O governo do Estado de São Paulo, na década de 60, realizou um programa de introdução de florestas do gênero Pinus para consolidar esta cultura no estado. Algumas destas florestas foram implantadas em áreas do Cerrado, que estavam degradadas devido à utilização para pastagens. Com a intenção de contribuir para um melhor entendimento das características hidrometeorológicas em uma floresta de P. elliotii, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram analisar a repartição da precipitação, o balanço de radiação acima do dossel, o perfil da temperatura do ar e comparar algumas características hidrometeorológicas desta floresta com as características em uma área aberta (gramado) e em uma área campestre de cerrado (pastagem). Na floresta foram instaladas estações meteorológicas automáticas no alto de uma torre e no interior. A repartição da precipitação resultou, pela medição manual, em uma precipitação interna de 75,2%, um escoamento pelo tronco de 0,5% e uma interceptação de 24,3% na floresta. Pela medição automática obteve-se uma precipitação interna de 78,7%. O albedo da floresta apresentou um valor médio de 12,8% e a radiação líquida variou de 6,0 MJm-2dia-1 a 14,2 MJm-2dia-1\'. A diferença da temperatura média do ar, no dossel e no interior da floresta, foi de 0,4ºC. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma grande contribuição para o cenário nacional na área de monitoramento hidrometeorológico de florestas. / The government of São Paulo State, Brazil, forty years ago, carried out a program of introduction of forest species with the main objective to consolidate the Pinus culture in the State. Some of these forests were implanted in areas of the Cerrado that were degraded due their use for grassland. The aim of the present work was to verify the hydrometeorologycal characteristics of Pinus elliottii forest, located in Cerrado, in the central region of São Paulo State, and to compare some characteristics among forest, grassland and lawn. In the forest were installed two automatic meteorological stations, one on the tower top and other inside of the forest. The partitionings of the precipitation by manual measurement were 75.2% for throughfall, 0.5% for stemflow and 24.3% for forest interception. By automatic measurement it was obtained 78.7% for throughfall. Forest\'s albedo presented an average value of 12.8% and net radiation ranged from 6.0 MJm-2day-1 to 14.2 MJm-2day-1. The diference of average air temperature between the canopy and the interior of the forest was 0.4ºC. This study presents a great contribuition to the national ambit of the hydrometeorologycal monitoring in forests.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2019-03-18T17:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO REZENDE CAL?A SOEIRA.pdf: 10669454 bytes, checksum: 0c817cd4715977e2f4677644509e8516 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-18T17:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO REZENDE CAL?A SOEIRA.pdf: 10669454 bytes, checksum: 0c817cd4715977e2f4677644509e8516 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The objective of this research was to estimate and compare the Sky View Factor (SVF) and Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) correlation across different Local Climate Zones (LCZs) situated in the city of Campinas, S?o Paulo, Brazil. The SVF consists of an non dimensional parameter which describes the ratio of visible sky from a given point in space. In the urban environment, SVF values are strongly related to buildings density and height. Also strongly related to the densification and verticalization of the urban tissue is the Urban Heat Island phenomenon, which is characterized by the elevation of air temperature in urban environments as a result of its impact on the surface energy balance. For this reason, research has been conducted in many countries to investigate the correlation between SVF and the UHII. To evaluate the effects of urban tissue composition on these correlations, however, systematic methods for detecting and reporting such