Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-02-07T18:57:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Shirlei Almeida Assun??o.pdf: 1407109 bytes, checksum: 346922df83ba0b7c92b59002d73737df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T18:57:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Shirlei Almeida Assun??o.pdf: 1407109 bytes, checksum: 346922df83ba0b7c92b59002d73737df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / CAPES / Faperj / Brazil is the biggest sugarcane producer of the world with cultivated area superior to nine millions hectares. To reach economically viable productivity levels it is necessary to make use of high amounts of N fertilizers. These fertilizers are high cost and they also can contribute to emission of greenhouse gases and pollution of watercourses, as well as, to influence directly on the decomposition of the soil organic matter (SOM). In this context to understand how interactions between nitrogen and SOM occurs in sugarcane fields is important from both economic and environmental points of view. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate quantity and quality of soil carbon when different doses of nitrogen are added in the form of ammonium sulphate in a sugarcane raw agro-ecosystem in an ultisol from Coastal Plains. The experiment was conduced in sugarcane fields renovated in 2009 in area of the company LASA alcohol distillery, in Linhares - ES, in an Ultisol with sandy to medium texture, from Coastal Plain environment. The variety of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) used was RB918639. There were evaluated five treatments of N ammonium sulphate doses: 0 (control), 80, 100, 120 and 160 kg of N per ha-1 with four repetitions, established under experimental design of randomized blocks. Each experimental unit (plot) was 70 m? (5 lines with 10 m, spaced by 1.4 m between lines). Samples of plant and soil were collected in September 2013 and 2014, corresponding to 4th and 5th harvest. The results indicated that among the N doses evaluated, the doses of 100 and 120 kg were the most efficient on accumulating carbon on the humic fractions, particle size, densimetric and oxidizable carbon fractions. The dose of 160 kg was the less effective to carbon accumulation on the humic fractions, particle size, densimetric and oxidizable carbon fractions. Total nitrogen, natural abundance of 13C and 15N, stem and straw production were not influenced by N rates, with no differences on any of the seasons. About the elemental composition of humic acids (HA), the quantities of chemicals were very similar between doses and coherent with results in the literature for the HA. In the E4/E6 ratio, the dose of 160 kg of N was the one with the lowest E4/E6 ratio. Regarding the infrared with Fourier transformation it was observed the predominance of aliphatic groups, and the analysis of major components enabled the clear separation of the effects from different N doses. In the 13CNMR prevailed larger amounts of aliphatic carbons, it was confirmed with the aliphaticity index of the samples, the results were above 80% for all samples. It was also verified through the 13 CNMR that the control area and the dose of 160 kg had the lowest aromaticity rates. Therefore, it was concluded that different fractionations of organic matter along with spectroscopic techniques were effective on evaluating the influence of different nitrogen doses to the decomposition of SOM. / O Brasil ? o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-a??car, com ?rea plantada que ultrapassa os nove milhoes de hectares. Para obter produtividade economicamente vi?vel da cultura, s?o utilizadas elevadas doses de fertilizantes nitrogenados. Tais fertilizantes possuem elevados custos economicos, podem contribuir para emiss?o de gases do efeito estufa e para polui??o de cursos de ?gua, al?m de infuenciarem de forma direta na decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica do solo (MOS). Neste contexto, entender como ocorre a intera??o entre o nitrog?nio e a MOS no cultivo da cana ? importante tanto do vista economico quanto ambiental. Assim sendo o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a quantidade e qualidade do carbono do solo em fun??o de diferentes doses de nitrog?nio adicionado na forma de sulfato de am?nio no agroecossistema cana-de-a??car crua em Argissolo Amarelo de Tabuleiro Costeiro. O experimento foi instalado em canavial renovado em 2009, em ?rea cedida pela Usina LASA, no munic?pio de Linhares ? ES, em Argissolo Amarelo de textura arenosa/m?dia, no ambiente de Tabuleiros Costeiros. A variedade da cana-de-a??car (Saccharum spp.) utilizada foi a RB918639. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos/doses de N-sulfato de am?nio quais sejam: 0 (testemunha), 80, 100, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N com quatro repeti??es, estabelecidos segundo delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso. Cada unidade experimental (parcela) tinha 70 m? (5 linhas com 10 m, espa?adas 1,4 m). As amostras de planta e terra foram coletadas no m?s de setembro de 2014, correspondendo ? 4? soca. Os resultados indicaram que as doses de 100 e 120 kg, foram as mais eficientes para acumular o carbono nas fra??es h?micas, granulom?tricas, densim?tricas e nas fra??es do carbono oxid?vel. A dose de 160 kg foi a menos eficiente para acumular o carbono nas fra??es h?micas, granulom?tricas, densim?tricas e nas fra??es do carbono oxid?vel. O nitrog?nio total, a abund?ncia natural de 13C e 15N e a produtividade de colmo e palhada n?o apresentaram diferen?as significativas. Na composi??o elementar dos ?cidos h?micos (AH), as quantidades dos elementos qu?micos foram bem semelhantes entre as doses e coerentes com resultados na literatura para os AH. Para o coeficiente E4/E6 a dose de 160 kg de N foi a que apresentou o menor coeficiente E4/E6. Em rela??o ao infravermelho com transforma??o de Fourier verificou-se o predom?nio de grupamentos alif?ticos, e a analise de componentes principais possibilitou a separa??o clara do efeito das diferentes doses de N. No RMN C prevaleceram maiores quantidades de carbonos alif?ticos, isto foi confirmado com o ?ndice de alif?ticidade das amostras que foram superiores a 80 % para todas as amostras. Verificou-se tamb?m atrav?s do RMN 13C que a testemunha e a dose de 160 kg foram as que apresentaram menores ?ndices de aromaticidade. Portanto, conclui-se que os diferentes fracionamentos bem com as t?cnicas espectrosc?picas foram eficientes para avaliar a influencia das diferentes doses de N na decomposi??o da MOS.