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Alcohol consumption, the third largest contributing risk factor towards global morbidity, has increased in the past 5 years despite global calls for action to reduce its significant impact on public health. Compared to most developed nations, Hong Kong has been shown to have lower levels of alcohol consumption by previously conducted research. However, Hong Kong’s low alcohol taxes, wide availability of alcohol, and lax restrictions on marketing practices have the potential to increase the prevalence of alcohol use and binge drinking particularly among young adults 18-25 of age, lending them towards increased risks of neurological damage, unsafe sex, intentional and unintentional injuries, and impacts on school and work performance in addition to chronic health harms in the future. This thesis employs a mixed-methods approach to comprehensively examine the behavioral and environmental contexts of Chinese young adult drinking behavior, as well as to generate feasible, effective strategies at the health promotion and policy levels to reduce alcohol-related harm among this population subgroup. / Cantonese-speaking young adults of Hong Kong (n=684) were invited between April and September 2011 to participate in a cross-sectional random telephone survey, during which they were asked about their drinking patterns and perceptions on a set of alcohol expectancy statements. Twelve focus groups (n=63) were then conducted between June 2012 – May 2013 to explore individual motivations to drink as well as possible environmental and social facilitating factors. A series of interviews conducted in January – April 2014 with key policy stakeholders, including representatives of law enforcement, education, government, food and beverage sectors, non-governmental organizations, and the alcohol industry, (n=16) then aimed to produce appropriate, actionable policies and interventions which can be undertaken as a means to reduce alcohol-related harm among young adults in Hong Kong. / At the behavioural level, positive outcome expectancies were found to be significantly associated with various levels of alcohol use. Those who held social facilitation of drinking to a high regard were significantly more likely (OR=6.67; 95% CI: 2.87,15.49) to have had at least one binge drinking episode in the past month. Qualitative investigations also illustrated drinking among Hong Kong young adults as heavily focused on planned socializing and self-presentation in personal and business situations, and further enabled by the availability of local drinking games and granting and losing face, a Chinese cultural concept based on dignity with competitive undertones. Drinking occasions were also facilitated by the convenience of bars and lounges, viewed as accommodating alternatives to homes for social gatherings. Point-of sale promotions providing inexpensive or free drinks further strengthened alcohol use as a convenient and normal practice among young adults. / Instead of adopting strategies to limit access to alcohol as recommended by global alcohol experts, key policy stakeholders of alcohol issues in Hong Kong expressed preference for softer approaches such as health education campaigns to properly inform young adults about the physical harms of alcohol. For legislative actions, only those that aim to limit alcohol’s physical availability, restrictions on discounted drink specials, and bans on event-centric promotions were favored as viable options. / This series of studies marks the first attempt in alcohol research to comprehensively establish a profile of drinking behavior of Chinese young adults at individual, social, and environmental levels. Based on these findings, a deeper understanding of the previously unexplored cultural context of Chinese drinking, particularly those involving face-based interactions and business situations, is warranted in future behavioral research on alcohol use among this ethnic subgroup. Health campaigns and community interventions challenging the perceives social benefits of drinking among young adults may be useful at the community level in reducing alcohol-relates harms among Chinese youth, but further research is required to ascertain their actual effectiveness in Hong Kong. The government-endorsed Liquor Licensing Board may also expand its current role in limiting the physical availability of alcohol in Hong Kong by imposing a licensing system on outlets that sell alcohol for consumption outside of their premises (off-premise sales), and restricting point-of-sale promotions of alcoholic beverages at licensed venues. / 飲酒為全球發病率的第三大危險因素。