In Cape Town, South Africa, households' acces to modern and clean energy services needs to be increased. However, use of coal-powered electricity stresses the environment and power cuts create an urgent need to reduce the demand. Solar water heaters (SWH) could enable increasing access and affordability of energy services in the townships without stressing the environment or increasing the demand for coal-powered electricity. However, it is an expensive solution and the majority of the city-level efforts still target the high-consuming households. The benefits for the poor households from using a SWH could though outweigh the high capital investements and meet the needs of the city's environmental management. The results from this study of 20 households showed that by having an affordable, clean and reliable source of energy for heating water, households were able to use more warm water for bathing and reduce their use of electricity and paraffin. This resulted in improvements in health and quality of life. Also, households' general spending on energy was reduced, which for some enabled an increase in income-generating activities. The use of solar-heated showers was found to be restricted by the issue of sharing and it is argued that the benefits would be greater if each households had their own solar water heater. The estimated increase in water use might raise questions of the solution's future feasibility. Despite this, it can be argued that the changes in the households' energy and water use are likely to result in significant improvements in the households' well-being which could also benefit the city as a whole.

The H.R. MacMillan Space Centre is a multi-faceted organization whose mission is to educate, inspire and evoke a sense of wonder about the universe, our planet and space exploration. As a popular, Vancouver science centre, it faces the same range of challenges and issues as other major attractions: how does the Space Centre maintain a healthy public attendance in an increasingly competitive market where visitors continue to be presented with an increasingly rich range of choices for their leisure spending and entertainment dollars?This front-end study investigated visitor attitudes, thoughts and preconceptions on the topic of space and astronomy. It also examined visitors’ motivations for coming to a space science centre. Useful insights were obtained which will be applied to improve future programme content and exhibit development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2614.pdf: 495955 bytes, checksum: ddeffccbf17bc0dd81bd9c154cae9241 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-25 / The main purpose of this essay is to investigate the major factors that had influenced the creation of Secretaria de Educação Continuada, Alfabetização e da Diversidade (SECAD), one of the units of Ministério da Educação with special emphasis in the ideas. Regarding John Kingdom s theoretical framework we shall seek to identify how the ideas about inequality and diversity shared by the group that created the institution had contributed for the agenda setting of Lula s government. / Esta dissertação tem o propósito de investigar os fatores que influenciaram a criação da SECAD Secretaria de Educação Continuada, Alfabetização e da Diversidade, uma das cinco secretarias do Ministério da Educação com ênfase no papel das idéias na produção das políticas públicas. Utilizando como referência teórica o modelo analítico cognitivo de John Kingdom, buscaremos identificar como as idéias dos formuladores da SECAD sobre desigualdade e diversidade contribuíram para a definição da agenda social do governo Lula.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-06-08T18:19:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFSC.pdf: 1110469 bytes, checksum: f0d46b0ea8125d9d7b00c3e857a7cfd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-13T18:31:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFSC.pdf: 1110469 bytes, checksum: f0d46b0ea8125d9d7b00c3e857a7cfd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-13T18:32:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFSC.pdf: 1110469 bytes, checksum: f0d46b0ea8125d9d7b00c3e857a7cfd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T18:36:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFSC.pdf: 1110469 bytes, checksum: f0d46b0ea8125d9d7b00c3e857a7cfd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Não recebi financiamento / This research has as general objective to analyze the trajectory and the movement of the agrarian question in the governmental agenda, from 1995 to 2006, based on the application of instruments that show the change in the priorities of this policy, specifically observing the Presidential Discourses, Decrees, Provisional Measures and Messages forwarded by the President of the Republic to the National Congress, based on a multidisciplinary view of public policies, notably the formation studies in the agenda-setting. The analysis used here, therefore, focuses on the process of changes in public policies focused on the governments FHC I and II and Lula I. So, that the objectives are achieved, this dissertation is based on the model of punctuated equilibrium (Punctuated Equilibrium Framework) Baumgartner and Jones (1993) which seeks, through temporal mapping of care indicators, analyze the rise and the changes of an issue on the government agenda over time. From the above model, will seek to clarify, explain and discuss the movement of land reform policies over twelve years of administrations. Thus, is expected to contribute to the studies in the field of public policies on the agenda of training in Brazil. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a trajetória e a movimentação da questão agrária na agenda governamental, no período compreendido entre 1995 e 2006, apoiando-se na aplicação de instrumentos que demostrem a mudança nas prioridades dessa política, observando especificamente, os Discursos Presidenciais, os Decretos, as Medidas Provisórias e as Mensagens encaminhadas pelo Presidente da República ao Congresso Nacional, a partir de um olhar multidisciplinar das políticas públicas, notadamente dos estudos de formação na agenda governamental (agenda-setting). A análise aqui empregada se debruça, portanto, sobre o processo de mudanças em políticas públicas com foco nos governos FHC I e II e Lula I. Para que os objetivos sejam alcançados, essa dissertação tem como base o modelo de Equilíbrio Pontuado (Punctuated Equilibrium Framework) de Baumgartner e Jones (1993) que busca, por meio do mapeamento temporal de indicadores de atenção, analisar a ascensão e as mudanças de uma questão na agenda governamental ao longo do tempo. A partir do modelo exposto buscaremos explicitar, explicar e problematizar a movimentação das políticas de reforma agrária ao longo de doze anos de administrações. Como resultado espera-se contribuir para os estudos no campo de políticas públicas em especial sobre a formação de agenda no Brasil.

