Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

A lesão medular está associada a uma série de alterações bioquímicas e decomposição corporal. O aumento da gordura corporal e seu acúmulo na regiãoabdominal aliados a processos infecciosos decorrentes da lesão medular podemacarretar o incremento da concentração plasmática da proteína c-reativa (PCR).Tanto a gordura corporal quanto a elevada concentração da PCR estimulam aprodução de espécies reativas de oxigênio, favorecendo o desequilíbrio oxidativo e odesencadeamento de doenças. É possível que a prática de atividade física regularpossa atuar de modo benéfico através da melhor distribuição da gordura corporal eadaptação dos sistemas antioxidantes nesses indivíduos. Considerando aimportância deste tema e a escassos estudos sobre o assunto, o objetivo desteestudo foi comparar, em indivíduos com lesão medular cervical a composiçãocorporal e indicadores bioquímicos de estado antioxidante em indivíduos fisicamenteativos e não ativos. Participaram do estudo 24 tetraplégicos do gênero masculino(3210 anos de idade e 108 anos de tempo de lesão), divididos em dois grupos,fisicamente ativos (n=15, com pratica de atividade física há pelo menos 3 meses, 3vezes/semana ou mais, totalizando tempo mínimo de 150 minutos/semana) e nãoativos (n=9). A composição corporal foi determinada por absorciometria de duplaemissão de raio-X. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas após jejum de 12 horaspara determinação dos indicadores bioquímicos: de capacidade antioxidante, ácidoúrico, bilirrubina, albumina, alfa-tocoferol, malondialdeído e PCR no plasma eatividade da superóxido dismutase em eritrócitos. O grupo não ativo apresentoumaior IMC (=0,003), gordura total (%) e de tronco (%) (=<0,001) do que o grupoppfisicamente ativo. Foi encontrada relação entre a PCR e a porcentagem de gorduratotal (r=0,72, p=<0,001), de tronco (r=0,70, p=<0,001), massa gorda total (r=0,73,p=<0,001) e de tronco (r=0,67, p=0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre osindicadores bioquímicos de estado antioxidante, exceto a concentração da PCR quefoi maior no grupo não ativo (p=0,034). Considerando todos indivíduos, 50% apresentavam deficiência de alfa-tocoferol (concentração plasmática <11,6 mol/L).Foi observada relação negativa entre a concentração plasmática de alfa-tocoferol e aPCR (r=-0,18, =0,038).No grupo ativo houve correlação positiva entre a razãoptempo de atividade física:tempo de lesão e concentração plasmática demalondialdeido (r=0,38, =0,014). Nossos resultados, analisados em conjunto,psugerem que prática contínua de atividade física após a lesão atua auxiliando a umamelhor composição corporal e, possivelmente, a uma menor concentraçãoplasmática de PCR. O estado nutricional inadequado em alfa-tocoferol podecomprometer capacidade antioxidante, sendo necessárias medidas de apoionutricional para adequar a ingestão de alfa-tocoferol para este grupo. / Spinal cord injury is associated with body composition and biochemical changes. In addition an increase of body fat and the accumulation in the trunk together the infectious process due to spinal injury can cause the increase in plasma concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP). Fat mass and the high concentration of CRP can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species, favoring the oxidative imbalance and the onset of disease. It is possible that the practice of regular physical activity can act beneficially by contributing to a better body fat distribution and adaptation of antioxidant systems in these subjects. Considering the importance of this theme and few studies about this topic, the aim of this study was to compare body composition and biochemical markers of antioxidant status, in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury, physically active and not active. The study included 24tetraplegic male (32 10 y and 10 8 y of injury time), divided in two groups, physically active (n = 15, with practice of physical activity for at least 3 months, 3times / week or more, totaling a minimum period of 150 minutes / week) and non-active (n = 9). Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were collected after overnight fasting (12 hours) for determination of biochemical parameters: antioxidant capacity, uric acid, bilirubin, albumin, alpha-tocopherol, malondialdehyde and CRP in plasma, and activity of superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes. The active group showed no higher BMI (p =0.003), total fat (%) and trunk (%) (p = <0.001) than the physically active group. Relationship was found between CRP and percentagem of total fat (r=0,72,p=<0,001), trunk (r=0,70, p=<0,001), total fat mass (r=0,73, p=<0,001) and trunk(r=0,67, p=0,001).There was no significant difference between the biochemical indicators of antioxidant status, except by the concentration of CRP that was higherin the non-active group (p = 0.034). Considering the all subjects, 50% had deficiency of alpha-tocopherol (plasma concentration <11.6 mmol / L). Negative relationship was found between plasma alpha-tocopherol and CRP (r=-0.18, p=0.038). In theactive group was a positive relationship between the ratio time physical activity: time of injury and plasma malondialdehyde (r=0.38; p= 0.014). Our results, taken together, suggest that continued practice of physical activity after injury acts helping to better body composition and, possibly, a lower plasma concentration of CRP. The inadequate nutritional status in alpha-tocopherol can affect the antioxidant capacity, so actions are necessary to adjust the nutritional status of alpha-tocopherol for this group.