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The focus of this study was to explore and analyze the perceptions of treatment effectiveness among substance abuse clients involved in Bilingual Family Counseling Outpatient Treatment. The intent was to have a better understanding of a treatment centers program's outcome from the clients' point of view and its effectiveness in terms of the usefulness to the client.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Previous studies show that prazosin, an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, decreases alcohol drinking in animal models of alcohol use and dependence and in alcohol-dependent men. These studies extended previous findings by using a paradigm that allows for separate assessment of prazosin on motivation to seek versus consume ethanol or sucrose in selectively bred rats given acute or chronic prazosin treatment. Methods: Alcohol-preferring P rats were trained to complete an operant response that resulted in access to either 2% (Exp. 1) or 1% (Exp.2) sucrose or 10% ethanol. In Experiment 1, a 4-week consummatory testing phase consisted of rats bar-pressing to “pay” a specified amount up front to gain access to unlimited ethanol (or sucrose) for a 20-minute period. A 4-week appetitive testing phase examined how much the rats would bar-press for ethanol in an extinction session when no reinforcer could be obtained. In Experiment 2, during testing, the response requirement was dropped to a 1 and daily session cycles of drug (3 weeks/ 14 sessions from Tues to Fri) or vehicle (2 weeks/ 9 sessions from Tues to Fri) treatment were alternated per drug dose for a total of 3 drug doses (3 cycles) per rat. After each drug cycle, a single non-reinforced extinction session was conducted with no drug ‘on board’ and no reinforcer access. On test days, rats were given IP injections of either vehicle or one of three doses of prazosin (Exp 1: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/kg; Exp 2: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg; balanced design; -30 min). Results: In Experiment 1, prazosin significantly decreased ethanol-seeking at all doses tested. The highest dose decreased ethanol intake and increased the latency to first lever-press and first lick. Sucrose-seeking and intake were decreased by the same doses of prazosin. In Experiment 2, prazosin significantly decreased reinforcer-seeking at the lowest and highest doses while ethanol intake was not decreased by prazosin. Conversely, sucrose-seeking was decreased at the highest dose of prazosin tested while sucrose consumption was decreased by all doses. Latency to lever-press for sucrose was increased by the lowest dose of prazosin compared to vehicle. Conclusions: These findings extend previous research and indicate that prazosin decreases motivation to seek ethanol and sucrose. The specificity of prazosin on different behaviors and over different reinforcers suggests that these findings are not due to prazosin-induced motor-impairment or malaise. These data suggest that prazosin may work by decreasing the reinforcing properties of reinforcers in general.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how women's perceptions of the helpfulness of services received at a substance abuse treatment clinic affected their compliance with the treatment program. The study surveyed thirty-two women who were receiving treatment from Inland Behavioral and Health Services. The study investigated the efficacy of these elements: parenting classes, health classes, substance abuse therapy groups, group therapy, drug screening, health clinics, Narcotics Anonymous meetings, Dual Diagnosis Anonymous meetings, Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, homeless support services, individual therapy, case managers, daycare, transportation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Alcohol and cocaine are commonly co-abused drugs, and those meeting criteria for both cocaine and alcohol use disorders experience more severe behavioral and health consequences than those with a single disorder. Chronic alcohol (ethanol) drinking increased the reinforcing and dopamine (DA) neuronal stimulating effects of ethanol within mesolimbic regions of the central nervous system (CNS) of alcohol-preferring (P) rats. The objectives of the current study were to determine if chronic continuous ethanol drinking produced: (1) alterations in the sensitivity of the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) to the reinforcing effects of cocaine, (2) changes in the magnitude and time course of the local stimulating effects of cocaine on posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) DA neurons, and (3) a persistence of alterations in the stimulating effects of cocaine after a period of protracted abstinence. Female P rats received continuous, free-choice access to water and 15% v/v ethanol for at least 10 wk (continuous ethanol-drinking; CE) or access to water alone (ethanol-naïve; N). A third group of rats received the same period of ethanol access followed by 30 d of protracted abstinence from ethanol (ethanol-abstinent; Ab). CE and Ab rats consumed, on average, 6-7 g/kg/d of ethanol. Animals with a single cannula aimed at the AcbSh responded for injections of cocaine into the AcbSh during four initial operant sessions. Cocaine was not present in the self-infused solution for the subsequent three sessions, and cocaine access was restored during one final session. Animals with dual ipsilateral cannulae aimed at the AcbSh and the pVTA were injected with pulsed microinfusions of cocaine into the pVTA while DA content was collected for analysis through a microdialysis probe inserted into the AcbSh. During the initial four sessions, neither CE nor N rats self-infused artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or 0.1 mM cocaine into the AcbSh. CE, but not N, rats self-administered 0.5 mM cocaine into the AcbSh, whereas both groups self-infused concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mM cocaine. When cocaine access was restored in Session 8, CE rats responded more on the active lever and obtained more infusions of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mM cocaine compared to N rats. Microinjection of aCSF into the pVTA did not alter AcbSh DA levels in N, CE, or Ab rats. Microinjections of 0.25 mM cocaine into the pVTA did not significantly alter AcbSh DA levels in N animals, moderately increased DA levels in CE rats, and greatly increased DA levels in Ab rats. Microinjections of 0.5 mM cocaine into the pVTA modestly increased AcbSh DA levels in N animals, robustly increased DA levels in CE rats, and did not significantly alter DA levels in Ab rats. Microinjections of 1.0 or 2.0 mM cocaine into the pVTA modestly increased AcbSh DA levels in N animals but decreased DA levels in CE and Ab rats. Overall, long-term continuous ethanol drinking by P rats enhanced both the reinforcing effects of cocaine within the AcbSh and the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of cocaine on pVTA DA neurons. Alterations in the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of cocaine on pVTA DA neurons were not only enduring, but also enhanced, following a period of protracted abstinence from ethanol exposure. Translationally, prevention of chronic and excessive alcohol intake in populations with a genetic risk for substance abuse may reduce the likelihood of subsequent cocaine use.

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