儘管酒精危害對公共衛生的影響何其嚴重，世界在過去五年飲酒量始終持續上升的趨勢。傳統來說，香港飲酒的份量與大多數發達國家相對較低。然而，香港針對酒類飲品的價格、供應、和營銷的限制極為寬鬆，這種情況有機會增加18-25歲青少年飲酒和暴飲的流行性，神經損傷、不安全性行為、和蓄意及非蓄意的傷害的風險亦有機會因此增加，在學校和工作表現也會受到影響。有見及此，本論文內描述的研究旨在採取混合研究方式，分析青少年飲酒行為的個人和環境因素，導出在健康促進和政策層面內可行、有效的措施，從而減少香港青少年酒精相關危害。 / 本研究首先採用電話問卷方式於2011年四月至九月之間對本地青少年作一項橫斷式調查(n=684)，主要調查他們的酒精使用頻率以及對使用效果的期望。此外亦於2012年六月至2013年九月之間經十二組的焦點團體訪談(n=63)探討青少年使用酒精飲品的個人動機，以及任何社會或環境層面的促進因素和影響。最後是項研究於2014年一月至四月之間進行一系列的採訪(n=16)，了解相應持份者對在香港實施減少青少年酒精相關危害的社區或政策行動的可行性與預期影響。。 / 在行為層面上，飲酒正向使用效果的期望與各級酒精頻率顯著相關。對酒精在社交帶來的正面效果抱著頗高期望的人士更有較大機會於一個月內有暴飲的情況(OR = 6.67; 95% CI: 2.87,15.49)。質性調查亦顯示，香港青少年飲酒行為很大程度上圍繞於酒精在社交場面上的表現和自我映照所需的正面影響，並透過本地式飲酒遊戲和面子的基礎上進一步引生出競爭式暴飲行為。飲酒場合（例如酒吧及類似的休憩場所）的方便及舒適程度，更令他們取代住所成為社交聯歡的主要地點。酒精飲品的特惠和特別促銷活動亦經常提供廉價或免費的飲料，進一步加強了酒精使用於青少年群組當中成為一種方便及正常行為。 / 相對於國際酒精使用研究專家提出的適當策略來限制人們和酒精的接觸，相應持份者傾向採取較柔和的應對方法，例如健康教育活動以正確地告知青少年酒精對身體的危害。使用法律手法當中，只有管制酒精供應和禁止特惠及特別促銷活動是被看好為本地可行的選擇。 / 這一系列的研究代表了學術界中首次在個人、社會、和環境層面上探究中國的年輕人飲酒行為。根據是項研究的結果，未來中國人飲酒行為的研究可針對未曾探索的文化背景作更深層的了解，特別是涉及面子和為工作而需應酬的飲酒場合。針對青年人認為飲酒的社交效果的健康及社區教育計劃也可能是有效的干預方向，但仍需作進一步研究以確定在香港的有效性。政府認可的酒牌局也能擴大現有的管制系統來限制零售店舖的酒精供應，以及任何售酒處所的銷售方式。本論文亦基於研究結果對未來行為的研究、健康促進的實踐、和政策發展的影響作進一步的討論。 / Wong, Ho Cheuk Alvin. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 194-230). / Abstracts and appendixes also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 18, October, 2016). / Wong, Ho Cheuk Alvin. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

BABES (Beginning Alcohol and Addictions Basic Education Studies) is a drug and alcohol prevention program designed to provide children with un-biased, non-judgemental information concerning alcohol and drug use. The program includes elements of social skills training and empowers children to make informed decisions.The purpose of this study was three-fold: to study the reliability of the BABES instrument, to investigate the effectiveness of the BABES program by administering the BABES instrument and to determine how children's knowledge levels were affected by the program.One hundred and five children were randomly selected from two local day care centers and from Head Start of Delaware County, Indiana. Consents were obtained for 61 children. Preschoolers from Head Start children and from one of the day care centers completed the Pre-Attitude Assessment Inventory and the BABES test. The Pre-AAI was administered prior to BABES and immediately following the prevention program, whereas the BABES test was given at both of those times and also during a two-week follow-up assessment. Children from the other day care center were utilized to check the reliability of the BABES instrument. They received the BABES test two times.A MANOVA was used to analyze the pre, post-test, and follow-up scores on the BABES test. In addition, difference scores were calculated for the Pre-AAI to determine if a knowledge gain was present, and finally, a Pearson R correlation was conducted to determine the test-retest reliability of the BABES instrument.The results showed that the BABES instrument appears to be a fairly reliable instrument and that the children participating in BABES learned more AOD related concepts as presented in BABES than those children who were not exposed to the prevention program. However, children in the experimental group also experienced a negative knowledge gain of different types and/or behaviors associated with AODs. / Institute for Wellness

Orientador: José Manoel Bertolote / Banca: Florence Kerr-Corrêa / Banca: Rodrigo da Silva Dias / Resumo: As substâncias psicoativas, entre as quais o álcool, são consideradas um grande problema de saúde pública em praticamente todo o mundo, fato que não está sendo considerado com devida importância. De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, cerca de 40% da população mundial acima de 15 anos de idade morrem em decorrência das consequências graves deste uso. No Brasil, o álcool é a droga lícita mais consumida, sendo associada a danos no âmbito orgânico, psicológico e social. O alcoolismo, além de ser considerado patológico, está relacionado à uma alta taxa transgeracional, e as piores consequências estão ligadas ao alcoolismo paterno, de forma que os filhos destes podem apresentar um risco quatro vezes maior de se tornarem alcoolistas quando adultos, além de trazer riscos para o desenvolvimento de problemas comportamentais, psiquiátricos e dificuldades escolares, chegando a afetar o equilíbrio relacional da família. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa visa validar quantitativamente o instrumento Children of Alcoholic Screening Test (CAST) no Brasil, além de testar a relação entre alcoolismo dos pais e a pontuação do teste obtida pelos seus respectivos filhos, para que o mesmo possa ser utilizado por pessoal não especializado. Participaram desse estudo 45 crianças/adolescentes entre 10 anos completos e 18 anos incompletos. Concluímos que, de acordo com os resultados obtidos, o instrumento TEFA (tradução de CAST), é válido para ser usado no Brasil por pessoal não especializado, pois além de permitir nos levar até os pais alcoolistas antes que os mesmos estejam com problemas graves de saúde, também permite observar mais de perto esses filhos focando a prevenção do desenvolvimento de futuros problemas / Abstract: Psychoactive substances, including alcohol, are considered a major public health problem in almost all over the world, however it hasn't been given the proper importance it deserves. According to the World Health Organization, about 40% of the population of the world over the age of 15 die as a result of the serious consequences of this drinking. In Brazil, alcohol is the most used licit drug,and it is associated with harms to the body, to the mind and to the social context. Alcoholism is a disease with a high transgenerational rate, particularly in cases of paternal alcoholism, so that children of alcoholic fathers may have a four times higher risk of becoming alcoholics as adults, in addition to risks of developing behavioral, psychiatric problems and learning disabilities; it also can affect family relationship. The aim of this research is to validate quantitatively the Children of Alcoholic Screening Test (CAST) instrument in Brazil, besides testing the relation between parental alcoholism and the test scores obtained by their children, so it can be used by non-specialist staff. The test was performed in 45 children / adolescents within the 10 to 17 years age range. The results obtained indicate that TEFA (portuguese translation of CAST) is applicable in Brazil by non-specialist staff, helping to identify, through their children, alcoholic parents in early stages of their alcohol problems, and allowing also a closer follow up of these children in order to preventing the development of future problems / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-28. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:48:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000831204.pdf: 783723 bytes, checksum: 4e381ee684a0a1fc0f5ffd20c275dd08 (MD5) / As substâncias psicoativas, entre as quais o álcool, são consideradas um grande problema de saúde pública em praticamente todo o mundo, fato que não está sendo considerado com devida importância. De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, cerca de 40% da população mundial acima de 15 anos de idade morrem em decorrência das consequências graves deste uso. No Brasil, o álcool é a droga lícita mais consumida, sendo associada a danos no âmbito orgânico, psicológico e social. O alcoolismo, além de ser considerado patológico, está relacionado à uma alta taxa transgeracional, e as piores consequências estão ligadas ao alcoolismo paterno, de forma que os filhos destes podem apresentar um risco quatro vezes maior de se tornarem alcoolistas quando adultos, além de trazer riscos para o desenvolvimento de problemas comportamentais, psiquiátricos e dificuldades escolares, chegando a afetar o equilíbrio relacional da família. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa visa validar quantitativamente o instrumento Children of Alcoholic Screening Test (CAST) no Brasil, além de testar a relação entre alcoolismo dos pais e a pontuação do teste obtida pelos seus respectivos filhos, para que o mesmo possa ser utilizado por pessoal não especializado. Participaram desse estudo 45 crianças/adolescentes entre 10 anos completos e 18 anos incompletos. Concluímos que, de acordo com os resultados obtidos, o instrumento TEFA (tradução de CAST), é válido para ser usado no Brasil por pessoal não especializado, pois além de permitir nos levar até os pais alcoolistas antes que os mesmos estejam com problemas graves de saúde, também