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LigiaRSG.pdf: 1967006 bytes, checksum: 8b87b6099179ae794004d1fbc6ee2c9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The vitamins A and E are recognizably important in the initial stages of life and the newborn depends on nutritional adequacy of breast milk to meet their needs. These vitamins share routes of transport to the tissues and antagonistic effects have been observed in animals after supplementation with vitamin A. This study aimed to verify the effect of maternal supplementation with vitamin A megadose (200,000 UI) in the immediate post-partum on the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum. Healthy parturient women attended at a public maternity natalensis were recruited for the study and divided into two groups: control (n = 37) and supplemented (n = 36). Blood samples of colostrum and milk were collected until 12 hours after delivery. The women of the supplemented group was administered a retynil palmitate capsule and 24 hours after the first collection was obtained the 2nd sample of colostrum in two groups for analysis of retinol and alpha-tocopherol in milk. The mean retinol concentration of 50,7 ? 14,4 ?g/dL (Mean ? standard deviation) and alpha-tocopherol of 1217.4 ? 959 mg/dL in the serum indicate the nutritional status biochemical appropriate. Supplementation with retynil palmitate resulted in increase not only retinol levels in the colostrum of the supplemented group (p = 0.002), but also the concentration of alpha-tocopherol (p = 0.04), changing from 1456.6 ? 1095.8 mg/dL to 1804.3 ? 1432.0 mg/dL (milk 0 and 24 respectively) compared to values in the control group, 984.6 ? 750.0 mg/dL and 1175.0 ? 730.8 mg/dL. The women had different responses to supplementation, influenced by baseline levels of retinol in colostrum. Those with previous by low levels of retinol in colostrum (<60 mg/dL) had increased the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in milk, whereas those with adequate levels (> 60 mg/dL), showed a reduction after supplementation. Supplementation with retinol palmitate is an important intervention in situations of high risk for vitamin A deficiency, when considering the need to maternal supplementation, since the excess vitamin can offer unfavorable interactions between nutrients essential for the mother-child group / As vitaminas A e E s?o reconhecidamente importantes nos est?gios iniciais de vida, sendo os rec?m-nascidos dependentes da adequa??o nutricional do leite materno para suprir suas necessidades. Estas vitaminas compartilham vias de transporte para os tecidos e poss?veis efeitos antag?nicos t?m sido observados em animais ap?s a suplementa??o com vitamina A. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da suplementa??o materna com megadose de vitamina A (200.000 UI) no p?s-parto imediato sobre a concentra??o de alfa-tocoferol no colostro. Parturientes saud?veis atendidas em uma maternidade p?blica natalense foram recrutadas para o estudo e divididas em dois grupos: controle (n = 37) e suplementado (n = 36). Amostras de sangue e leite colostro foram coletadas at? 12 horas p?s-parto. Neste momento, nas mulheres do grupo suplementado foi administrada a c?psula de vitamina A. Decorrido 24 horas ap?s a primeira coleta foi obtida a 2? amostra de colostro nos dois grupos para an?lise de retinol e alfa-tocoferol no leite. A concentra??o m?dia de retinol de 50,7 ? 14,4 ?g/dL (Media ? Desvio Padr?o) e de alfa-tocoferol de 1217,4 ? 959 ?g/dL no soro das mulheres indicaram estado nutricional adequado nas vitaminas A e E. A suplementa??o com retinol palmitato resultou em aumento n?o somente na concentra??o do retinol no leite colostro do grupo suplementado (p= 0,002), mas tamb?m na concentra??o do alfa-tocoferol (p = 0,04), alterando de 1456,6 ? 1095,8 ?g/dL para 1804,3 ? 1432,0 ?g/dL (leite 0 e 24 respectivamente) em rela??o aos valores no grupo controle, 984,6 ? 750,0 ?g/dL e 1175,0 ? 730,8 ?g/dL. As parturientes apresentaram diferentes respostas ? suplementa??o, influenciadas pelos n?veis basais de retinol no colostro. Aquelas com n?veis pr?vios baixos de retinol no colostro (< 60 ?g/dL) apresentaram aumento na concentra??o de alfa-tocoferol no leite, enquanto que, as que tinham n?veis adequados (> 60 ?g/dL), apresentaram redu??o ap?s a suplementa??o. A suplementa??o com retinol palmitato ? uma medida importante na preven??o da defici?ncia de vitamina A, por?m somente quando considerada a real necessidade de suplementa??o materna, visto que o excesso de vitamina pode propiciar intera??es desfavor?veis entre nutrientes essenciais para o grupo materno-infantil

