Thesis (M. S.)--Industrial Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Roberts, David P., Committee Member ; Ringholz, David A., Committee Member ; Chung, Wayne C., Committee Chair.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Increasing air traffic and urbanisation has led to a cluttered airspace, particularly near airports, where both complex terrain and multiple moving obstacles are frequent. Accurately and efficiently predicting violations in safe separation criteria for commercial aircraft, a process called conflict detection, is therefore crucial in assessing risk associated with threats of collision. Existing avoidance systems in operation such as TCAS, EGPWS and ATC exhibit shortcomings, leaving room for uncertainty and possible conflict scenarios. A single on-board system capable of minimising errors in prediction would inform conflict resolution decisions more accurately as well as support the notion of free flight, an objective of next-generation air traffic management systems. This thesis investigates the viability of a modern algorithm, probability flow, as a method of probabilistic conflict detection for commercial aircraft in airport environments. Simulation results for realistic flight scenarios are presented in comparison with a ground-truth result obtained through Monte Carlo simulation. Observations are made regarding the suitability of probability flow for real-world application. It is found that probability flow is capable of calculating a tight upper bound to the probability of conflict quickly and accurately for most conflict scenarios. However, unreasonably large overestimates on the probability of conflict are obtained when flying parallel to an obstacle conflict region. This problem could lead to a high frequency of false alerts, particularly in aborted landing scenarios and at airports operating parallel runways. It is therefore advised that further research be conducted to resolve this problem before probability flow can be reliably implemented in an airport environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toenemende lugverkeer en verstedeliking het gelei tot ‘n deurmekaar lugruim, veral naby lughawens, waar beide komplekse terrein en verskeie bewegende struikelblokke gereeld voorkom. Akkuraat en doeltreffende voorspelling van oortredings in veilige skeidingskriteria vir kommersiële vliegtuie, naamlik konflik opsporing, is dus van kardinale belang in die beoordeling van die risiko wat verband hou met dreigemente van ‘n botsing. Bestaande vermyding stelsels in werking soos TCAS, EGPWS en ATC toon tekortkominge, wat ruimte laat vir onsekerheid en moontlike konflik scenario’s. ‘n Enkele aanboordstelsel, wat in staat is om foute in voorspelling te verminder, sou konflikresolusie besluite meer akkuraat in kennis stel, asook om die idee van vrye vlug te ondersteun, ‘n doelwit van toekomstige lugverkeer beheerstelsels. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die lewensvatbaarheid van ‘n moderne algoritme, waarskynlikheidsvloei, as ‘n metode van probabilistiese konflik opsporing vir kommersiële vliegtuie in die lughawens omgewing. Simulasie resultate vir realistiese vlug scenario’s word aangebied in vergelyking met ‘n grond-waarheid resultaat wat verkry word deur middel van Monte Carlo simulasie. Waarnemings word gemaak ten opsigte van die geskiktheid van waarskynlikheidsvloei vir die werklikheid. Dit is bevind dat waarskynlikheidsvloei in staat is om die berekening van ‘n stywe bogrens tot die waarskynlikheid van konflik vinnig en akkuraat te bepaal vir die meeste konflik scenario’s. Tog is daar ‘n onredelike groot oorskatting op die waarskynlikheid van konflik wat verkry word wanneer ‘n vliegtuig parallel met ‘n hindernis konflik streek vlieg. Hierdie probleem kan lei tot ‘n hoë frekwensie van valse waarskuwings, veral in mislukte landing scenario’s en by lughawens wat van parallel aanloopbane gebruik maak. Dit word dus aanbeveel dat verdere navorsing gedoen word om die probleem op te los voordat waarskynlikheidsvloei betroubaar in ’n lughawe omgewing geïmplementeer word.