This study tested theoretical propositions concerning agenda-setting by minority political groups in the United States to see if they had the scope to be applicable to American Indian tribes or if there were alternative explanations for how this group places its agenda items on the formal agenda and resolves them. Indian tribes were chosen as the case study because they are of significantly different legal and political status than other minority groups upon which much of the previous research has been done. The study showed that many of the theoretical propositions regarding agenda-setting by minority groups were explanatory for agenda-setting by Indian tribes. The analyses seemed to demonstrate that Indian tribes use a closed policy subsystem to place tribal agenda items on the formal agenda. The analyses demonstrated that most tribal agenda items resolved by Congress involve no major policy changes but rather incremental changes in existing policies. The analyses also demonstrated that most federal court decisions involving Indian tribes have no broad impact or significance to all Indian tribes. The analyses showed that both Congress and the federal courts significantly influence the tribal agenda but the relationship between the courts and Congress in agenda-setting in this area of policy are unclear. Another finding of the study was that tribal leaders have no significant influence in setting the formal agendas of either Congress or the federal courts. However, they do have some success in the resolution of significant tribal agenda items as a result of their unique legal and political status. This study also contributed to the literature concerning agenda-setting by Indian tribes and tribal politics and study results have many practical implications for tribal leaders.

As relações intergovernamentais no Brasil, longe de se caracterizarem como um fenômeno estático ou determinado unicamente pelo arcabouço formal/legal, têm revelado, desde a promulgação da Constituição de 1988, uma dinâmica variável aos contextos políticos do país, sendo pactuadas e repactuadas entre os níveis governamentais. Nesse processo, que pode ser observado em diferentes políticas públicas, e especialmente na assistência social, há aspectos descentralizadores e centralizadores, assim como uma combinação entre ambos, dependendo das agendas e preferências dos governantes que ocupam o centro do sistema político. Dessa forma, assim como as competências dos entes federativos são redesenhadas, aspectos como a autonomia para formular e implementar políticas públicas também são afetadas. Argumenta-se que esse processo é resultante do forte papel que o centro sempre possuiu na determinação das relações federativas no Brasil, que se moldam a partir dos seus interesses. A partir dessa premissa, o trabalho investiga a repactuação das relações intergovernamentais na implementação da política de assistência social sobre a influência de duas agendas políticas vigentes no governo federal: sob os governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, em que há a adoção de políticas de reajuste fiscal e de reformas descentralizantes que tornam o município o principal responsável pela formulação e implementação da política de assistência social; e sob os governos do presidente Lula, período orientado pela retomada do papel do Estado na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social, em que as políticas de proteção social não contributivas ganham espaço fundamental. Neste período, em que tem origem o Sistema Único da Assistência Social, é possível observar uma nova relação entre os níveis governamentais na implementação da assistência social, havendo uma maior coordenação da política em nível federal e o reforço do papel dos municípios como executores de uma política formulada nacionalmente. A partir da análise, busca-se contribuir com as interpretações que entendem a dinâmica da federação brasileira como algo mais complexo do que a clássica forma dicotômica, centralização versus descentralização, sístole versus diástole, argumentando que tais formatos podem conviver em uma única política pública a depender das agendas e preferências dos governantes. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o trabalho parte da observação dos processos de formulação e implementação da assistência em quatro municípios da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre: Alvorada, Canoas, São Leopoldo e Viamão no interregno de 1994 a 2010. / Intergovernmental relations in Brazil, far from being characterized as a static phenomenon or determined solely by formal/legal framework, have been revealed, since the promulgation of the 1988 Constitution, a variable dynamic to the political contexts of the country, being agreed between government levels. In this process can be observed aspects decentralizing and re-centering in different public policy, and especially in social assistance, as well as a combination of both, depending on the trajectories of the policies and agendas of the rulers who occupy the executive center of the political system. Thus, as the responsibilities of governmental entities are redrawn, aspects such as the autonomy to formulate and implement public policies are also affected. It is argued that this process results from the strong role that the center has always possessed in the determination of the federative relations in Brazil, which are molded from its interests. From this premise, the work investigates the renegotiation of intergovernmental relations in the implementation of the social assistance policy on the influence of two political agendas of the federal government: the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, in which there is the adoption of policies of fiscal adjustment and decentralizing reforms, making the