A lesão medular está associada a uma série de alterações bioquímicas e decomposição corporal. O aumento da gordura corporal e seu acúmulo na regiãoabdominal aliados a processos infecciosos decorrentes da lesão medular podemacarretar o incremento da concentração plasmática da proteína c-reativa (PCR).Tanto a gordura corporal quanto a elevada concentração da PCR estimulam aprodução de espécies reativas de oxigênio, favorecendo o desequilíbrio oxidativo e odesencadeamento de doenças. É possível que a prática de atividade física regularpossa atuar de modo benéfico através da melhor distribuição da gordura corporal eadaptação dos sistemas antioxidantes nesses indivíduos. Considerando aimportância deste tema e a escassos estudos sobre o assunto, o objetivo desteestudo foi comparar, em indivíduos com lesão medular cervical a composiçãocorporal e indicadores bioquímicos de estado antioxidante em indivíduos fisicamenteativos e não ativos. Participaram do estudo 24 tetraplégicos do gênero masculino(3210 anos de idade e 108 anos de tempo de lesão), divididos em dois grupos,fisicamente ativos (n=15, com pratica de atividade física há pelo menos 3 meses, 3vezes/semana ou mais, totalizando tempo mínimo de 150 minutos/semana) e nãoativos (n=9). A composição corporal foi determinada por absorciometria de duplaemissão de raio-X. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas após jejum de 12 horaspara determinação dos indicadores bioquímicos: de capacidade antioxidante, ácidoúrico, bilirrubina, albumina, alfa-tocoferol, malondialdeído e PCR no plasma eatividade da superóxido dismutase em eritrócitos. O grupo não ativo apresentoumaior IMC (=0,003), gordura total (%) e de tronco (%) (=<0,001) do que o grupoppfisicamente ativo. Foi encontrada relação entre a PCR e a porcentagem de gorduratotal (r=0,72, p=<0,001), de tronco (r=0,70, p=<0,001), massa gorda total (r=0,73,p=<0,001) e de tronco (r=0,67, p=0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre osindicadores bioquímicos de estado antioxidante, exceto a concentração da PCR quefoi maior no grupo não ativo (p=0,034). Considerando todos indivíduos, 50% apresentavam deficiência de alfa-tocoferol (concentração plasmática <11,6 mol/L).Foi observada relação negativa entre a concentração plasmática de alfa-tocoferol e aPCR (r=-0,18, =0,038).No grupo ativo houve correlação positiva entre a razãoptempo de atividade física:tempo de lesão e concentração plasmática demalondialdeido (r=0,38, =0,014). Nossos resultados, analisados em conjunto,psugerem que prática contínua de atividade física após a lesão atua auxiliando a umamelhor composição corporal e, possivelmente, a uma menor concentraçãoplasmática de PCR. O estado nutricional inadequado em alfa-tocoferol podecomprometer capacidade antioxidante, sendo necessárias medidas de apoionutricional para adequar a ingestão de alfa-tocoferol para este grupo. / Spinal cord injury is associated with body composition and biochemical changes. In addition an increase of body fat and the accumulation in the trunk together the infectious process due to spinal injury can cause the increase in plasma concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP). Fat mass and the high concentration of CRP can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species, favoring the oxidative imbalance and the onset of disease. It is possible that the practice of regular physical activity can act beneficially by contributing to a better body fat distribution and adaptation of antioxidant systems in these subjects. Considering the importance of this theme and few studies about this topic, the aim of this study was to compare body composition and biochemical markers of antioxidant status, in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury, physically active and not active. The study included 24tetraplegic male (32 10 y and 10 8 y of injury time), divided in two groups, physically active (n = 15, with practice of physical activity for at least 3 months, 3times / week or more, totaling a minimum period of 150 minutes / week) and non-active (n = 9). Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were collected after overnight fasting (12 hours) for determination of biochemical parameters: antioxidant capacity, uric acid, bilirubin, albumin, alpha-tocopherol, malondialdehyde and CRP in plasma, and activity of superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes. The active group showed no higher BMI (p =0.003), total fat (%) and trunk (%) (p = <0.001) than the physically active group. Relationship was found between CRP and percentagem of total fat (r=0,72,p=<0,001), trunk (r=0,70, p=<0,001), total fat mass (r=0,73, p=<0,001) and trunk(r=0,67, p=0,001).There was no significant difference between the biochemical indicators of antioxidant status, except by the concentration of CRP that was higherin the non-active group (p = 0.034). Considering the all subjects, 50% had deficiency of alpha-tocopherol (plasma concentration <11.6 mmol / L). Negative relationship was found between plasma alpha-tocopherol and CRP (r=-0.18, p=0.038). In theactive group was a positive relationship between the ratio time physical activity: time of injury and plasma malondialdehyde (r=0.38; p= 0.014). Our results, taken together, suggest that continued practice of physical activity after injury acts helping to better body composition and, possibly, a lower plasma concentration of CRP. The inadequate nutritional status in alpha-tocopherol can affect the antioxidant capacity, so actions are necessary to adjust the nutritional status of alpha-tocopherol for this group.