[pt] Nos últimos anos, a Primeira Infância entrou na agenda pública. Além do aumento da atenção por parte da academia, de órgãos internacionais e de organizações não governamentais, a agenda pública também passou a valorizar a temática, tendo como seu principal resultado a promulgação do Marco Legal da Primeira Infância (MLPI, Lei 13.257 de 2016). Partindo dessa constatação, essa dissertação teve como objetivo analisar os fatores que contribuíram para a escolha de políticas e ações que priorizam a Primeira Infância na agenda pública brasileira. Para analisar os fatores que fundamentam o surgimento e intensificação de políticas e ações voltadas para a garantia dos direitos das crianças na Primeira Infância, esta investigação, de caráter qualitativo, partiu da contribuição dos Estudos da Infância que veem a infância como construção social que se modifica ao longo do processo histórico. Para tanto, foram abordados aspectos relativos à construção social da Infância e da Primeira Infância; as principais abordagens que influenciaram as narrativas, legislações e programas sociais voltadas para a Primeira Infância; os ciclos das políticas públicas, formação de agenda e as diferentes maneiras como os diversos atores sociais se relacionam, além de uma análise do contexto socioeconômico brasileiro dos indicadores acerca da Primeira Infância. Concluiuse que, apesar do MLPI ter partido do princípio de garantia dos direitos, o discurso dominante no Brasil parte majoritariamente das perspectivas da neurociência e da economia no que tange à importância do investimento na Primeira Infância. Ademais, apesar da Primeira Infância ter entrado na agenda pública brasileira, estas conquistas ainda pouco se refletem nas vidas das crianças brasileiras. / [en] In recent years, Early Childhood has entered the public agenda. In addition to increased attention from academia, international organization and nongovernmental organizations, a public agenda has also started to value the issue, with the main result being the enactment of the Legal Framework for Early Childhood (MLPI, Law 13,257 of 2016) . Based on this finding, this dissertation aimed to analyze the factors that contributed to the choice of policies and actions that prioritize Early Childhood in the brazilian public agenda. To assess the factors that underlie the emergence and intensification of policies and actions aimed at guaranteeing the rights of children in Early Childhood, this qualitative investigation starts from the contribution of Childhood Studies that see childhood as a social construction that changes. throughout the historical process. To this end, aspects related to the social construction of Childhood and Early Childhood were analyzed; the main approaches that influence narratives, legislation and social programs aimed at Early Childhood; the cycle of public policies, agenda setting and how the different social actors relate to each other, in addition besides one to an analysis of the Brazilian socioeconomic context of indicators relating to Early Childhood. It was concluded that, despite the MLPI starting from the principle of guaranteeing rights, the dominant discourse in Brazil are mostly from the perspectives of neuroscience and economics. Furthermore, despite Early Childhood having entered the Brazilian public agenda, these achievements are still little reflected in the lives of Brazilian children.

In 1994 a brutal genocide took place in Rwanda were one part of the population killed over 800 000 of their own people over a period of one hundred days. Rwandan radio, the biggest and most influential medium in the country, played a crucial part in the tragedy and today, almost 22 years after the genocide, Rwanda is trying to rebuild the media system as well as the trust between the public and the journalists. Over recent years Rwanda has made a huge development within the media sector and keeps moving forward from its dark history. This study aims to examine how radio journalist at the government owned radio channel RBA, Rwanda Broadcasting Agency, experiences the changes in the media climate and focus will mainly lie on the period after the introduction of new media laws in 2013. This study also examines how journalists have experienced different international collaborations, especially between Western countries and Rwanda, that are aiming to develop the media system. In total eleven radio journalist from RBA were interviewed and our research questions were as follows; How do Rwandan radio journalists within the RBA experience the media situation in the country today? How do Rwandan radio journalists within the RBA regard their role within their profession? How can Rwanda’s media climate be interpreted through different normative media systems? To understand the media climate at RBA three theoretical perspectives were used as a base; Agenda Setting Theory, globalisation and domestication. To study the media situation an ethnographic method was applied and put into the context of Rwanda's history and culture. During our interviews we have talked about how the journalists regard their role in the society, how it has changed, what may still change, how they value their independency as journalists and what they think the future holds for Rwandan media development. The informants all agreed that Rwandan journalism is constantly developing and journalists are learning how to work in a society where the media's biggest aim is to be trusted by the public. Rwandan journalists and international journalists, the latter group also partly represented in the study, regard Rwanda's media situation differently but both parts agree upon the fact that the country has a long way to go to reach an open media climate. Our result leads up to a cultural conclusion; it is difficult to make a fair judgement of the media situation in Rwanda only by measuring the country's development and the journalistic competence according to Western ideals.

