary data were obtained through the review of the HSP documents. An inductive content analysis was employed to analyse the data. The results indicated that the academic component of the HSP was implemented with limited fidelity and poor quality. Programme implementation challenges identified need to be resolved to enhance the quality of the HSP services and programme effectiveness. This evaluation contributes to the literature on: (a) the duration and frequency of the tutorial sessions; (b) the extent to which learners attend; and (c) dropout from the programmes and causes for dropping out in the context of after-school programmes. Among the contributing factors of learner dropout from the HSP, influences that were found unique to the South African context were mistrust between the learners and their parents (mistrust at home) and sweeping of classrooms.

The purpose of this independent work is to highlight how important it is to work with pupils' social knowledge in school. The work also aims to investigate how educators can help acting out pupils in the social interaction. They need to respond to the pupils in the game, but also take a step back when they notice that pupils are starting to change their old behavior. The method on which the work is based is scientific essay writing. The work is based on an experience taken from my reality as an educator at the after-school programme. The incident made me think about a pupil's behavior and my actions towards the pupil. Some of the selected theories and concepts I have used are differentiation competence, communities of practice, life world phenomenology and bioecological system theory. The concepts explain how educators can work with relationship building in school, in order to best meet and understand the pupils. An important idea based on the theories is that pupils are shaped by their encounters with others both at home and at school. That is why it becomes important to pay attention when difficulties arise and help pupils, both individually and collectively. My text ends with me highlighting the most important insights I gained during the work. I have broadened my perspective on the experience. I got time to reflect on my actions and how I would have acted if my and Jacks relationship had been deeper. The work has raised thoughtson how I and other educators should work to help pupils cope with the social interaction independent of the adults. / Syftet med detta självständiga arbete är att belysa hur viktigt det är att arbeta med elevernas sociala kunskaper i skolan. Arbetet syftar också till att undersöka hur pedagogerna kan hjälpa utåtagerande elever i det sociala samspelet. De behöver bemöta eleverna i leken men också taett steg tillbaka när de märker att eleverna börjar förändra sitt gamla beteende. Metoden som ligger till grund för arbetet är vetenskapligt essä skrivande. Arbetet utgår från en erfarenhettagen från min verklighet som pedagog på fritidshemmet. Händelsen fick mig att fundera överen elevs beteende och mitt agerande gentemot eleven. Några av de utvalda teorier ochbegrepp jag har använt är differentierings kompetens, praktikgemenskaper, livsvärlds fenomenlogin och den bioekologiska systemteorin. Begreppen förklarar hur pedagoger kan arbeta med relationsskapande i skolan med olika metoder, för att på bästa sätt bemöta och förstå eleverna. En viktig tanke utifrån teorierna är att eleverna formas av möten med andra både i hemmet och i skolan. Därför blir det viktigt att uppmärksamma när svårigheter uppstår och hjälpa eleverna, både individuellt och kollektivt. Min text avslutas med att jag lyfter de viktigaste insikterna jag fått under arbetet. Jag har vidgat mina perspektiv på händelsen. Jag har fått tid att reflektera kring mitt agerande och hur jag hade agerat om min och Jacks relation varit djupare. Arbetet har väckt tankar kring hur jag och andra pedagoger bör arbeta för att hjälpa eleverna att klara av att hantera det sociala samspelet oberoende av de vuxna.