permite observar mais de perto esses filhos focando a prevenção do desenvolvimento de futuros problemas / Psychoactive substances, including alcohol, are considered a major public health problem in almost all over the world, however it hasn't been given the proper importance it deserves. According to the World Health Organization, about 40% of the population of the world over the age of 15 die as a result of the serious consequences of this drinking. In Brazil, alcohol is the most used licit drug,and it is associated with harms to the body, to the mind and to the social context. Alcoholism is a disease with a high transgenerational rate, particularly in cases of paternal alcoholism, so that children of alcoholic fathers may have a four times higher risk of becoming alcoholics as adults, in addition to risks of developing behavioral, psychiatric problems and learning disabilities; it also can affect family relationship. The aim of this research is to validate quantitatively the Children of Alcoholic Screening Test (CAST) instrument in Brazil, besides testing the relation between parental alcoholism and the test scores obtained by their children, so it can be used by non-specialist staff. The test was performed in 45 children / adolescents within the 10 to 17 years age range. The results obtained indicate that TEFA (portuguese translation of CAST) is applicable in Brazil by non-specialist staff, helping to identify, through their children, alcoholic parents in early stages of their alcohol problems, and allowing also a closer follow up of these children in order to preventing the development of future problems

According to Amos (1989) the use of, and the attitudes towards alcohol amongst young people in Africa is an area about which little is known but which has potentially major health implications. Neither has much been done about primary prevention in this field. The case studies which included a participatory research was conducted among three groups of people in the Clermont Township near Durban in the Natal Region. The aim of the research was to describe alcohol abuse as a social problem among the black adolescents and to compare and contrast the implementation of alcohol abuse prevention strategies that were and are used by the different groups of people in their community. The case study approach documented the work of each community. All the three groups of people who participated in the research agreed that alcohol abuse was a problem in their community. They described factors in their township which were contributory to the alcohol problems in their community and described the various cycles of negative effects and consequences to the individual, family and to the community. They agreed that in the past alcohol was not a problem in the traditional African society because of cultural and economic factors. Most interesting was the serious effects all groups described alcohol abuse amongst both teachers and the pupils in the Black education system. Each group planned, implemented and evaluated a unique alcohol preventive strategy. While the youth group maintained a strong alcohol focus with an educational programme, both the adult groups moved into the more general issues of economic empowerment. All three groups also used the participation and capacity building. The willingness to get involved, and to address the problems of the groups were remarkable. The following were the research conclusions: * Material resources were relatively available in this community. * Health professionals were available in this community, but they did not follow the Comprehensive Primary Health Care approach and were not involved in community development. * Integrated drinking seemed to be in harmony with the values of these groups and could be used in the alcohol abuse prevention. An integrative, multi-faceted and comprehensive community based partnership approach was used to the multi-causal alcohol abuse prevention programmes and strategies. This strategy was successful in involving community partners and leading to the solving of the actual problems and the development of positive health behaviours. The research revealed that the development projects needed "seed money" to initiate and to maintain. Alcohol abuse prevention can be used as a vehicle to enter a community and to engage it in a health directed partnership. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, 1995.