composition are required. Employing the Local Climate Zones method, which classifies urban areas as climate zones according to their structural typology and surface cover, this research evaluated SVF-UHII correlation variations across different built up areas of the same city. Combining mobile measurements and stationary monitoring devices a map of the nocturnal UHII at the research site was obtained. According to seven parameters (H/W ratio; SVF; Built area; Permeable area; Impermeable area; Height of roughness elements; And roughness class), obtained by geoprocessing, eleven LCZs were identified at the site. Nocturnal UHII linear regressions were calculated for SVF values (point and 100m radius average values were used) at eight LCZs classes. At compact low, low-high, mid-low and high-mid rise LCZs (3, 31, 23 and 12), with SVF values between 0,20 and 0,45, the approximate air temperature increase ranged from 1,5 up to 2,2?C. At compact low and mid-low rise LCZs (3 and 23), with SVF values between 0,45 and 0,7, the approximate air temperature increase ranged from 0,7 up to 1,2?C. For sparsely built low rise LCZs (6), with SVF between 0,60 and 0,90, the approximate air temperature variation ranged from - 0,2 up to 0,0?C. From these results it was concluded that the correlation between SVF and UHII is influenced by the morphological and superficial composition of the urban tissue. Hence, to effectively utilize SVF in UHI mitigation strategies, these influences should be considered. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estimar e comparar as correla??es entre o FVC e a varia??o da temperatura do ar encontradas em diferentes zonas clim?ticas situadas em um recorte da cidade de Campinas- SP. O fator de vis?o do c?u (FVC) ? um par?metro adimensional utilizado para descrever a propor??o de c?u vis?vel, em um determinado local, a partir do n?vel do solo. No ambiente urbano, seu valor est? fortemente relacionado ao grau de compacta??o e verticaliza??o da malha construtiva. Outro fen?meno relacionado ao grau de compacta??o e verticaliza??o da malha urbana ? o fen?meno da Ilha de Calor Urbana (ICU), caracterizado pela reten??o do calor absorvido no ambiente constru?do. Por este motivo, ? grande o n?mero de pesquisas que estudam a correla??o entre o FVC e o fen?meno da Ilha de Calor Urbana em diversas cidades do mundo. Atrav?s de m?todos sistem?ticos para o reconhecimento e documenta??o de heterogeneidades da malha urbana, como o m?todo das Zonas Clim?ticas Locais (LCZs), que classifica ?reas urbanas em zonas clim?ticas locais de acordo com sua tipologia construtiva e cobertura de superf?cies, tornou-se poss?vel avaliar a varia??o desta correla??o em um contexto intramunicipal. Atrav?s de campanhas de medi??es m?veis e de pontos fixos de monitoramento, a intensidade da ilha de calor urbana na ?rea de estudo foi avaliada. A ?rea de estudo foi classificada em onze LCZs de acordo com sete par?metros urban?sticos obtidos por geoprocessamento (rela??o altura-largura, FVC, ?rea edificada, ?rea imperme?vel, ?rea perme?vel, altura m?dia dos elementos de rugosidade e classe de rugosidade). Regress?es lineares foram estabelecidas entre a intensidade da ICU ?s 21:00 e valores de FVC (pontuais e m?dios para um raio de 100m) em ?reas de an?lise correspondentes a oito LCZs. Para valores de FVC entre 0,20 e 0,45, a eleva??o aproximada da temperatura do ar em LCZs de arranjo compacto e verticaliza??o baixa a m?dia-alta ? 1,5 a 2,2 ?C; para valores de FVC entre 0,45 e 0,7 em LCZs de arranjo compacto e verticaliza??o baixa e m?dia-baixa, a eleva??o aproximada da temperatura do ar foi de 0,7 a 1,5 ?C; e para valores de FVC entre 0,60 e 0,90 em LCZs de arranjo esparso e verticaliza??o baixa, a varia??o aproximada da temperatura do ar foi de 0,0 a -0,2 ?C. Assim, conclui-se que a influ?ncia do FVC na eleva??o da temperatura do ar em ?reas urbanizadas varia conforme a composi??o morfol?gica e superficial do tecido urbano. Para que o FVC seja utilizado efetivamente em estrat?gias de mitiga??o da ICU, essa rela??o deve ser considerada.