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-18T20:10:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Cec?lia de Souza Ant?nio.pdf: 1613209 bytes, checksum: e560fdd88ef8707b79c6d4b0120730ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T20:10:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Cec?lia de Souza Ant?nio.pdf: 1613209 bytes, checksum: e560fdd88ef8707b79c6d4b0120730ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-20 / CAPES / The sugar cane is one of the major agricultural products in Brazil. The crop is able to associate with diazotrophic bacteria (fix nitrogen from the air), that may be located inside the plant tissue (entophytic). The diazotrophic bacteria are capable of promoting growth of sugar cane by means of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) or production of hormones. But little is known about populations of these bacteria present in sugar cane. This work aimed to study diversity of the population and identify the isolates by molecular and physiological methods, as well as to assess the effectiveness of some isolates to promote plant growth of sugar cane in the field. In solid potato media, there were observed the formation of seven groups, with 95% of similarity, showing the great colonies morphology variation. Many isolates showed similar characteristics to the genus Gluconacetobacter, when analyzed in semi-solid LGI-P media and solid Potato-P and LGI-P media. Two isolates were most efficient in the endolar synthesis with production over 49 ?g/mL. All isolates were classified as Gram negative. Of the 36 isolates, 27.5% were similar to the standard strain RB 11366 (Burkholderia tropica), 45% to BR 11281 strain (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus) and 5% to the other patterns BR 11335 (Herbaspirillum seropedicae), BR 11504 (Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans) and BR 11145 (Azospirillum amazonense). Through the comparison of the sequencing of 16S rDNA with the NCBI GenBank isolate 215 was identified as belonging to species Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, the 179-1a belonging to Burkholderia tropica and the isolated 151-B, 211-A, and 219 to the gender Burkholderia. The inoculated strains 160-1 and 215 promoted an increase in the straw dry biomass (up to 0.7 Mg ha-1) and total nitrogen of flag leaf (above 69,7 kg ha-1), respectively in the tested varieties RB 72454 and RB 918,639. Only the 160-1 isolate was able to promote increase in biomass in the RB 867515 variety. Stalk yield was higher for the variety RB 918639 with 191.96 Mg ha-1. / A cana-de-a??car ? um dos principais produtos agr?colas do Brasil. A cultura ? capaz de se associar as bact?rias diazotr?ficas (fixam nitrog?nio do ar), que podem estar no interior do tecido da planta (endof?ticas). As bact?rias diazotr?ficas endof?ticas s?o capazes de promover o crescimento da cana-de-a??car por meio da fixa??o biol?gica do nitrog?nio (FBN) ou pela produ??o de fitorm?nios. Mas pouco se conhece sobre as popula??es presentes destas bact?rias em cana-de-a??car. O presente trabalho visou estudar a diversidade da popula??o e identificar estes isolados, atrav?s de m?todos moleculares e fisiol?gicos, assim como avaliar a efici?ncia de alguns isolados na promo??o de crescimento vegetal de plantas de cana-de-a??car no campo. Foi observada em meio s?lido Batata, com 95% de similaridade, a forma??o de sete grupos mostrando a grande varia??o morfol?gica de col?nias neste meio testado. Muitos isolados apresentaram caracter?sticas similares ao g?nero Gluconacetobacter, quando analisados em meio semi-s?lido LGI-P e s?lido Batata-P e LGI-P. Dois isolados foram mais eficientes na s?ntese de ind?les com produ??es acima de 49 ?g/mL. Todos os isolados foram classificados como Gram negativos. Dos 36 isolados avaliados, 27,5% foram semelhantes ? estirpe padr?o RB 11366 (Burkholderia tropica); 45% a BR 11281 (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus) e 5% aos demais padr?es BR 11335 (Herbaspirillum seropedicae), BR 11504 (Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans) e BR 11145 (Azospirillum amazonense). Atrav?s da compara??o do seq?enciamento do gene 16S rDNA com o NCBI GenBank o isolado 215 foi identificado com pertencente a esp?cie de Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus , o 179-1A com pertencente a esp?cie Burkholderia tropica e os isolados 151-B, 211-A e 219 ao g?nero Burkholderia. As estirpes 160-1 e 215 inoculadas promoveram aumento na produ??o de biomassa seca da palha (acima de 0,7 Mg.ha-1) e nitrog?nio total da folha bandeira (acima de 69,7 kg.ha-1), respectivamente nas variedades RB 72454 e RB 918639 testadas. Apenas o isolado 160-1 foi capaz de promover um aumento de biomassa seca na variedade RB 867515. A produ??o de colmos foi maior para a variedade RB918639 com 191,96 Mg.ha-1.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-05T18:01:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Silvio da Silva Santos.pdf: 1585710 bytes, checksum: 55512544fcf22f1d09c9080258d4c607 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T18:01:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Silvio da Silva Santos.pdf: 1585710 bytes, checksum: 55512544fcf22f1d09c9080258d4c607 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / CAPES / There is a growing demand for organic fertilizers in Brazil, mainly for growing vegetables. Composting is a technique that can be used as an alternative to increase the availability and quality of organic fertilizers. During the composting process, there is emission gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), which contribute to the greenhouse effect in the planet, also of ammonia (NH3), which reduces the efficiency of the composting process. Emissions of N2O and NH3 to the atmosphere has been attributed in part to the decomposition of organic matter from crop residues that are used in soil management systems. Thus, Chapter I aimed to characterize mixtures of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with different materials in order to produce an organic fertilizer rich in nutrients and can be used in the cultivation of sugar beets. The treatments were: (i) elephant grass + cattle manure;(ii) elephant grass + gliricidia; and (iii) elephant grass + castor cake. The evaluations were performed for 120 days. In this study, the compound formulated with a mixture of elephant grass and gliricidia resulted in higher concentrations of N, which shows the high potential of the material to be used as organic fertilizer for crops with high nutritional requirements. The N losses by volatilization were not relevant in the composting process. In the Chapter II it was evaluated the emissions of N2O and NH3 in the compost and other organic N sources used in the production of beet and lettuce. The treatments consisted of: (i) organic compound, prepared from the mixture of elephant grass with gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) + fertilization coverage with castor bean; (ii) green manure dwarf mucuna (Mucuna deeringiana) + fertilization coverage with castor bean; (iii) cattle manure + fertilizer topdressing with chicken manure tanned; (iv) urea in planting and coverage; and (v) the control treatment (without nitrogen). Considering these results, the N2O emissions from the soil ranged from 7.37 and 2699.62 ?g N2O-N-1. The volatilization losses of ammonia ranged from 9.5 to 30% of the N applied. The application of cattle manure + chicken manure management proved to be environmentally more suitable for growing vegetables, since it resulted in lowest flow of nitrous oxide from the soil and ammonia volatilization. Moreover, urea is the N source that causes most losses by volatilization of ammonia, with zero residual effect for the next crop, in this case for the production of lettuce. The highest emissions were observed after rainfall, regardless of treatment, highlighting the importance of presence of water in the environment for the emissions of N2O to occur. / ? crescente a demanda por adubos org?nicos no Brasil, principalmente para o cultivo de hortali?as. A compostagem ? uma t?cnica que pode ser utilizada como alternativa para aumentar a disponibilidade e a qualidade dos fertilizantes org?nicos. Durante o processo de compostagem, h? emiss?o de gases, como g?s carb?nico (CO2), ?xido nitroso (N2O) e metano (CH4), que contribuem para o efeito estufa no planeta, al?m de am?nia (NH3), que reduz a efici?ncia do processo de compostagem. As emiss?es de N2O e NH3 para atmosfera tem sido atribu?das, em parte, ? decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica proveniente dos res?duos vegetais que s?o empregados nos sistemas de manejo do solo. Dessa maneira, o Cap?tulo I teve como objetivo caracterizar misturas de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) com diferentes mat?rias-primas, visando produzir um adubo org?nico rico em nutrientes e capaz de ser usado no cultivo de hortali?as. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: (i) capim-elefante + esterco bovino curtido; (ii) capim-elefante + gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium); e (iii) capim-elefante + torta de mamona. As avalia??es foram realizadas durante 120 dias. Neste estudo, o composto formulado com a mistura de capim-elefante e gliricidia resultou em maior teor de N, o que mostra o elevado potencial do material para ser usado como adubo org?nico em culturas com elevada exig?ncia nutricional. As perdas de N por volatiliza??o de am?nia n?o foram relevantes at? 34 dias de compostagem. O Cap?tulo II teve como objetivo avaliar as emiss?es de N2O e NH3 em composto org?nico e outras fontes de N usadas na produ??o de hortali?as. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplica??o de: (i) composto org?nico, preparado da mistura de capim elefante com gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) + fertiliza??o em cobertura com torta de mamona; (ii) aduba??o verde com mucuna an? (Mucuna deeringiana) + fertiliza??o em cobertura com torta de mamona; (iii) esterco bovino curtido + fertiliza??o em cobertura com esterco de ave curtido; (iv) ureia em plantio e cobertura; e (v) tratamento controle (sem aplica??o de N). Considerando os resultados obtidos neste estudo, as emiss?es de N2O do solo variaram de 7,37 e 2699,62 ?g N-N2O m2h-1. As perdas por volatiliza??o de am?nia variaram de 9,5 e 30% do N aplicado. A aplica??o de esterco bovino curtido + esterco de ave curtido mostra ser um manejo ambientalmente mais adequado para o cultivo de hortali?as, por resultar em menores fluxos de ?xido nitroso do solo e volatiliza??o de am?nia. Por outro lado, a ureia ? a fonte de N que provoca as maiores perdas de N por volatiliza??o de am?nia com efeito residual nulo para a cultura seguinte, neste caso para produ??o de alface. As maiores emiss?es foram observadas ap?s precipita??es, independente do tratamento, destacando a necessidade da presen?a de ?gua no ambiente para que ocorram as emiss?es de N2O.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-23T18:59:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Maur?lio de Faria Vieira J?nior.pdf: 12406217 bytes, checksum: 65c909f188c2db69a7d90ee85f17b104 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T18:59:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Maur?lio de Faria Vieira J?nior.pdf: 12406217 bytes, checksum: 65c909f188c2db69a7d90ee85f17b104 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / Knowledge on the relationship between soil and plant species is fundamental to restoration projects in view of the dynamics of succession, since the invasive species may turn the projects very expensive or impractical. Control practices of the invasive plant species based on natural conservation may add to recovery measures, thus reducing the costs and increasing their efficiency. The aims of this study were to investigate relationships between different soil types and the occurrence of thatch (Imperata brasiliensis) plants in two different areas on the IFRJ Pinheiral Campus (Pinheiral-RJ); and to evaluate the use of forage legumes and their efficiency in the control of the invasive vegetation, associated to the use of direct seeding and planting of seedlings in reforestation activities. Eight trenches were evaluated in two toposequences, through characterization of soil properties and dry mass of shoots and roots of thatch sampled in four soil layers, respectively 0-7, 7-14, 14-28 and 28-35 cm. The eight soil profiles were also classified according to the Brazilian system. There were evaluated the heights, diameters and survival of seedlings of five forest species, subject to two forms of planting, tillage and seedlings, and two planting densities of sunn hemp legumes, pigeon pea and pork beans, as well as the efficiency of these plants in reducing the weed competition. The soil properties did not influence the behavior of the dry mass of the thatch, and the difference between the dry weight of roots and shoots between the two toposequences is possibly due to shading by existing eucalyptus stand in the second area. The legume plants combination did not differ regarding the influence on the native species, neither on the weed control. There was significant difference only when compared the average of the four treatments. Possibly, the use of different legumes planting forms and conducting more experiments could show an increase in their efficiency. The planting method using seedlings of the forest species differed significantly and it was more efficient than the direct planting of the seeds, showing to be the most suitable for the local situation. / O conhecimento das rela??es entre o solo e as esp?cies vegetais ? fundamental para os projetos de restaura??o, tendo em vista a din?mica da sucess?o, j? que, esp?cies invasoras podem torn?-los muito onerosos ou inviabiliz?-los. Pr?ticas de controle das esp?cies invasoras com cunho conservacionista podem agregar-se ?s medidas de recupera??o, reduzindo custos e aumentando sua efici?ncia. Os objetivos do estudo foram averiguar a exist?ncia de rela??es entre diferentes tipos de solo e a ocorr?ncia do sap? (Imperata brasiliensis) em duas diferentes ?reas, nas depend?ncias do Campus Nilo Pe?anha/Pinheiral do IFRJ, Pinheiral-RJ; e avaliar a utiliza??o de leguminosas forrageiras e sua efici?ncia no controle da vegeta??o invasora em a??es de recomposi??o florestal, aliada ? semeadura direta e ao plantio de mudas de esp?cies arb?reas. Foram avaliadas oito trincheiras, em duas topossequ?ncias, por meio da caracteriza??o dos atributos do solo, bem como massa seca da parte a?rea e das ra?zes do sap? amostradas em quatro camadas (0-7, 7-14, 14-28 e 28-35 cm). Os perfis de solo (08) foram tamb?m classificados segundo o sistema brasileiro. Tamb?m foram avaliadas a altura, di?metro e a sobreviv?ncia das mudas de cinco esp?cies florestais, submetidas a duas formas de plantio, semeadura direta e por mudas, e duas densidades de plantio das leguminosas crotal?ria, guandu e feij?o de porco, bem como a efici?ncia destas no controle da matocompeti??o. Os atributos do solo n?o influenciaram nos resultados de massa seca do sap?, sendo a diferen?a entre a massa seca das ra?zes e da parte a?rea entre as duas topossequ?ncias possivelmente devida ao sombreamento pelo povoamento de eucalipto existente na segunda area. Os coquet?is de leguminosas n?o diferiram entre si quanto ? influ?ncia sobre as esp?cies nativas e quanto ao controle das invasoras. Somente a m?dia dos quatro tratamentos mostrou diferen?as significativas. Possivelmente, a utiliza??o de diferentes formas de plantio das leguminosas e m?todos de condu??o do experimento, poderia mostrar aumento na efici?ncia destas plantas. O m?todo de plantio de esp?cies florestais por mudas diferiu significativamente e foi mais eficiente que a semeadura direta, sendo o mais apropriado para a situa??o local.