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This pilot study, grounded in social learning theory, demonstrated that leisure education services can be delivered on the Internet. Participants (n=40) successfully accessed the Web page program and responded to instruments and surveys. The treatment group (n=16) effectively completed four leisure education sessions on-line. Confidentiality, privacy, and anonymity issues were controlled. Responses were monitored and feedback provided as to the complexity of the program and comprehension of the participants. The leisure education program had no significant effect on posttest measures of alcohol expectancies and leisure motivations. Mean changes frompretest to posttest may indicate trends. The small n and convenience sample may have introduced many extraneous variables. Professional implications include compliance issues (57% experimental mortality rate), technology-related anxiety, and limited professional competency to work in this environment. Future research which examines the provision of leisure education and other components of therapeutic recreation service on-line is warranted.

Research identifying the relationship between inhibition and binge drinking in young adults is limited. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify which subcomponent(s) of inhibitory performance is most sensitive at discerning binge-drinking behavior among young adults through a longitudinal design. The sample consisted of 182 alcohol consuming college students (48.3% male) with a mean age of 21.04±1.83 years. Inhibitory processing and alcohol behavior were assessed at baseline and six months later at follow-up. Alcohol behavior was also evaluated throughout participation via 13 biweekly alcohol logs. Multiple regression analysis revealed that interference inhibition (Simon task) contributed to the prediction of the number of drinks consumed during binge drinking occasion among males. These findings suggest that specific subcomponents of response inhibition, and not others, are more suitable for predicting alcohol consumption habits. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:47:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia (AFIP) / O uso abusivo de álcool tem sido um problema crescente, tanto em termos de saúde individual quanto coletiva. A detecção precoce do uso de risco de álcool seguida por intervenção breve, pode ser uma importante estratégia para evitar o agravamento dos problemas sociais, de saúde física e mental dos usuários. Objetivos: avaliar a eficácia de uma Intervenção Breve de sessão única, realizada em unidades de saúde, na redução do consumo ou de problemas associados ao uso de risco de bebidas alcoólicas; analisar a influência do nível inicial de problemas associados ao uso de álcool no resultado da intervenção; comparar as taxas de prevalência de usuários de risco de substâncias psicoativas detectadas por profissionais de saúde com as detectadas por pesquisadores, usando o instrumento ASSIST. Metodologia: os instrumentos de detecção e os procedimentos de intervenção breve foram aplicados por pesquisadores ou por profissionais de saúde, que receberam um treinamento padronizado na aplicação do ASSIST e da Intervenção Breve (IB). O instrumento de detecção foi aplicado a 4335 pacientes que foram atendidos nos serviços de saúde com queixas gerais de saúde. Os 208 pacientes que pontuaram no ASSIST na faixa de uso de risco para álcool (108 com pontuação baixa – entre 11 e 15 e 100 com pontuação alta – entre 16 e 26) foram aleatoriamente alocados ao grupo Controle (CONT N=106) ou ao grupo Intervenção Breve (IB N=102). Resultados: Considerando como indicador de resultado a pontuação no instrumento de triagem ASSIST, três meses após a avaliação inicial (seguimento), observou-se redução significativa em relação à pontuação inicial (basal) nos dois grupos. A chance de sucesso foi significativamente maior (odds ratio = 5,68, IC 95% 2,8 – 11,7) no grupo que recebeu Intervenção Breve do que no grupo controle. Por outro lado, a chance de sucesso foi significativamente menor (odds ratio = 0,39, IC 95% 0,19 – 0,81) para os pacientes com alto nível basal de pontuação no ASSIST do que para os pacientes com baixo nível inicial de pontuação. Foi detectada menor porcentagem de uso de risco de álcool nos pacientes de São Paulo/Diadema (6,8%), onde os profissionais de saúde aplicaram o ASSIST, do que em Curitiba (13,3%), onde os pesquisadores aplicaram o ASSIST. Por outro lado, detectou-se maior prevalência de uso sugestivo de dependência de