The distribution of mountain permafrost is generally modeled using a combination of statistical techniques and empirical variables. Such models, based on topographic, climatic and geomorphological predictors of permafrost, have been widely used to estimate the spatial distribution of mountain permafrost in North America and Europe. However at present, little knowledge about the distribution and characteristics of mountain permafrost is available for the Andes. In addition, the effects of climate change on slope stability and the hydrological system, and the pressure of mining activities have increased concerns about the knowledge of mountain permafrost in the Andes. In order to model permafrost distribution in the semi-arid Chilean Andes between ~29°S and 32°S, an inventory of rock glaciers is carried out to obtain a variable indicative of the presence and absence of permafrost conditions. Then a Linear Mixed-Effects Model (LMEM) is used to determine the spatial distribution of Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAATs), which is then used as one of the predictors of permafrost occurrence. Later, a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) with a logistic link function is used to predict permafrost occurrence in debris surfaces within the study area. Within the study area, 3575 rock glaciers were inventoried. Of these, 1075 were classified as active, 493 as inactive, 343 as intact and 1664 as relict forms, based on visual interpretation of satellite imagery. Many of the rock glaciers (~60-80%) are situated at positive MAAT, and the number of rock glaciers at negative MAAT greatly decreases from north to south. The results of spatial temperature distribution modeling indicated that the temperature changes by -0.71°C per each 100 m increase in altitude, and that there is a 4°C temperature difference between the northern and southern part of the study area. The altitudinal position of the 0°C MAAT isotherm is situated at ~4250 m a.s.l. in the northern (29°S) section and drops latitudinally to ~4000 m a.s.l. in the southern section (32°S) of the study area. For permafrost modeling purposes, 1911 rock glaciers (active, inactive and intact forms) were categorized into the class indicative of permafrost presence and 1664 (relict forms) as non-permafrost. The predictors MAAT and Potential Incoming Solar Radiation (PISR) and their nonlinear interaction were modeled by the GAM using LOESS smoothing function. A temperature offset term was applied to reduce the overestimation of permafrost occurrence in debris surface areas due to the use of rock glaciers as permafrost proxies. The dependency between the predictor variables shows that a high amount of PISR has a greater effect at positive MAAT levels than in negative ones. The GAM for permafrost distribution achieved an acceptable discrimination capability between permafrost classes (area under the ROC curve ~0.76). Considering a permafrost probability score (PPS) ≥ 0.5 and excluding steep bedrock and glacier surfaces, mountain permafrost can be potentially present in up to about 6.8% (2636 km2) of the study area, whereas with a PPS ≥ 0.75, the potential permafrost area decreases to 2.7% (1051 km2). Areas with the highest PPS are spatially concentrated in the north section of the study area where altitude rises considerably (the Huasco and Elqui watersheds), while permafrost is almost absent in the southern section where the topography is considerably lower (Limarí and Choapa watersheds). This research shows that the potential mountain permafrost distribution can be spatially modeled using topoclimatic information and rock glacier inventories. Furthermore, the results have provided the first local estimation of permafrost distribution in the semi-arid Chilean Andes. The results obtained can be used for local environmental planning and to aid future research in periglacial topics.