Master of Science / Department of Communications and Agricultural Education / Lauri M. Baker / The purpose of this study was to explore the frames and messages, issue salience, and communication preferences agricultural producers in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas use and accept related to climate change and the impacts of a changing climate. It was of additional interest to explore the climate-change beliefs and preferred agricultural media sources for climate and climate change information. Specific research objectives to guide the study were RO1: describe the level of issue salience agricultural producers have related to climate change; RO2: investigate frames and messages agricultural producers prefer in reference to the scientifically designated phenomena of climate change and impacts; and RO3: identify the agricultural media and information channels agricultural producers use for climate change. Based on findings in previous research, one hypothesis was developed: H1: agricultural producers in the Southern Plains Regional Climate Hub area will be located within the audience segment groups of the concerned and the cautious as identified in the Six America’s (2012) study. An Internet survey was distributed to producers in Kansas, which was open from March 3 to March 14, 2016, with 158 responses to the survey. Agenda-Setting Theory served as the basis for the study including the tenants of issue salience and framing in relation to climate change. The study found that the majority (n = 158, 64.92%) of producers believed that climate change was occurring, however, the causes were still contested. The study identified that higher levels of risk perception and education level were linked to belief in anthropogenic climate change (ACC). Primarily, the study found that loss framing was most effective in communicating the impacts of climate change. Terminology and distance framing were less important in message framing. Regional and university publications were cited most frequently by producers as sources of climate and climate-change information and overall use of agricultural media publications was linked to higher levels of belief in ACC. Users of business reports and TV had the highest mean climate-change belief; non-users had the lowest. Audience segments aligned with cautious and concerned Six America’s (2013) audience segment group, which indicated a shift towards accepting climate change among agricultural producers.

This thesis examines third-party actor influence on the domestic level in the ongoing diplomatic negotiations between P5+1 and Iran, with the research question being; What demands, arguments and strategies does the Congress and AIPAC use to influence the negotiation process between the U.S. and Iran? Secondly, what are their goals for doing so? Furthermore, the combined theoretical framework has been applied onto the material using a critical method in order to answer the questions. Legislative bills from the Congress, regarding congressional insight to the agreement, have been approved. In this pressured negotiation process with high stakes it is astounding that these actions are allowed. Due to this behavior from Congress, amongst others, it becomes interesting to study the negotiation process and its salient third-party actor influence. The results suggests that legislative actions combined with various demands and arguments, focused on mistrust of Iran, history and the security of Israel, are their main strategies to gain influence. An additional new, third, level has also been discovered by the authors of this thesis in regards to these complicated negotiations.

The purpose of this research paper is to examine how Syrian refugees are visually represented in two of the largest newspapers in Sweden: Dagens Nyheter (Today’s news) and Svenska Dagbladet (The Swedish daily paper). Their choice of images on the Syrian refugee crisis will be analysed, to see what sort of message they send by using those specific images. The reason for this study is because previous studies have implied that the media has an important role in crafting national perceptions of refugees. Therefore, it is intriguing to analyse the images the newspapers published during the fall of 2015 to see how Syrian refugees were represented during that most active and chaotic period in Sweden and if the visual representation of Syrian refugees can influence cultures of hostility in Sweden. The study has been linked with previous studies research of visual representations of refugees (us and them, identifiable victim effect) and the severe consequences it can lead to (dehumanization, moral panic) if used improperly, and three main theories that will be the foundation to custom and analyse the images (agenda setting, framing and representation theory). These were all applied and used when operating the method (quantitative content analysis) to collect information and data and also later when analysing and discussing the results. The result of the study showed that the newspapers images did not only focus on negative aspects of events and stories surrounding Syrian refugees. Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet did not publish many negative images, but after the results, it is discovered that they are following that specific path on some aspects and that can be the start of a pattern that will be used more often in the future. While it is established that hostile and unwelcoming attitudes in the West have risen, the question remains how far its been developed in Sweden and how long it will be until the Swedish media promotes it as well. Key words: Syrian Refugee Crisis, Visual representation, Framing, Agenda setting and Stereotypes