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-26T20:13:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Deyvid Diego Carvalho Maranh?o.pdf: 3511156 bytes, checksum: 353d33c1ec8bd59e0324501bd6a5033a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T20:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Deyvid Diego Carvalho Maranh?o.pdf: 3511156 bytes, checksum: 353d33c1ec8bd59e0324501bd6a5033a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-20 / CAPES / Calcareous soils represent a significant portion of agricultural areas of the planet; commonly have high contents of calcium, magnesium, carbonates, associated with high pH values. In general, although there is little information about their attributes, they are located in areas with great potential for agricultural use. This study aimed to evaluate aspects involved in the genesis of calcareous soils of the Bambu? Group in the municipalities of Lavandeira and Aurora, southeast of Tocantins state, using morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical attributes, and to compare methods for analytical evaluation ofthis soil attributes. Mostly, these soils havea low degree of pedogenetic development, highlighting the pedogenic processes of melanization and calcification, as well as high levels of silt fraction, which are related to the occurrence of siltstones layers associated with the limestone. From the evaluations, it is suggested that the carbonate character or calcic horizon must be included in the large group level in the class of Luvissolos H?plicos in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. In this study, the profil P4 of toposequence T2 showed high calcium carbonate content, but were classified as "?rtico" respectively; thus omitting a feature of great importance in the management aspect. This attribute should be emphasized in the classification, since it influences the soil pH, available phosphorus content and micronutrients. The use of the suffix "r" should be reviewed in the Manual for Soil Description and Sampling in the Field, as this suffix has been used exclusively to the horizon and / or layer C, omitting this feature to other horizons, as it is featured in profile P1 of toposequence T2. As for the analytical methods, the phosphorus (P) determination more efficiently to calcareous soilsuses a buffered alkaline solution extraction (Olsen et al., 1954), and the use of acidic nature extractors (Mehlich 1) may overestimate the values of available phosphorus. Moreover, the method for determining calcium carbonateequivalent, with the changes proposed by Donagemma et al. (2011), quantified higher concentrations of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), suggesting that other methods have underestimating the CaCO3 content of the samples. As for the particle size analysis of fine earth, the usage of sodium hydroxide as chemical dispersant was more efficient in determining the clay fraction, with better dispersion of this fraction compared to the sodium hexametaphosphate solution. In contrast, the method for organic carbon measurement proposed by Yeomans and Bremner (1988) was more efficient, when compared to the method of Donagemma et al. (2011), as shown by the values similar to the ones obtained from elemental analysis (CHNS-O) in samples pretreated with an acid solution. / Os solos calc?rios representam uma parcela significativa das ?reas agr?colas do planeta; comumente, apresentam elevados teores de c?lcio, magn?sio, carbonatos, associados a elevados valores de pH. De modo geral, embora haja poucas informa??es acerca de seus atributos, est?o em ?reas de grande potencial para a utiliza??o agr?cola. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos envolvidos na g?nese de solos calc?rios do Grupo Bambu?, nos munic?pios de Lavandeira e Aurora, sudestedo estado do Tocantins, a partir de atributos morfol?gicos, f?sicos, qu?micos e mineral?gicos, bem como comparar m?todos anal?ticos para avalia??o de atributos desses solos. Majoritariamente, esses solos apresentaram baixo grau de desenvolvimento pedogen?tico, destacando-se os processos pedogen?ticos de melaniza??o e calcifica??o, al?m de elevados teores da fra??o silte, o que est? relacionado ? ocorr?ncia de l?minas de siltitos associadas ao calc?rio. A partir das avalia??es realizadas, sugere-se que o car?ter carbon?tico ou horizonte c?lcico devem ser inclu?dos no n?vel de grande grupo na classe dos Luvissolos H?plicos do Sistema Brasileiro de Classifica??o de Solos. Neste estudo, os perfis P1 e P4 da topossequ?ncia T2 apresentaram elevados teores de carbonato de c?lcio, por?m foram classificados como ?L?tico? e ??rtico?, respectivamente, omitindo-se essa caracter?stica que ? de grande relev?ncia no aspecto de manejo. Esse atributo deve ser ressaltado na classifica??o, visto que ? determinante do pH, teor de f?sforo e de micronutrientes dispon?veis. A utiliza??o do sufixo ?r? deve ser revista no Manual de Descri??o e Coleta de Solo no Campo, pois esse sufixo tem sido de uso exclusivo para o horizonte e/ou camada C, omitindo essa caracter?stica para os demais horizontes, assim como caracterizado no perfil P1 da topossequ?ncia T2. Quanto aos m?todos anal?ticos, o m?todo de determina??o de f?sforo (P) mais eficiente para solos calc?rios faz uso de uma solu??o extratora alcalina tamponada (Olsen et al., 1954), sendo que a utiliza??o de extratores de natureza ?cida (Mehlich-1) pode superestimar os teores de P dispon?vel. Por outro lado, o m?todo de determina??o de carbonato de c?lcio equivalente, com altera??es da metodologia proposta pela Donagemma et al. (2011), quantificou maiores teores de carbonatos de c?lcio (CaCO3), sugerindo que os demais m?todos t?m subestimando os teores de CaCO3 das amostras. Quanto ? an?lise granulom?trica da terra fina, o hidr?xido de s?dio, como dispersante qu?mico, mostrou-se mais eficiente na determina??o da fra??o argila do solo, por ter proporcionado maior dispers?o dessa fra??o, quando comparado ? solu??o de hexametafosfato de s?dio. Em contrapartida, o m?todo de determina??o de carbono org?nico proposto por Yeomans e Bremner (1988) mostrou-se mais eficiente em compara??o ao m?todo da Donagemma et al. (2011), apresentando valores mais pr?ximos dos obtido na an?lise elementar (CHNS-O) em amostras pr?-tratadas com solu??o ?cida.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-26T20:35:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Renata Aparecida Costa Silva.pdf: 1687897 bytes, checksum: 4d1af8e117daa1842ae1766319ddf8d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T20:35:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Renata Aparecida Costa Silva.pdf: 1687897 bytes, checksum: 4d1af8e117daa1842ae1766319ddf8d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15 / CAPES / Nitrogen is one of the nutrient elements most limiting for plant growth. Thus, increasing plant nitrogen usage efficiency (NUE) is an essential factor for sustainable agriculture, leading to an increased food production with less fertilizer input and less environment impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of OsDof25 overexpression on N-NO3- and N-NH4+ uptake. In transgenic rice plants, OsDof25 was expressed under control of maize ubiquitin promoter (UBIL:OsDof25:3xHA). Two experiments were conducted: one to evaluate the kinetic parameters Vm?x and KM, and another to analyze the expression level of nitrate (NRT2.1~2.2 and NAR) and ammonium transporters (AMT1.1~1.3), both under high and low NO3- and NH4+ supply. The untransformed plants showed higher growth that transformed lineages. The L1 and L2 showed a lower value of the KM in the resupply treatment of 0.2 mM N-NO3-. In the resupply with 0.2 mM N-NH4 + the L4 showed higher Vmax and L1 lower KM. There were no large variations in uptake kinetics between the transformed and untransformed plants. At the root the NRT2 showed low expression in lineages L1 and L4, when under constant supply of N-NO3-, in contrast, in the treatment under resupply with 0.2 mM N-NO3-was increased expression of OsNTR2.1 ~ 2.2, and NAR in both transformed lineages, but in the root the concentration of NO3- was opposed to