The aim of this research was to investigate the genesis and the features of the thermic and hygrometric field of the air in the city of Caldas Novas. From a geographical point of view, it was searched to understand the relation between the urban space with the climatic elements, starting from a topoclimatic and microclimatic characterization in the area of study. It is involving thus a diagnosis supported for the whole of information, essential for the elaboration of possible prognostics. It was searched a theoretical backup in the jobs developed by several researchers of the subject, specially in Monteiro (1975) and Mendonça (1994; 2003). The data collection in field enclosed the installation of fixed stands and mobile taking and it was done in two stages: the first one in the winter, was extended between July 21st and 30th of 2.008 (mobile transect) and September 6th and 7th in the same year (fixed stands). The second stage was realized in the summer of 2.009, between March 9th and 18th (mobile transect) and between March 21st and 22nd (fixed stands). The meteorological station of INMET located in Morrinhos (GO) was used as local controller of the climatic elements. The obtained data were analyzed in a comparative way, in chronological sequence, considering the meteorological of the day, associated to the kind of weather and the space features. The results permitted to detect that the urban area of Caldas Novas not always shows higher temperatures in regard to its rural environment or the peripheric areas to the city. In the internal space occurred modifications in the variations of the climatic elements between districts and streets, sometimes associated to urban features (buildings size, density of soil occupation, presence or not of vegetation, etc.), sometimes to natural factors (topography, orientation of declivity, atmospheric systems, kinds of weather etc.). So, it was verified that the structure and the special arrangement of the consonant districts in the local features and the air circulation influenced in the environmental quality and of thermic well-being of the city. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a gênese e as características do campo térmico e higrométrico do ar na cidade de Caldas Novas. A partir de um ponto de vista geográfico, buscou-se compreender a relação do espaço urbano com os elementos climáticos, a partir de uma caracterização topoclimática e microclimática na área em estudo. Envolvendo, portanto, um diagnóstico apoiado no conjunto de informações, essencial na elaboração de possíveis prognósticos. Buscou-se respaldo teórico nos trabalhos desenvolvidos por diversos pesquisadores da área, notadamente em Monteiro (1975) e Mendonça (1994; 2003). A coleta de dados em campo incluiu a instalação de postos fixos e tomadas móveis e foi realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, no inverno, se estendeu entre os dias 21 e 30 de julho de 2008 (transecto móvel) e dias 6 e 7 de setembro do mesmo ano (postos fixos). A segunda etapa foi realizada no verão de 2009, entre 9 e 18 de março (transecto móvel) e entre 21 e 22 de março (postos fixos). A estação meteorológica do INMET, sediada em Morrinhos (GO), foi utilizada como controle local dos elementos climáticos. Os dados produzidos foram analisados de forma comparativa, em seqüência cronológica, considerando as condições meteorológicas do dia, associados ao tipo de tempo e às características do espaço. Os resultados permitiram detectar que a área urbana de Caldas Novas nem sempre apresenta temperaturas mais elevadas em relação ao seu entorno rural ou às áreas periféricas à cidade. No espaço interno ocorreram modificações nas variações dos elementos climáticos entre bairros e ruas, ora associadas a fatores urbanos (porte dos edifícios, densidade de ocupação do solo, presença ou não de vegetação etc.), ora a fatores naturais (topografia, orientação das vertentes, sistemas atmosféricos, tipos de tempo etc.). Assim, constatou-se que a estrutura e o arranjo espacial dos bairros consoantes às características locais e de circulação do ar, influenciaram na qualidade ambiental e de conforto térmico da cidade. / Mestre em Geografia

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:26:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdmilsonGCJ_TESE.pdf: 1238641 bytes, checksum: c62279e4779d7be7e1b7cf7803e4392c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The overall objective of this study was to assess the impacts that climate change may lead to the development and evapotranspiration of maize and cowpea in the Brazilian semiarid region. The study was conducted in the municipalities of Apodi, Ipanguaçu and Mossoro, the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The determination of crop evapotranspiration, in its different phases, was held by lysimeters of weighing. To check the influence of climate change on culture water consumption were simulated changes in the temperature and relative humidity of the air, through the PRECIS climate model. We evaluated two scenarios of emissions based on the report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: a pessimist called A2 and optimistic B2. The corn crop coefficient suffered