Baigiamojo magistro darbo objektas – emigracijos tema Lietuvos žiniasklaidoje bei politniuose pranešimuose. Semestrinio darbo tikslas – nustatyti emigracijos temos atskleidimą žiniasklaidoje dienotvarkės nustatymo požiūriu. Darbo uždaviniai: aptarti emigracijos reiškinį Lietuvoje ikisovietiniu laikotarpiu ir po 1990 m. Nepriklausomybės atkūrimo iki 2010 m.; nurodyti pagrindinius dienotvarkės nustatymo teorijos teiginius; apžvelgti tyrimus, taikančius dienotvarkės nustatymo teoriją emigracijos temos kontekste; aptarti emigracijos temą pasaulio ir Lietuvos žiniasklaidoje; atlikti emigracijos temos Lietuvos žiniasklaidoje turinio analizę; atlikti emigracijos temos politiniuose tekstuose turinio analizę. Analizuojant, sisteminant bei apibendrinant mokslinę literatūrą, prieita prie išvadų, jog emigracija moksliniuose šaltiniuose dažnai apibūdinama kaip lietuvių tautos bruožas, o patys lietuviai – diasporos tauta. Ikisovietinių laikotarpių emigracijos mastai, priežastys nėra itin plačiai nagrinėtos, o apie pasėkmes apskritai nėra kalbama. Tyrimas atskleidė, jog emigracijos temos dinamika politinėje ir žiniasklaidos dienotvarkėse sutampa. Dienotvarkės nustatymo požiūriu, emigracija Lietuvos žiniasklaidoje nagrinėjama atsižvelgiant i politinę dienotvarkę. Išryškėjo dienotvarkės nustatymo ypatumai spausdintinės žiniasklaidos atveju - kuo mažiau apie emigraciją kalbėjo politikai, tuo daugiau straipsnių šia tema buvo spausdinama, tačiau kai politiniai šaltiniai imti cituoti dažniau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Final Master's thesis - emigration and Lithuanian media reports and policy reports. The aim of the terminal - the theme of emigration disclosure in the media agenda setting approach. Job tasks: to discuss the phenomenon of emigration during the pre-Soviet Lithuania, and after 1990 Restoration of Independence until 2010; the main agenda setting theory arguments, to review studies using the theory of agenda setting, theme in the context of immigration, emigration to discuss the topic in the media world and Lithuanian, a Lithuanian theme of emigration in the media content analysis of the themes of emigration for political content analysis of texts. Analyzing, systematizing and summarizing the scientific literature and came to the conclusion that the emigration of scientific sources, is often described as a feature of the Lithuanian people, and most Lithuanians - Diaspora people. Pre-Soviet periods, the magnitude of emigration, the reasons are not very well considered, and the consequences of not being spoken. Today Lithuanian emigration is nothing new or unexpected event. Scientific and journalistic sources often associated with globalization is defined as a dynamic process, but solid and consistent research on this topic, however, missing. Following the work of the scientific research analysis showed that the political forces, through agenda-setting mechanisms, is able to reach the public and influence their opinion so that it would be advantageous or disadvantageous to a... [to full text]