municipality the primary responsible for the formulation and implementation of social assistance policy; and governments of President Lula, period which originates the Unified System of the Social Assistance, driven by a political agenda that retakes the role of the State in promoting economic and social development. In this period it is possible to observe a new relationship between the government levels in the implementation of social assistance, where there is greater coordination of policy at the federal level, being the municipalities the executors of a policy formulated nationwide. From the analysis it is looking up to contribute with the interpretations that understand the dynamics of the Brazilian Federation as something more complex than commuting movements that alternate periods of centralizing and decentralizing, and furthermore, that these formats do not possess intrinsic qualities. From the methodological point of view, the work starts from the observation of the processes of formulation and implementation of the Assistance in four municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre: Canoas, São Leopoldo, Alvorada and Viamão in the interregnum from 1994 to 2010.

As relações intergovernamentais no Brasil, longe de se caracterizarem como um fenômeno estático ou determinado unicamente pelo arcabouço formal/legal, têm revelado, desde a promulgação da Constituição de 1988, uma dinâmica variável aos contextos políticos do país, sendo pactuadas e repactuadas entre os níveis governamentais. Nesse processo, que pode ser observado em diferentes políticas públicas, e especialmente na assistência social, há aspectos descentralizadores e centralizadores, assim como uma combinação entre ambos, dependendo das agendas e preferências dos governantes que ocupam o centro do sistema político. Dessa forma, assim como as competências dos entes federativos são redesenhadas, aspectos como a autonomia para formular e implementar políticas públicas também são afetadas. Argumenta-se que esse processo é resultante do forte papel que o centro sempre possuiu na determinação das relações federativas no Brasil, que se moldam a partir dos seus interesses. A partir dessa premissa, o trabalho investiga a repactuação das relações intergovernamentais na implementação da política de assistência social sobre a influência de duas agendas políticas vigentes no governo federal: sob os governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, em que há a adoção de políticas de reajuste fiscal e de reformas descentralizantes que tornam o município o principal responsável pela formulação e implementação da política de assistência social; e sob os governos do presidente Lula, período orientado pela retomada do papel do Estado na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social, em que as políticas de proteção social não contributivas ganham espaço fundamental. Neste período, em que tem origem o Sistema Único da Assistência Social, é possível observar uma nova relação entre os níveis governamentais na implementação da assistência social, havendo uma maior coordenação da política em nível federal e o reforço do papel dos municípios como executores de uma política formulada nacionalmente. A partir da análise, busca-se contribuir com as interpretações que entendem a dinâmica da federação brasileira como algo mais complexo do que a clássica forma dicotômica, centralização versus descentralização, sístole versus diástole, argumentando que tais formatos podem conviver em uma única política pública a depender das agendas e preferências dos governantes. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o trabalho parte da observação dos processos de formulação e implementação da assistência em quatro municípios da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre: Alvorada, Canoas, São Leopoldo e Viamão no interregno de 1994 a 2010. / Intergovernmental relations in Brazil, far from being characterized as a static phenomenon or determined solely by formal/legal framework, have been revealed, since the promulgation of the 1988 Constitution, a variable dynamic to the political contexts of the country, being agreed between government levels. In this process can be observed aspects decentralizing and re-centering in different public policy, and especially in social assistance, as well as a combination of both, depending on the trajectories of the policies and agendas of the rulers who occupy the executive center of the political system. Thus, as the responsibilities of governmental entities are redrawn, aspects such as the autonomy to formulate and implement public policies are also affected. It is argued that this process results from the strong role that the center has always possessed in the determination of the federative relations in Brazil, which are molded from its interests. From this premise, the work investigates the renegotiation of intergovernmental relations in the implementation of the social assistance policy on the influence of two political agendas of the federal government: the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, in which there is the adoption of policies of fiscal adjustment and decentralizing reforms, making the municipality the primary responsible for the formulation and implementation of social assistance policy; and governments of President Lula, period which originates the Unified System of the Social Assistance, driven by a political agenda that retakes the role of the State in promoting economic and social development. In this period it is possible to observe a new relationship between the government levels in the implementation of social assistance, where there is greater coordination of policy at the federal level, being the municipalities the executors of a policy formulated nationwide. From the analysis it is looking up to contribute with the interpretations that understand the dynamics of the Brazilian Federation as something more complex than commuting movements that alternate periods of centralizing and decentralizing, and furthermore, that these formats do not possess intrinsic qualities. From the methodological point of view, the work starts from the observation of the processes of formulation and implementation of the Assistance in four municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre: Canoas, São Leopoldo, Alvorada and Viamão in the interregnum from 1994 to 2010.

As relações intergovernamentais no Brasil, longe de se caracterizarem como um fenômeno estático ou determinado unicamente pelo arcabouço formal/legal, têm revelado, desde a promulgação da Constituição de 1988, uma dinâmica variável aos contextos políticos do país, sendo pactuadas e repactuadas entre os níveis governamentais. Nesse processo, que pode ser observado em diferentes políticas públicas, e especialmente na assistência social, há aspectos descentralizadores e centralizadores, assim como uma combinação entre ambos, dependendo das agendas e preferências dos governantes que ocupam o centro do sistema político. Dessa forma, assim como as competências dos entes federativos são redesenhadas, aspectos como a autonomia para formular e implementar políticas públicas também são afetadas. Argumenta-se que esse processo é resultante do forte papel que o centro sempre possuiu na determinação das relações federativas no Brasil, que se moldam a partir dos seus interesses. A partir dessa premissa, o trabalho investiga a repactuação das relações intergovernamentais na implementação da política de assistência social sobre a influência de duas agendas políticas vigentes no governo federal: sob os governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, em que há a adoção de políticas de reajuste fiscal e de reformas descentralizantes que tornam o município o principal responsável pela formulação e implementação da política de assistência social; e sob os governos do presidente Lula, período orientado pela retomada do papel do Estado na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social, em que as políticas de proteção social não contributivas ganham espaço fundamental. Neste período, em que tem origem o Sistema Único da Assistência Social, é possível observar uma nova relação entre os níveis governamentais na implementação da assistência social, havendo uma maior coordenação da política em nível federal e o reforço do papel dos municípios como executores de uma política formulada nacionalmente. A partir da análise, busca-se contribuir com as interpretações que entendem a dinâmica da federação brasileira como algo mais complexo do que a clássica forma dicotômica, centralização versus descentralização, sístole versus diástole, argumentando que tais formatos podem conviver em uma única política pública a depender das agendas e preferências dos governantes. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o trabalho parte da observação dos processos de formulação e implementação da assistência em quatro municípios da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre: Alvorada, Canoas, São Leopoldo e Viamão no interregno de 1994 a 2010. / Intergovernmental relations in Brazil, far from being characterized as a static phenomenon or determined solely by formal/legal framework, have been revealed, since the promulgation of the 1988 Constitution, a variable dynamic to the political contexts of the country, being agreed between government levels. In this process can be observed aspects decentralizing and re-centering in different public policy, and especially in social assistance, as well as a combination of both, depending on the trajectories of the policies and agendas of the rulers who occupy the executive center of the political system. Thus, as the responsibilities of governmental entities are redrawn, aspects such as the autonomy to formulate and implement public policies are also affected. It is argued that this process results from the strong role that the center has always possessed in the determination of the federative relations in Brazil, which are molded from its interests. From this premise, the work investigates the renegotiation of intergovernmental relations in the implementation of the social assistance policy on the influence of two political agendas of the federal government: the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, in which there is the adoption of policies of fiscal adjustment and decentralizing reforms, making the municipality the primary responsible for the formulation and implementation of social assistance policy; and governments of President Lula, period which originates the Unified System of the Social Assistance, driven by a political agenda that retakes the role of the State in promoting economic and social development. In this period it is possible to observe a new relationship between the government levels in the implementation of social assistance, where there is greater coordination of policy at the federal level, being the municipalities the executors of a policy formulated nationwide. From the analysis it is looking up to contribute with the interpretations that understand the dynamics of the Brazilian Federation as something more complex than commuting movements that alternate periods of centralizing and decentralizing, and furthermore, that these formats do not possess intrinsic qualities. From the methodological point of view, the work starts from the observation of the processes of formulation and implementation of the Assistance in four municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre: Canoas, São Leopoldo, Alvorada and Viamão in the interregnum from 1994 to 2010.