the expression of NRT2 and NAR, in both conditions. In the leaves, the line L4 showed high expression of the transporter OsNRT2.1 with the resupply of 0.2 and 2.0 mM N-NO3-. In plants grown under constant supply of N-NH4+, L1 showed lower expression of AMT1 in the root compared to L4 and untransformed plants. When subjected to nitrogen deficiency, there was an increased expression of the OsAMT1.2. However, there was no correlation between N transporter expression levels and NO3- and NH4+ content in the transformed plants, indicating a possible change in enzyme activity and reduction or assimilation of N in these plants. The transformed plants when subjected to resupply with low levels of nitrate and ammonium showed better response parameters Vmax and KM compared to the untransformed. In the plants transformed the resupply with nitrate at low concentration resulted in increasing the gene expression of the transporters (OsNTR2.1 ~ 2.2 and protein OsNAR2.1), and the treatment with constant supply provided greatest nitrate accumulation in these plants. The results of both kinetic parameters and accumulation of fresh matter suggest that plants transformed for the expression of the OsDof25 presented highest tolerance to nutritional stress. / O nitrog?nio ? um dos elementos minerais que mais limita o desenvolvimento das plantas. Assim, aumentar a efici?ncia de uso de nitrog?nio (EUN) ? um fator ? essencial para uma agricultura sustent?vel, levando a um aumento da produ??o de alimentos com menor uso de insumos e menos impactos ao ambiente. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da superexpress?o do fator de transcri??o OsDof25 sobre a absor??o de nitrog?nio em duas linhagens transformadas de arroz (L1 e L4) da variedade Nipponbare comparando-as com plantas n?o transformadas (WT). Nas plantas transformadas, o OsDof25 foi expresso sob o controle do promotor da ubiquitina 1 de milho (UBIL:OsDof25:3xHA). For feitos dois experimentos: um para avaliar os par?metros cin?ticos Vm?x e KM, sob condi??es de alto e baixo suprimento de N-NO3- e N-NH4+, e outro para analisar a express?o dos transportadores de NO3- (NRT2.1~2.2 e NAR) e NH4+ (AMT1.1~1.3) tamb?m sob alto e baixo suprimento desses ?ons. As plantas n?o transformadas apresentaram maior crescimento do que as linhagens transformadas. As L1 e a L2 mostraram menor valor de KM no tratamento com ressuprimento de 0,2 mM de N-NO3-. No ressuprimento com 0,2 mM de N-NH4+ a L4 apresentou maior Vm?x e L1 menor KM, mas, n?o houve grandes varia??es nos par?metros cin?ticos de absor??o entre as plantas transformadas e n?o transformadas. Na raiz os NRT2 mostraram baixa express?o nas linhagens L1 e L4 quando submetidas ao suprimento constante de N-NO3-, em contrapartida, no tratamento sob ressuprimento com 0,2 mM de N-NO3- ocorreu aumento de express?o dos OsNTR2.1~2.2 e NAR nas duas linhagens transformadas, por?m na raiz a concentra??o de N-NO3- foi oposta a express?o dos NRT2 e NAR, em ambas as situa??es. Nas folhas, a linhagem L4 apresentou alta express?o do transportador OsNRT2.1 com o ressuprimento de 0,2 e 2,0 mM de N-NO3-. Nas plantas submetidas ao suprimento constante de N-NH4+, a L1 apresentou menor express?o dos AMT1 na raiz quando comparada a L4 e a planta n?o transformada. Quando submetida a defici?ncia de N-NH4+, a express?o do OsAMT1.2 aumentou nas ra?zes de todas as plantas. Entretanto, n?o houve correla??o positiva entre a express?o dos transportadores de N e os teores de NO3- e NH4+ nas linhagens transformadas, indicando uma poss?vel altera??o na atividade das enzimas de redu??o e ou assimila??o de N. As plantas transformadas quando submetidas ao ressuprimento com baixos teores de nitrato e am?nio apresentaram melhor resposta dos par?metros Vm?x e KM em rela??o a n?o transformadas. Nas plantas transformadas o ressuprimento com nitrato em baixa concentra??o resultou em maior express?o dos genes dos transportadores OsNTR2.1~2.2 e da prote?na OsNAR2.1 e o tratamento com suprimento constante proporcionou maior ac?mulo de nitrato nestas plantas. Os resultados tanto dos par?metros cin?ticos quanto do ac?mulo de mat?ria fresca sugerem que as plantas transformadas para express?o do OsDof25 apresentaram maior toler?ncia ao estresse nutricional.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-22T19:26:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Sidinei Julio Beutler.pdf: 3474278 bytes, checksum: 1adaf2ecd1077cf6ca3fa70c64954a43 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T19:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Sidinei Julio Beutler.pdf: 3474278 bytes, checksum: 1adaf2ecd1077cf6ca3fa70c64954a43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / CAPES / The Histosols are a major source of carbon storage in terrestrial environments and have high susceptibility to carbon losses when disturbed. The objective of this study was to generate pedotransfer functions (FPT) to assess the accuracy of previously published equations, applying them to predict soil bulk density (Bd) in organic soils from Brazil; to evaluate subsidence rate, and the variation of Bd and carbon of humic substances in Histosols over a period of one year; and to estimate stock and potential loss of carbon in Histosols from Rio de Janeiro State. For the first part of the study, there were used organic horizons, i.e., soil materials with total organic carbon (TOC) equal to or greater than 80 g kg-1 soil, totaling 280 horizons from different regions of Brazil. It was used the multiple linear regression technique and the equations were validated on independent data. There were tested 9 equations already published in the literature. The equations with better performance were the Hollis and FPT2, with R2 validation parameters of 0.48 and 0.49. When the clay fraction data is availlable, it is recommended to use the FPT1 equation; if there is no data on clay it is recommended the FPT2 and Hollis equations, which have only the TOC as a predictor variable. For the second part, a greenhouse experiment was carried out. For that, undisturbed samples were collected using PVC pipes, of two profiles of Organossolos Tiom?rficos, one in the neighborhood of Santa Cruz (SC Profile), city of Rio de Janeiro, and one in Mag? (Profile MG) municipality. There were evaluated 3 drainage levels, at 30, 60, and 100 cm deep, with 5 measuremts over time, being 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 days (4 replicates). The MG profile presented the highest rates of subsidence, reaching 1.30 cm year-1 for the 100 cm drainage. Bd increased over time for both profiles, and the deeper drainage increased values in the SC profile. The deeper drainage favored the reduction of pH for both profiles. The TOC showed a decreasing trend over time. The values of carbon in the fulvic acid fraction (FAF), humic acid fraction (HAF), and humin fraction (HUM) showed no differences according to drainage levels. However, over time they showed high sensitivity to temperature changes, showing high levels of FAF and HAF at the end period and a consequent reduction in humin fraction. For the third and final section, there were used 43 soil profiles, where 18 of them did not have bulk density data, which were estimated by the FPTs. Comparisons between measured and estimated data groups was performed using the Wilcoxon test. The spatial distribution of the variables was performed using the IDW interpolation method. The average values of TOC was 228.0 g kg-1, Bd was 0.48 Mg m-3, the thickness of the profiles was 86 cm, the depth was 90 cm and the average stock TOC was 73.51 kg m-2. The spatialization showed qualitative differences for the variables in the different profile locations. The estimated TOC stock for the profiles form RJ State was 27,178,631.8 Mg. The estimated rates of loss were 10.87 kg m-2 for Histosols more recently drained and high TOC; of 7.16 kg m-2 for intermediate drained Histosols; and 1.46 kg m-2 for Histosols with longer time after drainage and low TOC. Soils with high TOC levels are more likely to have high losses TOC when disturbed. / Os Organossolos s?o uma importante fonte de estoque de carbono nos ambientes terrestres e possuem alta suscetibilidade ?s perdas de carbono quando perturbados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi gerar equa??es, avaliar a acur?cia de equa??es j? publicadas, aplicando-as para a predi??o da densidade do solo (Ds) em solos org?nicos do Brasil; avaliar a taxa de subsid?ncia, a varia??o da Ds, e o carbono das subst?ncias h?micas em Organossolos ao longo do per?odo de um ano; e estimar o estoque e as potenciais perdas de carbono nos Organossolos do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para a primeira parte, trabalhou-se com horizontes org?nicos, i.e., materais de solo com teores de carbono org?nico total (COT) iguais ou maiores que 80 g kg-1 de solo, totalizando 280 horizontes em diferentes regi?es do Brasil. Foi empregada a t?cnica de regress?o linear m?ltipla e as equa??es foram validadas sobre dados independentes. Foram testadas 9 equa??es j? publicadas na literatura. As equa??es com melhor desempenho foram FPT2 e Hollis, com par?metros de valida??o R2 de 0,48 e 0,49. Em casos onde os teores de argila estejam quantificados, recomenda-se a equa??o FPT1, e na sua aus?ncia recomenda-se as equa??es FPT2 e Hollis, que possuem somente o COT como vari?vel preditora. Para a segunda parte, realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegeta??o. Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas em tubos de PVC, de dois perfis de Organossolo Tiom?rfico, sendo um no bairro Santa Cruz (Perfil SC), munic?pio de Rio de Janeiro, e outro no munic?pio de Mag? (Perfil MG). Foram avaliados 3 n?veis de drenagem, sendo de 30, 60, e 100 cm de profundidade, 5 avalia??es ao longo do tempo, sendo de 0, 90, 180, 270, e 360 dias (com 4 repeti??es). O perfil MG apresentou as maiores taxas de subsid?ncia, chegando a 1,30 cm ano-1 para a drenagem de 100 cm. A Ds aumentou ao longo do tempo para os dois perfis, e a drenagem mais profunda aumentou os valores no perfil SC. A drenagem mais profunda favoreceu a redu??o do pH para os dois perfis. Os teores de COT apresentaram tend?ncia de redu??o ao longo do tempo. Os valores de carbono da fra??o ?cido f?lvico (FAF), fra??o ?cido h?mico (FAH), e fra??o humina (HUM), n?o mostraram diferen?as de acordo com os n?veis de drenagem. No entanto, ao longo do tempo, apresentaram alta sensibilidade ?s varia??es de temperatura, mostrando elevados teores de FAF e FAH no per?odo final, e a consequente redu??o dos teores de HUM. Para a terceira e ?ltima parte do estudo, foram usados 43 perfis de Organossolos, sendo que 18 deles n?o apresentavam os dados de densidade do solo (Ds), os quais foram estimados por meio de FPTs. As compara??es entre os grupos de dados medidos e estimados foi feita pelo teste de Wilcoxon. A espacializa??o das vari?veis foi realizado atrav?s do m?todo de interpola??o IDW. Os valores m?dios de COT foi de 228,0 g kg-1, a Ds foi de 0,48 Mg m-3, a espessura dos perfis foi de 86 cm, a profundidade foi de 90 cm, e o estoque m?dio de COT foi de 73,51 kg m-2. A espacializa??o mostrou diferen?as qualitativas para as vari?veis nos diferentes locais. Foi estimado um estoque de COT de 27.178.631,8 Mg para os Organossolos do Estado do RJ. As taxas estimadas de perdas foram de 10,87 kg m-2 para Organossolos com drenagem mais recente e altos teores de COT; de 7,16 kg m-2 para Organossolos intermedi?rios; e 1,46 kg m-2 para Organossolos com menores teores de COT e longo tempo de drenagem. Solos com altos teores de COT est?o mais propensos a terem altas perdas de COT quando perturbados.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-03T17:25:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Denilson Dortzbach.pdf: 2628494 bytes, checksum: 615986b2b9f4992ad6bc0756d35c6669 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T17:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Denilson Dortzbach.pdf: 2628494 bytes, checksum: 615986b2b9f4992ad6bc0756d35c6669 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / CAPES / The soils of fine wines producing regions of Santa Catarina State, has particular altitude characteristics resulting from its lithology and high levels of organic matter. That differentiate the soil of the major producing regions of the world wine. The study was conducted in the regions of west and mountain through Santa Catarina, covering over 80 % of the properties where descriptions and collections of 38 modal profiles and vineyards spread over 45 farms were carried out. The objectives were: a) To characterize the distribution and interaction of soil formation factors and chemical weathering rates; b) evaluate and quantify the carbon, humic fractions in the profiles and ?13C in surface horizons of Cambisols; c) To characterize physical and chemically soils of the vineyards; d) To evaluate the agricultural potential through different methods, with subsequent adaptation of the System for Agricultural Assessment of land for the grape culture in addition to formulating a proposal for zoning for the wine industry of the state. The results indicate that pedogenetic soil was strongly influenced by the source material, weather and terrain. Cluster analysis separated by the similarity the soil profiles in three different groups. Predominate classes Cambisols and Nitossols. Humic substances allowed to discriminate the taxonomic orders of soil and showed ?13C in soil with the humic, little change in isotopic signature, and soils with moderate. The observed changes were derived from C3 and C4 plants crops. The vineyards have similar chemical properties, and thus can be grouped in a single region for a determination of Geographical Indication. As for agricultural suitability evaluating different methods indicated that the evaluated profiles have low agricultural aptitude for annual crops. Therefore, it was proposed an adaptation of the evaluation system of agricultural suitability of the land for the growing of vines, taking into account specific conditions of altitude in the SC state. Allied to this, the drafting of the zoning proposal is an important tool for the implementation of new vineyards. / Os solos das regi?es produtoras de vinhos finos de altitude do estado de Santa Catarina apresentam caracter?sticas particulares decorrentes da sua litologia e dos elevados teores de mat?ria org?nica, que os diferenciam dos solos das grandes regi?es produtoras de vinho do mundo. O estudo foi realizado nas regi?es do meio oeste e serrana de Santa Catarina, abrangendo mais de 80 % das propriedades, onde foram realizadas descri??es e coletas de 38 perfis modais e em vinhedos espalhados em 45 propriedades rurais. Os objetivos foram: a) caracterizar a distribui??o e a intera??o dos fatores de forma??o dos solos e a taxa de intemperismo qu?mico; b) avaliar e quantificar os teores de carbono, fra??es h?micas nos perfis e o ?13C em horizontes superficiais de Cambissolos; c) caracterizar f?sica e quimicamente os solos dos vinhedos; e d) avaliar a aptid?o agr?cola atrav?s dos diferentes m?todos, com posterior adapta??o do Sistema de Avalia??o Agr?cola das Terras, para a cultura da videira, al?m de formular proposta de zoneamento para a vitivinicultura do estado. Os resultados indicam que a pedog?nese dos solos foi fortemente influenciada pelos fatores material de origem, clima e relevo. A an?lise do agrupamento separou pela similaridade os perfis de solo em tr?s grupos distintos. Predominam as classes de Cambissolos e Nitossolos. As subst?ncias h?micas permitiram discriminar as ordens taxon?micas de solos e o ?13C revelando pouca altera??o na assinatura isot?pica nos solos com horizonte A h?mico. Nos solos com A moderado foram observadas altera??es decorrentes de mudan?as nas coberturas (plantas C3 ou C4). As ?reas dos vinhedos apresentam atributos qu?micos similares, podendo ser agrupadas em uma regi?o ?nica para eventual determina??o de Indica??o Geogr?fica. Quanto ? aptid?o agr?cola, ? avalia??o atrav?s de m?todos usuais na literatura resultou em classes que indicam baixa aptid?o para culturas anuais. Diante disto, foi proposta adapta??o do sistema de avalia??o da aptid?o agr?cola das terras, para a cultura da videira, considerando condi??es especificas de altitude no estado de SC e associada ? elabora??o de uma proposta de zoneamento para a implanta??o de novos vinhedos.