álcool em SP (3,8%) do que em Curitiba (0,2%). Em relação à maconha também foi detectada menor prevalência de uso de risco em SP (1,6%) do que em Curitiba (4,9%), o mesmo ocorrendo em relação à cocaína (0,7% em SP e 1,5% em Curitiba). A prevalência de uso sugestivo de dependência foi semelhante (maconha: 0,5% em SP e Curitiba e cocaína: 0,4% em SP e 0,7% em Curitiba). Discussão: A intervenção breve de sessão única aplicada por profissionais de saúde (ou por pesquisadores) imediatamente após a detecção do uso de risco de álcool pelo instrumento ASSIST mostrou-se eficaz na redução de problemas associados ao uso de álcool, sendo o sucesso da intervenção maior em pacientes com menor comprometimento. É possível que as diferenças de detecção observadas sejam devidas à falta de aleatorização na aplicação do instrumento por parte de alguns profissionais de saúde de São Paulo, enquanto que os pesquisadores do Paraná o aplicaram de modo aleatório. Os resultados indicam ser possível a utilização destas técnicas em serviços de atenção primária à saúde após um breve treinamento dos profissionais de saúde.. / The abusive use of alcoholic beverages is a growing problem as regards individual and public health. The early detection of risk use of alcohol followed by brief intervention can be an important strategy in order to prevent the aggravation of physical and mental health conditions as well as of social problems. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of a single session of Brief Intervention, performed in primary health care services, in the reduction of alcohol consumption or related problems; to analyze the influence of the initial level of alcohol-related problems on the outcome of the intervention; to compare the incidence rates of psychoactive substances risk users detected by health professionals with those detected by researchers using the screening instrument ASSIST. Methodology: The screening instruments (ASSIST) and the Brief Intervention (BI) were administered by researchers of or health professionals who had previously attended a standardized training. The screening instrument was administered to 4335 patients, users of primary health care services. The 208 patients who scored in the ASSIST risk range regarding alcohol (108 with low ASSIST scores – between 11 and 15 and 100 with high ASSIST scores – between 16 and 26) were randomly allocated to the control group (CONT N=106) or to the BI group (BI N=102). Results: Considering the ASSIST score in the follow-up (3 months after the basal evaluation) as the outcome indicator, we observed a significant reduction regarding the initial scores in both groups. The odds of success were significantly higher (odds ratio = 5.68, CI 95% 2.8 – 11.7) in the BI group than in the control group. On the other hand, the odds of success were significantly lower (odds ratio = 0.39, CI 95% 0.19 – 0.81) in the group of patients with higher initial ASSIST scores. A lower percentage of alcohol risk users was detected in São Paulo/Diadema (where the health professionals administered the ASSIST) than in Curitiba/Palmas (where the researchers administered the ASSIST). A lower percentage of risk alcohol use was detected in the patients of São Paulo/Diadema (6.8%), where the health professionals applied the ASSIST, than in Curitiba (13.3%), where the researchers applied it. On the other hand, we detected a higher prevalence of use suggestive of alcohol dependence in SP (3.8%) than in Curitiba (0.2%). As regards marijuana, a lower prevalence of risk use was also detected in SP (1.6%) than in Curitiba (4.9%), and also as regards cocaine (0.7% in SP and 1.5% in Curitiba). The prevalence of use suggestive of dependence was similar (marijuana: 0.5% in SP and Curitiba, and cocaine: 0.4% in SP and 0.7% in Curitiba). Discussion: A single session of Brief Intervention administered by health professionals or researchers, immediately after the screening of alcohol risk use by the ASSIST was effective in the reduction of alcohol related problems, being the success higher in the patients with lower levels of problems. It is possible that the differences detected are due to the lack of randomization in the application of the instrument by some health professionals in São Paulo, since the researchers in Paraná applied it randomly. The results indicate that the use of a screening instrument and the administration of BI are feasible in primary health care services after a short training of the health professionals. / FAPESP: 03/06413-3 / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações