This thesis which is called ``The price of land in relation to its type and the attractiveness of its location{\crqq} should help to survey the region of Vimperk and Freyung Grafenau from the point of view of the value of land, both construction and agricultural sites. The aim of this thesis is not to create a precise map with land prices, but to establish an approximate price level in the different municipalities on the basis of proven land deals. Another aim is to provide an analysis of various differences between the price levels of construction land and agricultural land and to establish significant and more detailed price-making factors on the basis of which price divergences occur. In the Vimperk region we found, that the market price of construction land significantly differs from the official prices and these cannot be used as lead for market prices. In the case of agricultural land we found that the market price is a multiple of the official price. Whether we deal with construction land or agricultural land, the most important thing concerning the establishment of their market price is the approximate knowledge of market deals in the selected area. The prices in the various areas are always location specific. In the German region of Freyung Grafenau we have found a different situation in market prices for land in comparison with the one in the Czech border district. The main reason for this fact is the higher level of economic development of Germany and the living standard of its inhabitants besides a well functioning and long lasting free real estate market. However, due to the quick economic recovery of the Czech border district, real estate prices approach the market price level in the German border district. The Vimperk region has a developed market for agricultural land and thus we cannot speak of underdevelopment of this market segment (as mentioned by Jiri Nemec in his monograph Land law and market of land, 2004). One of the reasons for this development might be the higher profit levels of farmers due to subsidy programs of the European Union. An important factor of influence on higher prices on the market for construction land is the intensive development of tourism, especially in the region of nature resort Sumava. In municipalities where tourism is a minor factor of importance, other data are significant for the price level such as number of inhabitants, local employment and other opportunities.