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-13T20:11:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Leonardo dos Santos Fran?a Shockness.pdf: 1003791 bytes, checksum: efd5f4204bec8c095ea24c37002fd302 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-13T20:11:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Leonardo dos Santos Fran?a Shockness.pdf: 1003791 bytes, checksum: efd5f4204bec8c095ea24c37002fd302 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CAPES / One of the main factors that affect growth and persistence of grasses in the tropics, thus increasing the degradation of pastures, is a nitrogen deficiency in the soil. However, nitrogen fertilizers much burden the production costs, and the demand for food increasing year by year, has emphasized the need for sustainable alternatives, such as biological nitrogen fixation. It is necessary to do more research on Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in forage grasses, especially about diversity among nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with these plants, so that new bacteria can be discovered, as well as its potential to FBN. This study aimed to isolate diazotrophic bacteria of the genus Azospirillum spp. or Herbaspirillum spp., from two cultivars of B. brizhanta (Marandu and Xara?s) and one of B. decumbens (IPEAN), to test them, and to assess their contribution to the growth of Brachiaria brizhanta cv. Marandu identifying the three most promising. This study was conducted at Embrapa Agrobiology in Serop?dica - RJ, in two stages. The first was to isolate possible diazotrophic bacteria from Brachiaria brizantha and B. decumbens plants, using the cultivars Marandu and Xara?s B. brizantha, and the cultivar IPEAN of B. decumbens. The isolation was performed using three semi-solid media, NFB, LGI and JNFb, where the first two selected bacteria of the genus Azospirillum, and the third one Herbaspirillum bacteria. There were selected 46 isolates and, after purification, it was obtained 15 isolates pure, and made the phenotypic characterization thereof. Further biochemical tests were the phosphate solubilization, acetylene reduction analysis (ARA), and production of acid-3-indole acetic (IAA). All tested isolates produced ARA ethylene, even in small quantities, with prominence for isolates L2, L4, J3, J6, J7 and J8. In the phosphate solubilization the isolates N1, L1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8, and T14 were able to solubilize phosphate. In the EIA production the isolates N1, J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8 and J9 excelled. In the second phase it was conducted an experiment to study plant - bacteria interaction. It consisted of the inoculation of 15 isolates from the first phase plus three isolates known as references (SP245, Z94, CBAMC) in B. brizhanta cultivar Marandu, plus the control without inoculation and without N. In this experiment the isolates L2, L4 and J6 outstand when compared to the other seven parameters evaluated. On the basis of this study we can conclude that there are nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing, and that produce 3-indoleacetic acid, associated to Brachiaria brizhanta and Brachiaria decumbens. The isolated bacteria of the two B. brizhanta cultivars (Marandu and Xara?s), and the Brachiaria decumbens (IPEAN) cultivar were more efficient in the growth of B. brizhanta cultivar Marandu than the bacteria standards obtained from other plant species. Also, among the 15 isolates from Brachiaria plants, the J6, L2 and L4 were statistically different from the others, and are considered the three most promising. / Um dos principais fatores que afeta o crescimento e a persist?ncia de gram?neas nos tr?picos, aumentando assim a degrada??o das pastagens, ? a defici?ncia de nitrog?nio no solo. Entretanto, fertilizantes nitrogenados oneram muito os custos de produ??o, e com a demanda por alimentos crescendo ano a ano, tem-se enfatizado a necessidade de alternativas sustent?veis, tal como a fixa??o biol?gica de nitrog?nio. Faz-se necess?rio pesquisas com Fixa??o Biol?gica de Nitrog?nio (FBN) em gram?neas forrageiras, principalmente sobre diversidade de bact?rias diazotr?ficas associadas a essas plantas, para que novas bact?rias possam ser descobertas, assim como seu potencial de FBN. Este trabalho teve como objetivo isolar bact?rias diazotr?ficas do g?nero Azospirillum Spp. ou Herbaspirillum Spp., provenientes de duas cultivares de B. brizhanta (Marandu e Xar?es) e de uma cultivar de B. decumbens (Ipean), testar as mesmas, e avaliar sua contribui??o no crescimento de Brachiaria brizhanta cv. Marandu identificando as tr?s mais promissoras. O trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa Agrobiologia em Serop?dica ? RJ, em duas etapas. Na primeira foi feito o isolamento de poss?veis bact?rias dizotr?ficas provenientes de plantas de Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens, sendo utilizadas as cultivares Marandu e Xara?s de B. brizantha e a cultivar IPEAN de B. decumbens. O isolamento foi realizado utilizando tr?s meios semiss?lidos, NFB, LGI e JNFB, onde os dois primeiros selecionaram bact?rias do g?nero Azospirillum, e o terceiro bact?rias do g?nero Herbaspirillum. Foram selecionados 46 isolados, e ap?s a purifica??o obteve-se 15 isolados puros, sendo feita a caracteriza??o fenot?pica dos mesmos, e posteriormente os testes bioqu?micos de solubiliza??o de fosfato, an?lise da redu??o de acetileno (ARA) e produ??o de ?cido-3-indolac?tico (AIA). Na ARA todos isolados avaliados produziram etileno, mesmo em pequenas quantidades, tendo destaque os isolados L2, L4, J3, J6, J7, e J8. Na solubiliza??o de fosfato os isolados N1, L1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8 e T14 foram capazes de solubilizar fosfato. Na produ??o de AIA se sobressa?ram os isolados N1, J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8 e J9. Na segunda etapa foi realizado o experimento de intera??o planta - bact?ria; que consistiu da inocula??o dos 15 isolados da primeira etapa, acrescidos de tr?s isolados conhecidos como padr?es (SP245, Z94, CBAMC) em B. brizhanta cv. Marandu, mais a testemunha n?o inoculada e sem N. Neste experimento os isolados L2, L4 e J6 se destacaram em rela??o aos outros nos sete par?metros avaliados. Com base neste trabalho podemos concluir que existem bact?rias fixadoras de nitrog?nio, solubilizadoras de fosfato e que produzem ?cido-3-indolac?tico associadas a Brachiaria brizhanta e Brachiaria decumbens. As bact?rias isoladas de duas cultivares de B. brizhanta (Marandu e Xar?es) e de uma cultivar de B. decumbens (Ipean) se mostraram mais eficientes no crescimento de B. brizhanta cv. Marandu do que as bact?rias padr?es provenientes de outras esp?cies de plantas. Ainda, dentre os 15 isolados de plantas do g?nero Brachiaria, os isolados J6, L2 e L4 diferiram estatisticamente dos demais, sendo considerados os tr?s mais promissores.