Esta pesquisa de mestrado aborda o projeto geométrico de aeródromos a partir dos padrões e recomendações da ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) e da FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). Os padrões e recomendações da ICAO foram extraídos do documento Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation e de documentos por ele referenciados. Para o caso da FAA, serviu de base o documento Airport Design: Advisory Circular 150/5300-13, incluindo-se aqueles nele referenciados e considerados pertinentes ao escopo do estudo. Seguindo-se uma estrutura de critérios de projeto proposta, os padrões e recomendações da ICAO e da FAA são comparados entre si, explicitando-se as diferenças nas especificações em si e também na forma como estas especificações são feitas por cada norma. Para o caso em que comparações diretas não são possíveis, as comparações são feitas a partir de um conjunto de aeronaves com características conhecidas. No caso dos critérios cuja avaliação é mais complexa, equacionamentos matemáticos são propostos. Apresenta-se também uma série de flexibilizações dos padrões, as quais são voltadas à acomodação das aeronaves A380-800 e B747-8 em aeroportos existentes. Estas flexibilizações provêm das conclusões do A380 Airport Compatibility Group (AACG) e do Boeing 747-8 Airport Compatibility Group (BACG), no caso dos padrões da ICAO. Para a as flexibilizações dos padrões da FAA, servem de base os Engineering Briefs (EBs) por ela emitidos. Finalmente, com base nos critérios de projeto considerados, é feita uma análise do Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo/Guarulhos quanto à operação das aeronaves A380-800 e B747-8. / This Master Thesis tackles aerodrome geometric design according to the standards and recommended practices from the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). ICAO standards and recommended practices are from the document Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation and from the referred documents. In turn, FAA documents herein addressed are the Airport Design: Advisory Circular 150/5300-13 and others referred in this one. By following a proposed design criteria framework, ICAO and FAA standards and recommended practices are compared. From such comparison, it is shown the differences in specifications itself and also in the way by which ICAO and FAA specify their standards. For the cases where direct comparisons are not possible, it is used a set of aircrafts of known characteristics. For the most complex design criteria, mathematical equations are also proposed. Another addressed issue is the flexibilization of design standards, which aims the accommodation of A380-800 and B747-8 aircrafts at existing airports. The ICAO flexibilizations are made from conclusions of the A380 Airport Compatibility Group (AACG) and the Boeing 747-8 Airport Compatibility Group (BACG). FAA flexibilizations are from this same agency, namely through EBs (Engineering Briefs). Lastly, the addressed design criteria are applied to analyse the operation of A380-800 and B747-8 aircrafts at São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport.

Os terminais aeroportuários de passageiros, como um tipo de edifício que nasceu há apenas um século, têm se apresentado, ao longo do tempo, através de soluções muito diversificadas, que revelam a grande dificuldade de se ajustar às necessidades impostas pela aviação e o transporte aéreo em sua extraordinária e contínua evolução, desde os primeiros tempos até os dias atuais. Os principais tipos de solução que foram se cristalizando nesse período e aos quais se está designando como conceitos operacionais, representam um significativo patrimônio técnico e constituem-se em bases iniciais importantes para a arquitetura dos terminais aeroportuários. No entanto, os conceitos operacionais não abrangem todos os aspectos que dizem respeito à disciplina arquitetura, tanto em âmbito geral, quanto no que especificamente se relaciona com esse tipo de edifício. Muitos outros aspectos devem ser considerados, entre os quais, destacam-se os relacionados com a identidade e o lugar que, mais do que em qualquer outro tipo de edifício, devem estar presentes na arquitetura dos terminais de passageiros. / Airport passenger terminals, even though a building type born only one hundred years ago, have been the target, throughout the time, of much different solutions, a fact that reveal the great difficulties to adjust to aviation and air transport demands in constant and extraordinary evolution, from the early years to nowadays. The most meaningful design solutions that have been consolidated in time, which have been established as functional concepts, offer an important technical legacy, as well as starting points for the architectural decisions concerning passenger terminals. However, these concepts cannot enclose all aspects regarding to the architectural problem of airport passenger terminals. Many other aspects must be taken into consideration, especially those related to the concepts of identity and place, which must be present in the architecture of passenger terminals, more than in the architecture of any other building type.

M.Comm. (Accounting) / The emphasis given to narrative disclosure in corporate reporting, both in South Africa and internationally, has greatly increased in recent years. A major example of this was the issuance of The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (hereafter Conceptual Framework 2010) by the International Accounting Standards Board (hereafter IASB) in 2010. The Conceptual Framework was developed using the objective of financial reporting as a foundation (IASB, 2010a: par-OB1). In 2010, the IASB issued an International Financial Reporting Standard (hereafter IFRS) Practice Statement known as ‘Management Commentary – A framework for presentation’ (hereafter IFRS Practice Statement on Management Commentary). The IFRS Practice statement on Management Commentary defines management commentary as “a narrative report that provides a context within which to interpret the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. It also provides management with an opportunity to explain its objectives and its strategies for achieving those objectives” (IASB, 2010b: par-IN3).

This thesis is an examination of the problems that may arise from the location of S.T.O.L. airports within urbanized areas. The role of air transportation as a passenger travel mode is considered and the problems facing the existing air transportation system are explored. The potential role of S.T.O.L. aircraft within the air transportation system is examined in detail. Additionally, the benefits that may accrue from the use of S.T.O.L. aircraft in a regional air transport system are discussed extensively. The criteria to be used when looking for potential S.T.O.L. airport sites are examined in detail. These criteria are applied to three potential S.T.O.L. airport sites within the Vancouver urban area. In some cases the locational criteria were found to be difficult to operationalize. Data on community reaction to noise exposure is inadequate and noise standards are difficult to apply on a wide basis. The concept of land use compatibility around airports is useful but only to the extent that it does not obscure the fact that aircraft operations can cause community disruptions beyond the boundaries of the so-called compatible land uses. With specific reference to Vancouver, the available data indicates, that on the average, very little terminal access or egress time will be saved if a S.T.O.L. airport were built at a suitable location between the existing airport and the downtown area. Finally, the paper concludes by suggesting that despite the fact that S.T.O.L. aircraft cannot bring substantial time savings to regional air passengers, a S.T.O.L. air service may mean that many of the regions under utilized conventional airports could be converted to S.T.O.L. airports and yeild substantial savings in the money used to maintain and operate the publically owned airports in the province. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The main idea of this diploma thesis is to investigate the influence of the selected Czech airports on tourism. The first part of this thesis is an analysis of international and domestic tourism in the Czech Republic. The next section investigates selected airports focusing on those which provide tourism services to the areas. The last part of this thesis shows the influence of airport costs and location on the inflow and outflow of tourists. This part also looks into the preference of the population being served by the airports.