A terra é um recurso natural necessário à produção agropecuária. A pesquisa sobre as mudanças no uso agropecuário da terra é especialmente relevante para o país e regiões com características como o Cerrado brasileiro, onde existem áreas vulneráveis à conversão agropecuária e nas quais as condições edafoclimáticas são favoráveis à produção animal e vegetal. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é discutir os efeitos do emprego de tecnologia na pecuária de corte no Cerrado, e o uso agropecuário da terra na região. Para atender ao objetivo geral são estabelecidos objetivos específicos, quais sejam: (i) discutir os fatores que afetam o uso agropecuário da terra em geral e no Cerrado brasileiro; (ii) detalhar a tecnologia no contexto econômico e as principais tecnologias aplicadas à bovinocultura de corte, com destaque àquelas mais aplicáveis ao Cerrado; (iii) apresentar e discutir os modelos aplicados para a análise da mudança no uso da terra, com enfoque nos modelos de equilíbrio geral computável; (iv) apresentar e discutir os resultados do cenário atual da produção pecuária e do uso agropecuário da terra; e (v) apresentar e discutir os resultados do emprego de tecnologia na pecuária por meio da aplicação do modelo de equilíbrio geral computável. As principais fontes de dados são as publicações do Censo Agropecuário e as Contas Nacionais publicadas pelo IBGE. Para a obtenção dos resultados foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica, a estatística descritiva e a aplicação do modelo de equilíbrio geral computável. Os principais resultados verificados nessa pesquisa indicam que a ocupação do Cerrado ocorreu devido a diversos fatores, dos quais ressaltam-se: o emprego de tecnologia, os investimentos em capital e o conhecimento específico aplicado à agricultura a fim de promover a expansão agropecuária de forma mais intensiva. Os fatores que afetam as mudanças no uso agropecuário da terra consistem na combinação de grãos geneticamente melhorados, pastagens plantadas, e as políticas governamentais que induziram a ocupação do Cerrado. O cenário atual da pecuária de corte na região revela a importância da bovinocultura de corte, que é responsável por 70% do valor bruto da produção de carnes da região (incluindo a produção em pastagens e em confinamentos). O principal uso agropecuário da terra no Cerrado é destinado à bovinocultura, quatorze vezes superior à área colhida das culturas de soja, milho e cana-de-açúcar somadas (11,55 milhões de hectares). Quanto ao efeito do emprego de tecnologia na atividade pecuária do Cerrado, se constata que causa aumento da renda per capita na região, e nas demais regiões o impacto é negativo. A principal conclusão dessa pesquisa reside na constatação de que o emprego de tecnologia na pecuária, e mais especificamente na bovinocultura de corte, afeta o uso agropecuário da terra no Cerrado brasileiro. De acordo com os resultados apresentados, é muito provável que nos próximos anos continue influenciando a atividade agropecuária como um todo, provicando ainda mudanças na configuração da produção agropecuária atual. Dentre os principais desafios e limitações de coleta de dados referentes à produção animal (mais especificamente para o cálculo do valor bruto da produção – VBP) enfrentados nessa pesquisa se referem às decisões e opções de quais fontes de dados utilizar quando a fonte de dados oficial do censo agropecuário não oferecia o dado (exemplo, valor bruto da produção de bovinos, suínos, caprinos, dentre outros). Optou-se em favor do Censo Agropecuário para todas as variáveis disponíveis por ser uma publicação periódica oficial. Quando necessário, foram utilizadas outras informações complementares oriundas de outras fontes acadêmicas e profissionais do setor. / Agricultural production depends on natural resources such as land. Agricultural land use change research is especially relevant to regions and countries with characteristics (climate, soil and technology conditions) similar to the Brazilian Savannna – Cerrado. Cerrado is a vulnerable region suitable to increasing agricultural conversion. In this context, this research aims to discuss the technology effects in the Cerrado’s beef production in the Cerrado as well as the agricultural land use in the region. In order to complete the general purpose we propose to meet speficic objectives: (i) to discuss the factors affecting agricultural use of land in the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado); (ii) to detail the technology in the economic context and key technologies applied to beef cattle in the Cerrado; (iii) to present and discuss applied models for land use change analysis; (iv) to present and discuss the results of actual scenario of livestock production and agricultural land use; and (v) to present and discuss the results of technology use in livestock production using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Main data sources are Agricultural Census and the National Accounts reports, published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Descriptive statistics analysis and the CGE model were used to obtain the results. The key findings in this study indicate occupation of the Cerrado was due to several factors, among which stand out: use of technology, investments and expertise applied to agricultural sector to promote the expansion of farming more intensively. The factors affecting the changes in the agricultural land use consist of a combination of genetically improved seeds, planted pastures, and government policies. Beef cattle current scenario in the region reveals the importance of beef cattle, which accounts for 70% of the gross value of meat production in the region (including pasture and feedlots production). Cattle is the main agricultural land use, fourteen times the harvested area of soybean, corn and cane sugar aggregated (11,55 millions of ha). The main conclusion of this research lies in the fact that technology applied in farming (and more specifically in beef cattle) affects agricultural land use in the Brazilian Cerrado. According to results, it is very likely that in coming years technology will continue influencing the agricultural activity as a whole, stimulating further changes in the configuration of current agricultural production. Among main challenges and limitations of animal production data work (more specifically for the calculation of the gross value of production) addressed in this study refer to the decisions of which data sources rely when the official data source (agricultural census) did not contain the needed variable (eg, gross value of production of cattle, pigs, goats, among others). The agricultural census (official periodical publication) was used for all variables available. We used other additional information coming from other sources from academic and industry professionals (detailed in the method chapter).

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2015-12-03T17:39:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Felippe Tayer Neto - 2014.pdf: 2592038 bytes, checksum: 8518f74ed2bbee2e6f149e0255631b85 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-04T06:36:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Felippe Tayer Neto - 2014.pdf: 2592038 bytes, checksum: 8518f74ed2bbee2e6f149e0255631b85 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T06:36:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Felippe Tayer Neto - 2014.pdf: 2592038 bytes, checksum: 8518f74ed2bbee2e6f149e0255631b85 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The article 19 of Law n. 8.629/93 dispose about the National Agricultural Land Reform Program beneficiaries’ list, without, however, establishing how the lists should be prepared. Currently, the Federal Special Prosecutor at the National Institute of Colonization and Agraricultural Land Reform (PFE/INCRA) believes that it is a legislation’s gap, leaving up to her discretion the list’s draw. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the argument does not hold, based on Ronald Dworkin’s Law theory. As a social institution of political nature, Law’s correct interpretation should be that which best describes the social practices within an idea of integrity, and, in Brazil, the agrarian reform policy exists to mitigate the conservative modernization’s pernicious consequences. In the first chapter will be exposed Brazil’s agricultural land reform’s historical demand, as well as the transformations that the Brazilian’s agricultural process suffered during the twentieth century, since Law cannot be understood outside its historical context. In the second chapter the Union's position will be legally considered according to Dworkin's theory of law. It is proposed a qualitative approach on the subject’s avaliable literature. / O art. 19 da Lei nº 8.629/93 dispõe sobre o rol de beneficiários do Programa Nacional de Reforma Agrária sem, entretanto, dispor sobre a forma de elaboração destas listas. Atualmente, a Procuradoria Federal Especializada junto ao Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (PFE/INCRA) entende que se trata de uma “lacuna jurídica”, cabendo a ela elaborar as listas discricionariamente. A proposta deste trabalho é demonstrar como o argumento não se sustenta, tomando como base a teoria do direito elaborada por Ronald Dworkin. Sendo o Direito uma instituição social de natureza política, sua interpretação correta deverá ser aquela que melhor descrever as práticas sociais dentro de uma ideia de integridade, e, no Brasil, a política de reforma agrária existe para mitigar as consequências perniciosas da modernização conservadora. No primeiro capítulo será exposto o histórico da demanda por reforma agrária no Brasil, assim como as transformações que o processo de produção agrícola brasileiro sofreu durante o século XX, já que o direito não pode ser entendido fora de seu contexto histórico. No segundo capítulo será analisada juridicamente a posição da União de acordo com a teoria do direito de Dworkin. Para tanto, propõe-se uma abordagem qualitativa da bibliografia disponível a respeito do tema.