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-24T17:04:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Selenobaldo Alexinaldo Cabral de Sant'Anna.pdf: 1507873 bytes, checksum: 9bcc529b3a4670b9741f4312862f95c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-24T17:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Selenobaldo Alexinaldo Cabral de Sant'Anna.pdf: 1507873 bytes, checksum: 9bcc529b3a4670b9741f4312862f95c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / CNPq / The study aimed to evaluate the changes in the soil stocks of C and N under non-burnt sugarcane grown in an area previously with pasture, and to quantify greenhouse gas emissions (N2O and CH4) and ammonia volatilization losses when using fertilizer and vinasse. The study was conducted in an area of a clayey Oxisol (LVef) in Ribeir?o Preto-SP. For the evaluation of C and N it was considered a chronosequence of two sugarcane areas, with 3 and 25 years of cultivation, and areas with pasture and over 30 years secondary forest. The stocks of C and N were estimated for the 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm layers. There was no statistical difference for the depth 0-30 cm, after correction for soil equal mass between forest, pasture and sugarcane of 3 years, which amounted to, respectively, 55.05, 48.85 and 49.96 Mg C ha-1 and 4.27, 3.74 and 3.83 Mg N ha-1. The area under the > 25 years sugarcane, for this depth range, showed statistically lower values of C stocks (46.04 Mg C ha-1) and N (3.45 Mg Nha-1) compared to secondary forest; but these values did not differ from the other two systems of land use. In the 0-100 cm layer, the forest showed a value significantly higher (118.36 Mg C ha-1) than the > 25 years sugarcane (103.25 Mg C ha-1) and the pasture (102.29 Mg C ha-1). The C stock (109.97 Mg C ha-1) in the 3 years sugarcane did not differ from the other systems. The forest and the 3 years sugarcane had higher N stock, respectively 8.52 and 8.02 Mg N ha-1, when compared with the sugarcane > 25 years (7.04 Mg N ha-1), but they were not different from the pasture (7.79 Mg N ha-1), which was not different from the > 25 years sugarcane. For sampling of gases and volatilization losses of NH3, a study was conducted in a completely randomized block design with six treatments: CSP-control without straw, FSP-fertilizer without straw, FCP-fertilizer with straw, CCP-control with straw, VSP-vinasse without straw and VCP-vinasse with straw, with five replications and three sampling periods in the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. The treatments consisted of applying 160 m3 ha-1 equivalent to 59 kg N ha-1 vinasse in 2010, 70 kg N ha-1 in 2011, and 108 kg N ha-1 in 2012, application of urea at a dose of 52 kg N ha-1 in 2010, and 100 kg N ha-1 in 2011 and 2012, and controls. The temporal variation of N2O fluxes in the three years was from 5.12 to 42.49 ?g N2O-N m2 h-1. In 2010 there was no difference among treatments, and in 2011 and 2012 it followed the FSP = FCP > CSP = CCP = VCP = VSP order. The emission factors ranged from 0.01 to 0.4%. The average flow rates of CH4 were negative. The NH3 volatilization losses in the three years of evaluation were less than 15% and 2% for doses of fertilizers and vinasse, respectively. The results suggest that the planting of sugarcane in pastures with low production does not significantly modify the stocks of C and N in the soil, although they reach values below the secondary forest (> 30 years) ones. The usage of nitrogen fertilization induces the production of N2O from the soil; the same tends to occur with vinasse application. Also, even with the maintenance of the straw, the emission levels are too low to be credited to these practices a risk of compromising the ethanol program. / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as mudan?as nos estoques de C e N no solo em ?rea de cana-de-a??car cultivada sem queima em ?rea antes ocupada por pastagem e quantificar as emiss?es de gases (N2O e CH4) e as perdas por volatiliza??o de am?nia do solo pelo uso de fertilizante e vinha?a. O estudo foi realizado em uma ?rea de LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutrof?rrico (LVef), textura argilosa, no Munic?pio de Ribeir?o Preto-SP. Para avalia??o dos estoques de C e N foi considerada uma cronossequ?ncia com duas ?reas de cana-de-a??car, uma com mais de 25 anos e outra com 3 anos de cultivo respectivamente, e uma ?rea ocupada com pastagem e outra com floresta secund?ria com mais de 30 anos. Os estoques de C e N foram estimados para as camadas de 0-30 cm e de 0-100 cm. N?o houve diferen?a estat?stica para a profundidade 0-30 cm corrigido para massa igual de terra entre a floresta, pastagem e cana 3 anos, que somaram, respectivamente, 55,05, 48,85 e 49,96 Mg C ha-1 e 4,27, 3,74 e 3,83 Mg N ha-1. A ?rea sob cana > 25 anos para esse intervalo de profundidade apresentou estatisticamente menores valores dos estoques de C (46,04 Mg C ha-1) e N (3,45 Mg N ha-1) em rela??o a floresta secund?ria, por?m esses valores n?o diferiram dos outros dois sistemas de uso do solo. Na camada 0-100 cm a floresta apresentou valor significativamente maior (118,36 Mg C ha-1) do que as ?reas de cana > 25 anos (103,25 Mg C ha-1) e a pastagem (102,29 Mg C ha-1). A ?rea de cana com 3 anos apresentou estoque de C (109,97 Mg C ha-1) que n?o diferiu entre os tr?s outros sistemas. A floresta e a cana com 3 anos apresentaram maiores estoque de N, respectivamente (8,52 e 8,02 Mg N ha-1), comparada com a ?rea de cana > 25 anos (7,04 Mg N ha-1), mas n?o diferente da ?rea de pastagem (7,79 Mg N ha-1), a qual n?o diferenciou da ?rea de cana > 25 anos. Para as amostragens de gases e as perdas por volatiliza??o de NH3 o trabalho foi realizado em delineamento experimental em bloco inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos: CSP - controle sem palha, FSP - fertilizante sem palha, FCP - fertilizante com palha, CCP - controle com palha, VSP - vinha?a sem palha e VCP - vinha?a com palha e com cinco repeti??es e em tr?s per?odos de amostragens correspondentes aos anos de 2010, 2011 e 2012. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplica??o de 160 m3 ha-1 de vinha?a equivalente a 59 kg N ha-1 em 2010, a 70 kg N ha-1 em 2011 e a 108 kg N ha-1 em 2012, aplica??o de ureia na dose de 52 kg N ha-1em 2010 e 100 kg N ha-1 em 2011 e 2012 e controles. A varia??o temporal dos fluxos de N2O nos tr?s anos foi 5,12 a 42,49 ?g N-N2O m2 h-1. Em 2010 n?o houve diferen?a entre tratamentos e em 2011 e 2012 seguiram a ordem FSP = FCP > CSP = CCP = VCP = VSP. Os fatores de emiss?o variaram entre 0,01 e 0,4%. Os fluxos m?dios de CH4 foram negativos. As perdas por volatiliza??o de NH3 nos tr?s anos de avalia??o foram menores que 15% e 2% para as doses de fertilizantes e vinha?a respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que o plantio da cana-de-a??car em ?reas de pastagens de baixa produ??o n?o modifica significativamente os estoques de C e N do solo, mas alcan?am n?veis inferiores aos da floresta secund?ria (>30 anos). O uso da fertiliza??o nitrogenada induz a produ??o de N2O do solo, assim como tende a ocorrer com a aplica??o da vinha?a, e mesmo com a manuten??o da palhada, os n?veis de emiss?o s?o muito baixos para se atribuir a essas opera??es um risco de comprometimento do programa de etanol.