The purpose of this independent work is, firstly, to gain a greater understanding of the complex cooperation between educators in the after-school programme and guardians, and secondly, to see how the collaboration affects the social development of pupils. The study is based on two stories about our own professional experience from situations which are difficult to assess. The first story describes how the perspective of the educator and that of guardian contradict each other. The second story is about the educator´s duty to provide problem-oriented information and to promote collaboration with guardians. The methods we have used are scientific essay writing and hermeneutical analysis. Theories and concepts of inter-subjective interaction, human learning and social development have been central to our analysis. The study shows how the speech at home and at school affects the collaboration and how the relationship between the guardian and the educator affects the pupil´s connection to the educator and his/her ability to promote social development. The strong connection between the guardian and the child can be seen to help complement the child's perception of an incident at school. The study highlights the educator's obligations to take responsibility for constructive collaborative processes, his/her expanded opportunities for student support through the utilization of guardians' perspectives, and limitations in the form of resources. Continued and further researches can be focused on looking at how the conditions for relational work and relational competence can be systematically ensured at different levels - political, local, within work teams and for individual educators. / Syftet med detta självständiga arbete är, för det första, att få ökad förståelse för det komplexa samarbetet mellan pedagoger inom fritidshemmet och vårdnadshavare, och för det andra, se hur samarbetet påverkar elevernas sociala utveckling. Arbetet utgår från våra yrkeserfarenheter av två svårbedömda händelser inom fritidshemmet. Den ena berättelsen beskriver hur pedagogens och vårdnadshavarens perspektiv blir varandras kontraster. Den andra handlar om pedagogens uppdrag att både framföra problemorienterad information och främja samarbete med vårdnadshavare. De metoder vi har använt oss av är vetenskapligt essäskrivande och hermeneutisk analys. Teorier och begrepp som beskriver intersubjektiv interaktion, mänskligt lärande och social utveckling har varit centrala i vår analys. Studien visar hur talet i hemmet och i skolan påverkar samarbetet samt hur vårdnadshavarens relation med pedagogen påverkar elevens anknytning till pedagogen och dennes möjlighet att främja social utveckling. Vårdnadshavarens och barnets nära anknytning kan ses bidra till att barnets bild av en händelse på skolan kompletteras. I studien synliggörs dels pedagogens skyldigheter att ta ansvar för konstruktiva samarbetsprocesser, dels dennes utökade möjligheter till elevstöd genom tillvaratagande av vårdnadshavares perspektiv, samt begränsningar i form av bristande resurser. Fortsatt forskning kan se över hur förutsättningar för relationellt arbete och relationell kompetens kan säkerställas systematiskt på olika nivåer - politiskt, lokalt, inom arbetslag samt för enskild pedagog.

The adolescent developmental phase has encouraged many research studies as a result of the diversity and dynamics of this period of life. This phase is characterised by a range of challenges on an intrapersonal level, in family life, peer group settings and school settings. Various studies confirm that every aspect of adolescent development is influenced by experiences at school. Secondary school (Grades 8 to 12) is also considered to be a critical time for creating healthy and cohesive societies, since it forms the link between primary education and higher education, and the labour market. However, in low and middle income countries, such as Namibia, many adolescents grow up in conditions of poverty, which present them with fewer opportunities, experiences, resources and services that are essential for them to become healthy and productive adults. Educational opportunities are limited, while most of the learning resources or learning opportunities are unaffordable. In Namibia, the educational system has made progress since Independence in 1990. However, there remains a lack of instructional materials, a high proportion of unqualified teachers, and a scarcity of pre-primary education programmes. In the township of Mondesa in Swakopmund, the schools are overcrowded and children reach Grade 8 with literacy and numeracy skills far below the required level. The need for interventions in improving education and alleviating constraints, such as overcrowded classes, unqualified teachers and lack of resources the system is facing is evident and this has resulted in programmes attempting to make a difference in this sector. The Mondesa Youth Opportunities (MYO) Programme is one such initiative, aiming at providing educational assistance to underprivileged students drawn from disadvantaged schools in Swakopmund. They present learners with free afternoon education with classes in English, mathematics and reading. Classes for computer skills, life skills, music and sport are also included, to provide the learners with a stimulating environment and exposure to a variety of activities to expand their life world and experience. The board members of MYO have not yet attempted a comprehensive evaluation to judge and justify the efforts of the programme, since this would be a complex and costly endeavour. This study aimed at exploring the experiences of alumni adolescents on the contribution of the programme. The