The aim of this thesis was to ascertain the attitudes of management of selected large farms operating in the South Region in the production of fast-growing trees on-the-agricultural land and attitudes to the concept of greening. To fulfill the goals of this thesis were used questionnaires - a structured questionnaire sent by e-mail after prior phone contact. The research covered 18% of cultivated agricultural land throughout the South Region. They were classified according to the jurisdiction of the district. It was found overwhelming preponderance of negative attitudes towards the production of SRC and reasons for this opinion. Production is dedicated to one of the thirty producers. The concept of greening is considered inconsistent. Positive attitude toward greening occupy a particularly company with combined agricultural production, negative attitude then producers od crop production.

The thesis is focused on market rent of agricultural land in Troubelice and its surroundings and determining factors, which affects market rent. A market research was made within the thesis and the collected data were sorted by the source and cadastral area. Subsequently all factors are investigated, whether and how they affect the market rent level.

The aim of my master’s thesis is to determine the factors, that influence the market rent for agricultural land in Bolehošť and its surroundings. The theoretical part discusses ways to obtain the basic price of agricultural land. Followed by derivation of market rent as a percentage part the of the price agricultural land. Another part of this work is the practical part, where are individual factors influencing the market rent analyzed first generally and then there is described the influence of individual factors directly for agricultural land in Bolehošť and its surroundings. The influence of these factors on the market rent is documented by calculations derived from a database of rent in the contracts. Followed comparison of rents depending on individual factors and their evaluation.

Thesis (M.Sc.(Chemistry)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Rivers provide the main water sources for domestic, industrial, and irrigational purposes; however, they could be polluted by receiving wastes from municipal and industrial sources as well as runoff from agricultural land. This could leave rivers contaminated with chromium (Cr) and other potentially toxic elements. Chromium can be either essential or carcinogenic depending on the chemical form. The aim of this study was to assess and quantify trivalent Cr [Cr(III)] and hexavalent Cr [Cr(VI)] in water and sediment samples, collected from Mokolo and Blood Rivers in the Limpopo province. Water and sediment samples were collected from ten sampling sites from each river. Microwave assisted acid digestion and microwave assisted extraction methods were used to obtain a simple, rapid and safe method for the determination of total Cr and Cr(VI) in sediments. Water samples were acidified with ultra-pure HNO3 and analysed directly to quantify total Cr. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by employing a sediment standard reference material (SRM 8704) and trace elements in water reference material (SRM 1643f). Total Cr and Cr(VI) in water and sediment samples were quantified using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). The Cr concentrations in water and sediment samples collected from Blood River were found in the range 1.56 to 6.11 μg/L and 129.2 to 252.9 μg/g, respectively. The concentrations of Cr in water and sediment samples obtained from Mokolo River ranged from 1.34 to 3.53 µg/L and 25.7 to 156.4 μg/g, respectively. A new solid phase extraction method was developed using chromabond-NH2 column to determine Cr(VI) in water. In order to achieve separation of Cr(VI), the sample was pre-concentrated and passed through a conditioned chromabond-NH2 column at a flow rate of 3 mL/min. Hexavalent Cr was selectively adsorbed onto the column and the contents were dried under vacuum. The retained Cr(VI) was subsequently eluted with two column volumes of 2 M HNO3 and diluted to a final volume of 10.0 mL. The limit of detection was 0.105 µg/L and the relative standard deviations were less than 2%. The validation of the procedure was performed by spiking standard solutions containing Cr(III) and Cr(VI) and the percentage recoveries were higher than 88%. The concentrations of Cr(VI) in BloHexavalent Cr in sediment samples was determined by employing leaching reagents of 0.1 M Na2CO3 and 0.01 M Na3PO4. Determination of Cr(VI) by using 0.1 M Na2CO3 as leaching reagent followed by atomic spectrometric measurements provided satisfactory results with percentage recoveries of 94.9 to 105%. This was achieved by extracting the sediment–reagent solution mixture for a period of 15 min at maximum pressure and temperature of 700 psi and 120 ºC, respectively. The leached Cr(VI) was then quantified by GF-AAS after filtration of the sample solutions through a hydrophilic Millipore PVDF 0.45 µm filter. The quantified levels of Cr(VI) leached by 0.1 M Na2CO3 in sediment samples of Blood and Mokolo Rivers were in the range 0.41 to 1.32 μg/g and 0.17 to 0.82 μg/g, respectively. The concentrations of Cr(VI) obtained employing the leaching reagent of 0.01 M Na3PO4 were found to be below LOD value of 0.06 µg/g in Mokolo River in all the sites and were in the range of 0.07 to 0.09 µg/g in Blood River. The low values of Cr(VI) in water and sediments show that Cr(III) did not oxidise to Cr(VI) during sample preparation. In Blood and Mokolo Rivers, although the concentrations of Cr(VI) are low, their values suggest a link with the industrial and agricultural activities in the area. od and Mokolo Rivers ranged from 0.13 to 1.99 µg/L and 0.13 to 0.55 µg/L, respectively / National Research Foundation (NRF) and , the Sasol Inzalo Foundation

No description available.

Agricultural land use near streams frequently results in long-term disturbance to woody riparian vegetation and an alteration of reach scale geomorphic structure. Such disturbances often result in increased fine sediment input to the stream along with direct changes in channel structure. The study described here was designed to quantify stream geomorphic changes associated with agriculture and their influence on reach scale transient storage hydraulics and sediment biological function. Six small streams in the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina were selected to compare 3 reaches with active near-stream agriculture to 3 forested reference reaches. The study site categories differed significantly in many structural and hydraulic properties including slope, sinuosity, sediment size, and transient storage extent. However, differences cannot be attributed to land use alone. Distinct disparity in slope suggests that many of the categorical differences between stream types may also reflect valley scale structure. Despite these larger scale controls, the abundance of suspendable fines varied substantially among agricultural stream substrates, possibly due to varied land-use practices. Suspendable fine sediments and valley slope explained 91 % of variability in transient storage exchange, and abundance of inorganic fine sediments explained 77 % of variability in sediment microcosm nitrate production. This study supports conclusions that reach-scale influence of fine sediments occurred within the context of larger-scale valley structure, with implications on stream hydraulics and biogeochemistry. / Master of Science