greater influence of climate change, because culture has a higher size compared to the reference culture thereby its aerodynamic properties were more influenced by the reduction in relative humidity simulated by the model. Temperatures will be well above the limit tolerated by crops, which could have a negative impact on their development and productivity. With rising temperatures, both cultures have their reduced cycle. The reduction in the cycle also cause a decrease in the total evaporation of the cultures. With the additions expected in air temperature and the decrease in relative humidity , the daily evapotranspiration rate will be higher and will direct effect on irrigation systems, because even occurring a reduction in total evapotranspiration , will require a greater intensity of irrigation to meet the daily demand of crops / O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi verificar os impactos que as mudanças climáticas podem provocar sobre o desenvolvimento e a evapotranspiração do milho e do feijão-caupi, no semiárido brasileiro. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nos municípios de Apodi, Ipanguaçu e Mossoró, pertencentes ao estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A determinação da evapotranspiração da cultura, em suas diferentes fases, foi realizada através de lisímetros de pesagem. Para verificar a influência das mudanças climáticas sobre o consumo hídrico da cultura foram simuladas alterações na temperatura e na umidade relativa do ar, através do modelo climático PRECIS. Foram avaliados dois cenários de emissões baseados no relatório do IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change): um pessimista denominado A2 e um otimista B2. O coeficiente de cultivo do milho sofreu maior influência das mudanças climáticas, pois a cultura apresenta um porte mais elevado, em comparação com a cultura de referência, com isso, suas propriedades aerodinâmicas foram mais influenciadas pela redução da umidade relativa simulada pelo modelo. As temperaturas ficarão muito acima do limite tolerado pelas culturas, o que poderá repercutir negativamente no seu desenvolvimento e consequentemente no rendimento. Com o aumento nas temperaturas, ambas as culturas terão seus ciclos reduzidos. A redução no ciclo também provocará uma diminuição na evapotranspiração total das culturas. Com os acréscimos esperados na temperatura do ar e a redução na umidade relativa, a taxa diária da evapotranspiração ficará maior e apresentará efeito direto sobre os sistemas de irrigação, pois mesmo ocorrendo uma redução na evapotranspiração total, necessitarão de uma maior intensidade de irrigação para atender a demanda diária das culturas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1612.pdf: 2927282 bytes, checksum: 0156961dd061931755aa12339ca3139f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-09 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Thermal comfort is specifically related to thermal behavior in response to both indoor and outdoor air temperature. Human thermal acceptability to climate changes and its effects depend on several aspects. It relies not only on local climatic conditions, but also on personal traits which can interfere seriously with thermal preferences as well as with someone s mental and physical performance. The combination of these factors determines the human thermal acceptability and the satisfaction degree in relation to a specific environment. The more those conditions vary, the higher the percentage of dissatisfied people with an environment is, due to personal requirements of each person. Thus, meeting those expectations of thermal comfort, considering people s needs and limitations, has been an important subject of studies in this field highlighting its importance when planning, designing, and constructing a building. Therefore, human thermal preferences and thermal sensations to hot and cold environments are essential information to various activity sectors because comfort and human performances depend directly on environmental thermal conditions. Since architecture, mainly buildings, is intended for humans, it can be said that it should satisfy its occupants, regarding local climate conditions. In order to have this, it s necessary to determine the comfort temperatures in which people develop better their work activities, optimizing their mental, physical, and intellectual well being. This research consists of a theoretical analytical study of the international large database, compiled by ASHRAE (1997), combining climate conditions with human thermal preferences and sensations. The methodology used by Richard De Dear (1997) in the RP-884 ASHRAE s project was the probit procedure using SAS software, release 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 1999) to the optimum temperatures obtained, and linear regression to the acceptable comfort limits of the population studied. The comfort limits obtained demonstrate the ratio between occupants comfort temperature and the outdoor temperature, featuring fluctuations of 80% to 90% of thermal acceptability in well-ventilated buildings. The aim of this study is to interpret the method adopted by Richard De Dear (1997) and apply it to the data resulting from the large ASHRAE (2004) Database to understand how the comfort temperatures (optimum temperatures) and the thermal acceptability were obtained for a group of people under predetermined indoor thermal conditions in well- ventilated buildings. The Probit analysis indicates the optimum temperature is 25ºC approximated, exactly 0,5 probability responses, that is, 50% interviewees. In the face the obtained results, it s succeeded the Probit analysis applicability has a great efficacy method to binary variable probability study and determination, which points out two interesting situations to research / O termo conforto térmico abrange muitos fatores do comportamento térmico subjetivo na relação com o clima interno e externo. A aceitabilidade térmica do homem aos efeitos do clima depende de vários aspectos, não só das condições climáticas do local, mas também de fatores pessoais que podem interferir significativamente nas suas preferências térmicas, bem como no rendimento físico e mental do seu organismo. A interação destes dois grupos de fatores determina o grau de satisfação e aceitabilidade térmica do homem em relação a um determinado ambiente. Quanto maior a variação destas condições, maior será a porcentagem de insatisfeitos em um ambiente, devido às exigências pessoais de cada indivíduo. Assim, atender as expectativas do homem em relação ao conforto térmico, considerando suas necessidades e limitações, tem sido um dos focos de estudos nesta área, que destaca a importância do tema no planejamento, projeto e execução de edificações. As sensações e preferências térmicas humanas em relação ao calor e ao frio, portanto, constituem informação indispensável para inúmeros setores de atividades, pois o conforto e o desempenho humano dependem diretamente das condições térmicas dos ambientes. Sendo a arquitetura, em particular o edifício, feito para o homem, conclui-se que este deve atender satisfatoriamente ao usuário, dentro das condições climáticas locais. Para isto, é necessário conhecer as temperaturas de conforto sob as quais o homem melhor desenvolve suas atividades de trabalho, otimizando seu bem-estar físico, intelectual e mental. Esta pesquisa consiste em um estudo teórico analítico da ampla base internacional de dados, compilada pela ASHRAE (1997), relacionando condições climáticas do ar e sensações e preferências térmicas humanas. A metodologia utilizada por Richard De Dear (1997) no projeto ASHRAE RP-884 foi o procedimento probit no software SAS, versão 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 1999) para as temperaturas preferidas obtidas, e de regressão linear para os limites de conforto aceitáveis pela população avaliada. Estes limites de conforto resultantes expressam a relação entre temperatura de conforto do usuário e temperatura externa do ar, apresentando variações de 80% e 90% de aceitabilidade térmica, em edifícios naturalmente ventilados. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é interpretar o método adotado por De Dear (1997) e aplicá-lo nos dados obtidos da ampla Base de Dados da ASHRAE (2004), como fim de entender como foram obtidas as temperaturas de conforto (temperaturas preferidas) e a aceitabilidade térmica de pessoas submetidas a determinadas condições térmicas internas, em ambientes naturalmente ventilados. Os resultados da análise Probit mostram que a temperatura preferida é aproximadamente 25ºC, a exatamente 0,5 de probabilidade de respostas, ou seja, 50% dos entrevistados. Diante dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se a aplicabilidade da análise Probit, como um método de grande eficácia para o estudo e a determinação de probabilidades de variáveis binárias, as quais apontam duas situações de interesse para a pesquisa

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-21T22:25:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Maria_da_Graca_Pereira_Pimentel.pdf: 1105022 bytes, checksum: a8ce676040253811180c0351efada9a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-21T22:44:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Maria_da_Graca_Pereira_Pimentel.pdf: 1105022 bytes, checksum: a8ce676040253811180c0351efada9a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T22:44:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Maria_da_Graca_Pereira_Pimentel.pdf: 1105022 bytes, checksum: a8ce676040253811180c0351efada9a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-18 / Sem bolsa / Um modelo de equações de regressão linear múltiplas, foi utilizado para realização de estimativas das temperaturas mínimas (Tmin) e máximas (Tmax) médias mensais do ar. As variáveis independentes adotadas como preditores, foram latitude, longitude e altitude e valores de temperaturas mínimas e máximas médias mensais da ar de noventa anos de dados (1913-1992) de quarenta estações meteorológicas de Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, como variáveis dependentes ou preditantes. A altitude influi significativamente na determinação das temperaturas mínimas e máximas. A latitude contribui em ambas de forma significativa mas atua mais intensamente sobre as temperaturas máximas. A longitude, é um fator pouco relevante e