The media has an important role to play in providing information to form the perceptions of media users on HIV/Aids. Furthermore, the media has an agenda setting function through which it determines what news consumers think about, and how they think about these topics they are presented with. Extensive media coverage has been given to the subject of HIV/Aids since the start of the pandemic. The nature of the coverage has, however, been widely criticised, mainly by interest groups actively involved in the fight against the disease. Few formal guidelines exist to guide journalists in this field. Moreover, the existing guidelines that originated mainly from the gaps interest groups identified in the coverage on HIV/Aids, are fairly fragmented. Many newspapers follow the general guidelines set by the media industry for ethical news reporting. These guidelines, such as the ethical code of the Press Ombudsman, are a result of self regulation, which is intrinsic to the social responsibility model that is seen as ideal for South Africa. There are several existing codes offering guidance regarding professional standards and general conduct. Only one - that of the now inactive South African Union of Journalists - includes criteria on HIV/Aids reporting. Through formulating guidelines, interest groups have an agenda setting function and a subsequent potential influence on the media and the public agenda. This paper endeavours to analyse and systematically summarise criteria set by the interest groups for ethically acceptable and accountable HIV/Aids reporting against the background of the agenda setting theory and the social responsibility model. In addition, HIV/Aids reporting in three Sunday papers (the Sunday Times, Sunday Sun and Rapport) is verified against these interest group criteria to ascertain how it measures up, and to determine whether a separate interest group code of ethics is desirable. It was found that the Sunday Times views HIV/Aids as a news priority, while the topic does not feature very high on the agenda of the other two papers. The analysis of news items created the impression that journalists have a basic knowledge of HIV/Aids. However, there is little evidence of deeper insight into the potential impact the media could have on the public's perception of the epidemic. Existing ethics codes compare well to interest group guidelines where general professional standards and ethical aspects are concerned. The interest group guidelines, however, focus on specific problems associated with the epidemic, such as stigma and a tendency to focus on the negative. It is within this applied context that such criteria could be useful. / Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Granskning av makt och makthavare är ett av mediernas viktigaste uppdrag och i en jämställd politisk miljö bör uttalanden och ageranden bedömas utifrån lika villkor. Det för ingenting gott med sig om medierna gör en orättvis skillnad på kvinnor och män i deras rapportering om politiska skandaler. Det finns många påståenden om en genusdimension i mediernas rapportering, men relativt få vetenskapliga belägg för detta. Syftet med avhandlingen är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det förekommer likheter och skillnader i hur nyhetsmedier rapporterar om kvinnor och män i svenska politiska skandaler samt bidra med en förståelse för förekomsten av dessa eventuella likheter och skillnader. I en kvantitativ innehållsanalys analyseras 4345 tidningsartiklar fördelade på 92 svenska skandaler med förtroendevalda politiker på den nationella och den europeiska nivån mellan åren 1997 och 2010. Utifrån teoretiska antaganden om mediernas dagordningsmakt, gestaltningsmakt och medielogik undersöks nyhetsmedierna Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen och Svenska Dagbladet. Studiens resultat visar på flera stora könsskillnader som är till kvinnornas nackdel, men i datamaterialet framträder också många likheter. Som grupp betraktat missgynnas dock kvinnor i flera avseenden gentemot män vilket kan innebära att kvinnor kan få sämre möjligheter till att hantera och överleva politiska skandaler än män. En slutsats är att huvudpersonens kön är en viktig aspekt i strävan efter förståelse för hur politiska skandaler tar sin början, utvecklas och kommer till avslut.

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The widespread presence of radio in Tanzania suggests that the news being broadcasted nationally has a large public and political impact. In this thesis we examine what roles a few women journalists hold in Dar es Salaam’s radio newsrooms. Our research question concerns how these women journalists perceive their influence in the newsroom during the agenda setting process. We interviewed seven women journalists, who hold varying positions in different radio newsrooms in Dar es Salaam, concerning their perception of their own informal status in the office hierarchy. We then present and analyze key quotes from our respondents using Bourdieu’s theory of social fields and perspective on male domination, Hirdman’s stereotypical gender contract and a postcolonial feminist perspective. Our repondents told us of the importance of empowering other women at the editorial office as well as putting gender issues revolving women and girls on the news agenda. In this way they demonstrate the importance of a gender equal representation in the newsroom and in the news content. We come to the conclusion that our respondents do indeed perceive themselves to have influence over the news agenda and they use different strategies to gain status and recognition in the newsroom.