Thesis (LLM (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: All agricultural subdivisions in the Republic of South Africa are regulated by the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act 70 of 1970. The declared purpose of the Act is to prevent the creation of uneconomic farming units and this purpose is achieved through the requirement that the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (“Minister of Agriculture”) must consent to the proposed subdivision. The Act was promulgated in the 1970s when the South African landscape was racially divided. The government of the time used law to provide benefits for the white minority. At this time the rights of non-whites were restricted. This is the social and political background of the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act. The Act formed part of a legislative scheme that provided benefits for white farmers. More than a decade after democratisation and the end of apartheid the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act is still in operation. The post-apartheid legislature drafted and enacted the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act Repeal Act 64 of 1998, but it has not yet been brought into operation. During 2003 the legislature tabled the Draft Sustainable Utilisation of Agricultural Resources Bill which contains subdivision provisions that are identical to the provisions contained in the Subdivision Act. These legislative actions have created some uncertainty about the state of agricultural subdivisions. In 2008 the Constitutional Court decided that the Act continues to apply to all agricultural subdivisions and that this would be the position until the legislature chooses a definitive course of action. This constitutional analysis of the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act examines the effect of the Act beyond the pre-constitutional legislative intention and framework under which it was enacted. If the Act cannot be saved from its apartheid context, the Repeal Act should become operational. This thesis concludes that the necessary and legitimate purpose of the Act, namely the regulation of subdivision of agricultural land, can be removed from its pre-constitutional setting in the apartheid era and may continue to justify the legitimate regulation of subdivision of land. Comparative sources, namely the United States of America, specifically the states of Oregon and Hawaii, Western Australia and the province of British Columbia, Canada indicate that the regulation of agricultural subdivisions is a valid means of protecting agricultural land. If the Act can continue to exist without its legacy of apartheid and still serves a legitimate and necessary purpose it will have to be constitutionally compliant. The purpose of the Act and the means used to realise it were tested against the Bill of Rights. The effect that the regulation has particularly on ownership entitlements was examined against section 25(1) of the 1996 Constitution. Similarly, the consequences of the regulation with regard to other rights in the Bill of Rights were investigated. The conclusion was that where the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act is used for its purpose of preventing the uneconomic subdivision of agricultural land, in the national interest, it is a legitimate land-use regulation that can continue to justifiably operate in a constitutional dispensation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alle onderverdelings van landbougrond in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika word gereguleer deur die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond 70 van 1970. Die verklaarde doel van die Wet is om die totstandkoming van onekonomiese landboueenhede te voorkom, en hierdie doel word bereik deurdat die Minister van Landbou, Bosbou en Visserye (“Minister van Landbou”) toestemming moet verleen vir die voorgestelde onderverdeling van landbougrond. Die Wet is in die 1970s gepromulgeer toe grond in Suid-Afrika in terme van ras verdeel was. Die destydse apartheidsregering het die regstelsel gebruik om voordele vir die blanke minderheidsgroep te bewerkstellig, terwyl die regte van nie-blankes ingeperk was. Dit is die sosiale en politieke agtergrond waarteen die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond tot stand gekom het. Die Wet was deel van ‘n wetgewende raamwerk waarbinne voordele vir blanke boere geskep is. Meer as ‘n dekade na apartheid en die totstandkoming van ‘n demokratiese Suid-Afrika is die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond steeds in werking. Die post-apartheid wetgewer het die Wet op die Herroepping van die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond 64 van 1998 gepromulgeer, maar nog nie in werking gestel nie. Gedurende 2003 het die wetgewer die “Draft Sustainable Utilisation of Agricultural Resources Bill”, wat onderafdelings soortgelyk aan die bepalings in die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond bevat, gepromulgeer. Bogenoemde stappe het onsekerheid geskep ten opsigte van die stand van onderverdeling van landbougrond. In 2008 het die Konstitusionele Hof beslis dat die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond sal voortgaan om die onderverdeling van landbougrond te reguleer totdat die wetgewer uitsluitsel oor die aangeleentheid verskaf. Die doel van die tesis is om die uitwerking van die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond te analiseer as deel van die huidige grondwetlike bedeling, aangesien dit geskep is tydens die apartheidsera. Indien die Wet nie van sy apartheidskonteks geskei of gered kan word nie sal die Herroepping Wet in werking gestel moet word. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die doel van die Wet, naamlik die regulering van die onderverdeling van landbougrond, van die voor-konstitusionele agtergrond in die apartheidsera geskei kan word en dat dit kan voortgaan om die wettige regulering van onderverdeling van landbougrond te regverdig. Regsvergelykende bronne, naamlik die Verenigde State van Amerika, veral die state van Oregon en Hawaii, Wes Australië en Brits-Columbië, ‘n provinsie van Kanada, dui aan dat die regulasie van die onderverdeling van landbougrond ‘n regsgeldige metode is om landbougrond te beskerm. Die doel van die Wet en die metodes wat gebruik word om hierdie doel te laat realiseer is getoets teen die Handves van Menseregte. Die uitwerking van die regulasie op die inhoudsbevoegdhede van die eienaar is spesifiek geëvalueer teen artikel 25(1) van die 1996 Grondwet, maar die gevolge van die regulasie is ook getoets teen ander regte in die Handves van Menseregte. Die gevolgtrekking was dat waar die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond gebruik word met die doel om onekonomiese onderverdeling van landbougrond te verhoed in die nasionale belang, dit ‘n legitieme regulasie van grondgebruik is waarvan die gebruik steeds regverdigbaar is in ‘n grondwetlike bedeling.