praticamente negligenciável sobre as temperaturas mínimas mas sobre as temperaturas máximas é mais intenso. O modelo faz boas estimativas das temperaturas mínimas e máximas, com exceção de alguns meses, e para algumas estações, nas quais o efeito da oceanidade/continentalidade se manifesta. Os baixos dos coeficientes de correlação para as temperaturas máximas nas sub-séries 30 A, 30 B e 30 C indicam que as estimativas mais eficientes devem considerar séries longas de dados. O modelo realizou boas estimativas das temperaturas mínimas e máximas médias mensais apresentando pequenos erros absolutos. / Multiple linear regression model equations, to estimate the average monthly minimum (Tmin) and maximum air temperature (Tmax), were established using latitude, longitude and altitude as independent variables and 90 years (1913-2002) of minimum and maximun average monthly air temperature data from forty meteorological stations, situated in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) as dependent variables. The altitude shows a great influence in minimum and maximum air temperature. The latitude makes contribution in both, but more strongly over maximum temperatures. The longitude, is a low relevant factor and practically negligenceable about the minimum temperatures but in the maximum temperarures is more relevant. The model make very good estimations of minimum and maximum temperatures, except for some months, and to some meteorological stations in which the continental-oceanic effect are present. The smaller values of correlations coefficients of the maximum temperatures in years interval 30 A, 30 B and 30 C subseries denote that the more efficient estimations have to include long series of data.

Air temperature and soil water are major abiotic factors that affect plants growth and development. The objectives of this study were two: the first was to evaluate and compare two leaf number (NL) simulation models in Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) and Eucalyptus saligna (Smith) seedlings. The second was to quantify the influence of soil water deficit on transpiration and on some growth (plant height and stem diameter) and development (main stem leaf number) parameters in seedlings of these two eucalyptus species. To achieve these objectives, two experiments were carried out at the field reseach area, Crop Science Departament, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. One was a field experiment with nine sowing dates, and the other was a greenhouse experiment with two sowing dates. In the first experiment, the Wang e Engel model estimated better the NL, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.7 and 3.7 leaves compared with the phyllocron model which had an RMSE of 7.1 and 10.0 leaves for Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna, respectively. In the second experiment, the soil water was expressed as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) and the value of FTSW that beginning of stomata closure took place was 0,9 (CV2) or 0,7 (CV1) in Eucalyptus grandis and 0.7 in Eucalyptus saligna. These FTSW values are higher than FTSW values for many annual crops and some perennial species reported in the literature. Seedlings growth and developmental parameters decreased immediately after the start of soil water deficit, represented as FTSW, but it took several calendar days for water shortage symptoms to be visible in the plants. / Os fatores abióticos que mais afetam o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas são a temperatura do ar e a água no solo. Esse trabalho teve dois objetivos. O primeiro, foi avaliar e comparar dois modelos para a estimativa do número de folhas acumuladas na haste principal (NF) em mudas de Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) e Eucalyptus saligna (Smith). O segundo, foi quantificar a influência do déficit hídrico no solo sobre a transpiração e sobre alguns parâmetros de crescimento (altura de planta e diâmetro de caule) e desenvolvimento (NF) na fase de muda destas duas espécies de eucalipto. Para atingir estes objetivos foram instalados dois experimentos na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS (Santa Maria, RS). Um experimento foi conduzido a campo com nove épocas de semeadura e o outro foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com duas épocas de semeadura. No primeiro experimento, o modelo de Wang & Engel estimou melhor o NF que o modelo do Filocrono, com valor da raiz do quadrado médio do erro (RQME) de 2,7 e 3,7 folhas comparado com o RQME de 7,1 e 10 folhas para Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus saligna, respectivamente. No segundo experimento, a água no solo foi representada pela fração de água transpirável no solo (FATS) e o valor de FATS em que ocorreu o início do fechamento estomático foi 0,9 (CV2) ou 0,7 (CV1) para Eucalyptus grandis e 0,7 para Eucalyptus saligna, valor superior a muitas culturas anuais e algumas espécies perenes. As variáveis de crescimento e desenvolvimento foram afetadas logo no início da aplicação da deficiência hídrica em FATS, porém os sintomas da deficiência hídrica demoraram para aparecer levando em consideração os dias do calendário civil.