results could possibly form a basis for future more comprehensive evaluations of the programme and make the possibility of such an endeavour more feasible. This is a qualitative study and data was gathered through focus groups of adolescents who are currently in Grades 9 to 12 and who have previously attended the programme. After thematic analysis the findings of the study pointed out various contributions the programme experienced by the adolescents, pointing out themes that possibly provides a platform for starting future research on the effectiveness of the programme. The adolescents experienced various benefits as a result of attending the programme. This included enhancement of academic performance, cognitive development, provision of resources, and introduction to unfamiliar content, such as sports and music that taught them new skills, and helped them to find their own talents. The life skills classes provided them with useful knowledge for everyday life. The findings also suggest that the adolescents experienced an influence in their intrapersonal skills by gaining more confidence in their abilities, becoming more independent and learning to take responsibility. On a social level, the programme provided them with opportunities to make friends. The relationships they had with some of the teachers at MYO proved to be invaluable as a source of emotional support. These findings have contributed to an understanding of the adolescents’ experiences of the programme, and have highlighted positive experiences and various challenges adolescents faced in terms of the implementation of the programme, such as the amount of effort and time required to participate in the programme. Conclusions were made to provide MYO management with valuable feedback and suggestions for further research. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The adolescent developmental phase has encouraged many research studies as a result of the diversity and dynamics of this period of life. This phase is characterised by a range of challenges on an intrapersonal level, in family life, peer group settings and school settings. Various studies confirm that every aspect of adolescent development is influenced by experiences at school. Secondary school (Grades 8 to 12) is also considered to be a critical time for creating healthy and cohesive societies, since it forms the link between primary education and higher education, and the labour market. However, in low and middle income countries, such as Namibia, many adolescents grow up in conditions of poverty, which present them with fewer opportunities, experiences, resources and services that are essential for them to become healthy and productive adults. Educational opportunities are limited, while most of the learning resources or learning opportunities are unaffordable. In Namibia, the educational system has made progress since Independence in 1990. However, there remains a lack of instructional materials, a high proportion of unqualified teachers, and a scarcity of pre-primary education programmes. In the township of Mondesa in Swakopmund, the schools are overcrowded and children reach Grade 8 with literacy and numeracy skills far below the required level. The need for interventions in improving education and alleviating constraints, such as overcrowded classes, unqualified teachers and lack of resources the system is facing is evident and this has resulted in programmes attempting to make a difference in this sector. The Mondesa Youth Opportunities (MYO) Programme is one such initiative, aiming at providing educational assistance to underprivileged students drawn from disadvantaged schools in Swakopmund. They present learners with free afternoon education with classes in English, mathematics and reading. Classes for computer skills, life skills, music and sport are also included, to provide the learners with a stimulating environment and exposure to a variety of activities to expand their life world and experience. The board members of MYO have not yet attempted a comprehensive evaluation to judge and justify the efforts of the programme, since this would be a complex and costly endeavour. This study aimed at exploring the experiences of alumni adolescents on the contribution of the programme. The results could possibly form a basis for future more comprehensive evaluations of the programme and make the possibility of such an endeavour more feasible. This is a qualitative study and data was gathered through focus groups of adolescents who are currently in Grades 9 to 12 and who have previously attended the programme. After thematic analysis the findings of the study pointed out various contributions the programme experienced by the adolescents, pointing out themes that possibly provides a platform for starting future research on the effectiveness of the programme. The adolescents experienced various benefits as a result of attending the programme. This included enhancement of academic performance, cognitive development, provision of resources, and introduction to unfamiliar content, such as sports and music that taught them new skills, and helped them to find their own talents. The life skills classes provided them with useful knowledge for everyday life. The findings also suggest that the adolescents experienced an influence in their intrapersonal skills by gaining more confidence in their abilities, becoming more independent and learning to take responsibility. On a social level, the programme provided them with opportunities to make friends. The relationships they had with some of the teachers at MYO proved to be invaluable as a source of emotional support. These findings have contributed to an understanding of the adolescents’ experiences of the programme, and have highlighted positive experiences and various challenges adolescents faced in terms of the implementation of the programme, such as the amount of effort and time required to participate in the programme. Conclusions were made to provide MYO management with valuable feedback and suggestions for further research. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Det outtalade – What is not uttered. The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze interaction between young children and between them and their educators focusing on power relations shown by non verbal communication. The study argues that such expressions can often lead to violations that can be more difficult to address than those outspoken. In our intents as educators to remediate unequal relationships between children and between them and their educators and create a positive social atmosphere in the school context, we need to pay attention to nonverbal interaction. We also need to develop an adequate set of vocabulary in order to be able to discuss what happens and our practice; how we ourselves as educators interact, dealing with it. The study suggests how to – by using a palette of definitions and concepts, collected from different theories. I have performed observations in an Elementary School class, year one and at their After-school programme and furthermore interviewed the educators and pupils participating in the study. The theoretical framework used in the analysis is a combination of positioning and social dramaturgical theory. I present and discuss the negative nonverbal communication that I identified in my observations using four theoretical perspectives, all contributing to shed light on different aspects of power relations and relational creating interaction. These four are: 1. Johnstone’s positioning theory regarding how all human beings engage in High/Low swings in interpersonal relationships (1985).  2. The non vocal aspects of Eile’s theory of The Master Suppression Techniques and their Counter-strategies (2015) based on Ås’ theory (1989). 3. The Sociological theory of Goffman’s The presentation of the Self in Everyday life, an interactionist/dramaturgical perspective (1959). 4. The Low Arousal Approach as presented by Heljskov Elfvén &amp; Wiman (2015). Among the results I found several occurrences of negative non verbal interaction in this First Grade Elementary class between pupils and educators and that the vocabulary of the used perspectives were applicable. The study’s result implies that awareness of non verbal communication can increase both children’s and educator’s available positions and repertoire of actions. / Studien syftar till att undersöka, lyfta fram och belysa tyst maktspel på lågstadiet. Studiens huvudsakliga syfte är att observera negativ icke verbal interaktion mellan barn sinsemellan och mellan pedagoger och barn med fokus på maktförhållanden. Ett andra syfte är att samla begrepp från olika teorier som belyser detta på olika sätt och på så vis presentera en vokabulär för att sätta ord på det outtalade, som kan vara användbar för pedagoger i förebyggande arbete mot kränkningar i skola och på fritidshem. Detta då det implicit uttryckta outtalade kan leda till kränkningar som ofta kan vara svårare att komma åt än sådana som bygger på det explicit uttalade. Jag har gjort observationer av en klass ett och deras tre pedagoger i olika situationer i skolan och på fritidshemmet. Observationer har oftast direkt följts upp med samtal om vad som hände. Empirin har så analyserats med utgångspunkt i positioneringsteori och det social-dramaturgiska perspektivet utifrån begrepp hämtade från fyra teorier av Eile (2015 – utifrån Ås, 1989), Goffman (1959), Johnstone (1985) samt Wiman &amp; Hejlskov Elfvén (2015) som alla på olika vis belyser kroppsspråk ur ett relationellt maktperspektiv. Två längre intervjuer har genomförts: inledningsvis med Eile, doktorand i pedagogik specialiserad på ickeverbal interaktion och avslutningsvis med två av klassens pedagoger som reflekterat kring de observationer som gjorts och hur de tolkas. Uppsatsens resultat visar att bruk av ickeverbala negativa signaler förekommer som maktspel redan på lågstadiet och implikerar att pedagogernas kunskaper om kroppsspråk och maktspel i form av hög- och lågstatusspel och Härskartekniker samt kännedom om strategier för att motverka negativa effekter av detta – som till exempel genom Motstrategier, Bekräftartekniker och Lågaffektivt bemötande – kan ha inverkan på hur dessa signaler påverkar klassen. Jag förordar därför vidare forskning på området och att pedagoger, i sitt arbete för jämbördiga relationer och för att skapa en positiv psykosocial skolmiljö, även bör uppmärksamma det outtalade. Mer kunskaper om de negativa ickeverbala signalerna och de metoder och den vokabulär som här lyfts fram för hur det kan motverkas tycks kunna användas som ett sätt att motverka mobbing i det tysta. Medvetenhet om dylikt ger fler möjliga sätt för barn och vuxna att förhålla sig till sin egen position i mötet med andra och därmed en större handlingsrepertoar. / <p>Examinator blev samma person; Adrian Ratkic, som var den första handledaren för denna uppsats, men då det var redan 2016 och uppsatsen sedan dess skrivits om och givits ny form osv så ansåg kursansvarige, Frans Hagerman, att det var i sin ordning. Efter att uppsatsen ventilerats första gången 2018 med examinatorn Liza Haglund som berömde intentionerna men saknade den stringens som bör känneteckna ett dylikt arbete, fick jag så värdefull handledning av henne som möjiggjorde presentationen av denna reviderade version 2019.</p>