[pt] A técnica de simulação tem sido largamente utilizada como uma ferramenta no processo de tomada de decisão. O presente trabalho propõe o uso dessa ferramenta para avaliar o desempenho atual do Aeroporto Internacional do Rio de Janeiro Antônio Carlos Jobim (Galeão) no que se refere à movimentação de chegadas e de saídas de aeronaves, estimando, entre outras medidas, o ponto de saturação do Aeroporto, e conseqüentemente avaliar o nível de serviço prestado atualmente, visando, caso necessário, propor alterações em sua infraestrutura. O software utilizado na simulação é apresentado e explicado detalhadamente a fim de descrever a seqüência de procedimentos adotados para a obtenção dos resultados desse estudo. Para estimação dos parâmetros necessários na simulação, serão utilizados dados atuais, em forma de séries de tempo, referentes aos processos de movimentação de aeronaves no Aeroporto do Galeão, bem como dados sobre infraestrutura disponível no local. / [en] The simulation technique has been widely used as a tool in the decision making process. The present work proposes the use of this tool to evaluate the current performance of the International Airport of Rio de Janeiro Antonio Carlos Jobim (Galeão) concerning the aircraft movements of arrivals and departures, estimating, among other measures, the saturation point of the airport, and consequently evaluating the current level of service provided, aiming, if necessary, to propouse modifications in its infrastructure. The software used in the simulation is presented and explained in details in order to describe the sequence of procedures adopted to obtain the results of this study. For the estimation of the necessary parameters in the simulation, recent data, in the form of time series, of the aircraft movement procedures in the Galeão Airport, will be used as well as local infrastructure data locally available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-203). / In order to support the development of improved methods for departure operations, the flow constraints and their causalities --primarily responsible for inefficiencies and delays-- need to be identified. This thesis is an effort to identify such flow constraints and gain a deep understanding of the departure process underlying dynamics based on field observations and analysis conducted at Boston Logan International Airport. It was observed that the departure process forms a complex interactive queuing system and is highly controlled by the air traffic controllers. Therefore, Flow constraints were identified with airport resources (runways, taxiways, ramp and gates) and with air traffic controllers due to their workload and control strategies. While departure delays were observed in all airport components, flow constraints manifested mainly at the runway system, where the longest delays and queues concentrated. Major delays and inefficiencies were also observed due to flow constraints at National Air Space locations downstream of the airport, which propagate back and block the departure flow from the airport. The air traffic controllers' main strategies in managing the traffic and dealing with the flow constraints were also identified. / (cont.) Based on these observations, a core departure process abstraction was posed consisting of a queuing element (representing the delays) and a control element (representing the air traffic controller actions). The control element represents blocking the aircraft flow, to maintain safe airport operation according to Air Traffic Control procedures and to regulate the outbound flow to constrained downstream resources. Based on this physical abstraction, an analytical queuing framework was developed and used to analyze the departure process dynamics under three different scenarios: the overall process between pushback and takeoff, departure sub-processes between controller/pilot communication events and under downstream restrictions. Passing which results mainly from aircraft sequencing and their suspension under special circumstances (such as downstream restrictions) was used as a manifestation of the control behavior. It was observed that Logan Airport exhibits high uncertainty and limited sequencing, hindering the air traffic controllers' ability to efficiently manage the traffic and comply with restrictions. In conclusion, implications for improved methods for departure operations are inferred from the observations and analysis. / by Husni Rifat Idris. / Ph.D.

An airport is an important piece of infrastructure in air transportation system. This project focuses on measuring and ranking the efficiency of airports in the United States using the basic DEA, Ranking DEA, Goal programming and DEA and TOPSIS. In general, airport authorities of relatively inefficient airports are trying to benchmark the operational strategies of efficient airports. This project focuses on evaluating hub airports in the United States. ATL, LAX, and MEM airports are relatively efficient among forty four hub airports in the United States based on the performances and airport facilities of the 2000 year when the results of all applied methods in this project, the basic DEA ranking, the Cross Efficiency ranking, the Andersen-Petersen ranking and TOPSIS ranking method, are compared. The implication of this project is that airport authorities in the United States would benchmark these three airports to maximize operation and management efficiency for their airports. In general, most of the airports are handling passengers and freight. Therefore, ATL and LAX would be the most efficient hub airports in the United States. The capacities of airport facilities and more appropriate input data like financial data should be considered in the follow up research. / Master of Science