This thesis' topics are measurements of climate's continentality and evaluations of relations between various indexes of thermic and ombric continentalities. All indexes are plotted on continentality maps of Europe created using the ArcGIS application. Important part of the thesis consists of practical validation of relevancy of the new method for measuring degree of continentality based on research of phase shift (delay) of annual temperature diagram in relation to the sum of extraterrestrial radiation. This thesis deals mainly with the proof of closest relation between newly purposed index of thermic continentality and the pre-existing ombric indexes in comparison to the indexes of thermic continentality currently in use. Furthermore the thesis dwells into explanations of causes for territorial differences in new continentality index values related to circulatory and radiatory ratios of the Indian summer subseason. By examining the newly purposed index of thermic continentality in various latitudes it was determined that this method for measuring continentality is not applicable for several areas of subtropical zone where the temperature diagram is not majorly effected by solar radiation but instead by other factors. Therefore the results of this thesis include cartographic representation of the...

Abstract This thesis studies the long-term relation between the solar wind driven energetic particle forcing into the atmosphere and the tropospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere winter. The work covers the period of more than one hundred years since the turn of the 20th century to present. The thesis makes a statistical analysis of satellite measurements of precipitating energetic electrons, sunspot number data and geomagnetic activity, and compares them with temperature and pressure measurements made at the Earth's surface. Recent results, both observational and from chemistry climate models, have indicated significant effects in the Earth's middle atmosphere due to the energetic electrons precipitating from the magnetosphere. These effects include the formation of reactive hydrogen and nitrogen oxides in the high latitude mesosphere and the depletion of ozone caused by them. Ozone is a radiatively active and important gas, which affects the thermal structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere. Accordingly, the depletion of ozone can intensify the large scale stratospheric circulation pattern called the polar vortex. Winter weather conditions on the surface have been shown to be dependent on the polar vortex strength. This thesis shows that there is a significant relation between the average fluxes of medium energy (ten to hundred keVs) precipitating electrons and surface temperatures in parts of the Northern Hemisphere in winter time. Temperatures are positively correlated with electron fluxes in North Eurasia and negatively correlated in Greenland during the period 1980-2010 which is covered by direct satellite observations of precipitating particles. This difference is especially notable when major sudden stratospheric warmings and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), which both are known to affect the polar vortex strength, are taken into account. When extended to the late 19th century, the analysis shows that a similar temperature pattern is predominated during the declining phase of the sunspot cycle. The high speed solar wind streams and energetic particle precipitation typically maximize also at the declining phase of the solar cycle. This specific temperature pattern is related to the variability of the northern annular mode (NAM), which is the most significant circulation pattern in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Before the space era, geomagnetic activity measured by ground observations can be used as a proxy for energetic particle precipitation. Earlier studies have found a significant positive correlation between geomagnetic activity and NAM since the 1960s. We find that, when the QBO measured at 30 hPa height is in the easterly phase, a positive correlation is extended to the beginning of 1900s. We also show that high geomagnetic activity causes a stronger effect in the Northern Hemisphere winter than high sunspot activity, especially in the Atlantic and Eurasia. A comprehensive knowledge of the Earth's climate system and all its drivers is crucial for the future projection of climate. Solar variability effects have been estimated to produce only a small factor to the global climate change. However, there is increasing evidence, including the results presented in this thesis, that the different forms of solar variability can have a substantial effect to regional and seasonal climate variability. With this new evidence, the solar wind related particle effects in the atmosphere are now gaining increasing attention. These effects will soon be included in the next coupled model inter comparison project (CMIP6) as an additional solar related climate effect. This emphasizes the relevance of this thesis.