The study primarily described and analysed the attempts made through the former Technikon SA at the implementation of ICT centres in Southern Africa over a period of six years. Based on some contemporary theory, the study suggested an approach for the implementation of ICT centres in developing regions. In the introduction, the study deals with the problems of technology transfer to developing regions and refers to the impact of globalisation on third world economies. In particular, the study highlights the barriers to technology transfer with specific emphasis on the peculiarities that are unique to each region. The study further analysed the approach that was used by the former Technikon SA for the deployment of ICT centres especially as ICT centres were considered by many as an ideal manner for the transfer of technology. In order to contextualise the understand and findings of the research, the study relied on the fact that the research was based on a longitudinal study. The advantages of this longitudinal study meant it was possible to observe and record the life of an ICT centre over a significant period of time. Not only was it evident that there was little regard for the respective communities needs and the that there was no indication of these ICT centres being successful, but that the same mistakes were being repeated. At national level, an enormous amount of effort and money had been channelled into the roll out of ICT centres with little guarantee of success. International symposiums suggested that through technology, third world economies could make the quantum leap into the information age and that the deployment of ICT centres was one of the ways in which this could be achieved at the local level. There was little evidence to suggest that any significant success had been achieved through the many attempts at ICT centre deployment. Through the study, a research instrument was developed that was used to assess and measure the success of each of the centres. The approach for ICT deployment suggested in the study, was based on the research instrument as well as on models developed by certain theorists (Heeks, Van Ardenhoven and Snyman). The study in the end analysed the nature and impact of implementing ICT centres without considering the critical elements that were identified as critical success factors for ICT centre success. Critical success factors that include role players from government to the community, local, ownership, identification of local needs, local knowledge, an understanding of the local conditions, support structures and partnerships were shown to be key to the success of and ensuring sustainability of ICT centres. The study also provides a perspective on the conflict that arose between the implementer of ICT centres and the communities. / Thesis (PhD (Information Science))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Information Science / unrestricted

Since the Civil Rights era, African Americans have come a long way. In the years since the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act, there have been dramatic increases in education, political representation, business ownership, and occupational position. Yet, for all of the economic, social and political advances made in the African American community, many young people are still subjected to inferior schools, housing and depressed communities where crime, drugs, police brutality and HIV/AIDS run rampant. As a result, there is a growing tension among the community over the root causes of their predicament and the most adequate way of dealing with them. Based on the generational political theory, this dissertation examines generational effects within the African American community since 1964. From this period, three distinct cohorts are analyzed: the Civil Rights, Integration, and Hip Hop generations. The objective is to determine if different experiences over this period have modified political values, attitudes, and behaviors from one generation to the next. Using data from the 1996 National Black Elections Study (NBES), I examine public policy preferences and political attitudes of African Americans. I use bivariate and multivariate analysis to show generational gaps in attitudes about issues related to major party performance. I draw three major conclusions from this analysis. First, racial group interests remain powerfully important across all cohorts. Next, the Hip Hop generation tends to hold more conservative attitudes than either the Civil Rights or the Integration generations. Finally, I conclude that at the very core of black politics, political values have not changed. However, there is a tension among the Hip Hop cohort between the impending attitudinal changes and the more traditional values of the Civil Rights cohort. The proposed dissertation contributes to the body of research by analyzing generational politics and behavior to better understand the future of black politics in the 21st century.