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da administração intramuscular de alfa-tocoferol (vitamina E) sobre marcadores de estresse fisiológico e oxidativo, além de características relacionadas à qualidade da carne de cordeiros submetidos a transporte rodoviário de curta duração. Vinte e quatro cordeiros, mestiços das raças Santa Inês e Dorper, com idade e peso vivo médios ao abate de 138 dias e 43,6 kg, respectivamente, foram distribuídos em três grupos experimentais nos quais receberam, aos seis e três dias antes do transporte, pela via intramuscular, uma aplicação de solução fisiológica; 10 UI; ou 20 UI de acetato de DL-alfa-tocoferol, por quilo de peso metabólico. O transporte teve duração de quatro horas e na chegada ao abatedouro, os cordeiros desembarcaram em curral de espera, onde permaneceram por 19 horas até o momento do abate. Nos momentos T0 (imediatamente antes do embarque e transporte); T1 (imediatamente após transporte e desembarque); T2 (três horas após transporte e desembarque) e T3 (imediatamente antes do abate) foi aferida a temperatura retal e coletadas amostras de sangue por punção da veia jugular para determinação das concentrações séricas de ureia, creatinina, albumina, proteína total, colesterol e cortisol; concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), lactato e ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE); atividade sérica da creatinofosfoquinase (CK); contagem de hemácias e leucócitos totais; relação neutrófilos:linfócitos; volume globular (VG); atividades eritrocitárias da superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e glutationa redutase (GR); concentração de glutationa reduzida (GSH); status antioxidante total do soro (TAS) e concentração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Após o abate, as carcaças foram mantidas por 24 horas sob refrigeração a 2°C para que pudessem ser determinados o pH (pH24h) e coloração (L*, a*, b*) do músculo Longissimus dorsi, além de coletadas amostras para posterior avaliação da força de cisalhamento (FC), perdas de peso por cozimento (PPC) e produtos da oxidação lipídica após 30 dias de congelamento (TBARS 30). Houve efeito de interação entre momento e tratamento para lactato, sendo observado efeito linear de tratamento no momento T2, com maiores (P= 0,0111) valores dessa variável nos animais que receberam 20 UI de vitamina E. Ocorreu efeito linear de tratamento (P=0,0149) sobre os valores de TAS. Foi observado efeito de desvio da linearidade para albumina, L* e b*. Animais que receberam 10 UI de vitamina E apresentaram menores concentrações de albumina (P= 0,0447) e maiores valores (P=0,0042 e P=0,0082) de L* e b*. Com exceção da temperatura retal e GR, foi observado efeito de momento para todos os outros marcadores de estresse fisiológico e oxidativo. O transporte rodoviário de curta duração, mesmo quando realizado de maneira adequada, gera estresse nos animais. Estímulos potencialmente nocivos no momento prévio ao abate levaram a estresse de maior intensidade que aquele oriundo do transporte. A administração intramuscular de alfa-tocoferol aumentou o status antioxidante total do soro de cordeiros submetidos a transporte rodoviário de curta duração, entretanto não foi capaz de minimizar as alterações decorrentes do estresse fisiológico e oxidativo e de melhorar a qualidade da carne destes animais. / The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of intramuscular alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) administration on markers of oxidative and physiological stress, as well characteristics related to meat quality of lambs subjected to road short transport. Twenty-four lambs, Santa Inês and Dorper crossbred, age and average live weight at slaughter of 138 days and 43.6 kg, respectively, were divided into three experimental groups. Each group received an intramuscular application of saline solution or 10 IU or 20 IU of DL-alpha-tocopherol per kg of metabolic body weight at six and three days before transportation. The transportation lasted four hours until the slaughterhouse. After unloading, lambs rested in pen for 19 hours until the time of slaughter. At T0 (immediately prior to boarding and transportation), T1 (immediately after transport and unloading), T2 (three hours after transporting and landing) and T3 (immediately before slaughter) rectal temperature was measured and blood samples were collected by jugular vein puncture for determination of serum urea, creatinine, albumin, total protein, cholesterol and cortisol; plasma concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), lactate and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA); serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and creatine kinase (CK), erythrocyte and total leukocyte count, ratio neutrophil: lymphocytes, packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). After slaughter, carcasses were kept for 24 hours under refrigeration at 2 °C and were analyzed for Longissimus Dorsi pH (pH24h) and color (L *, a *, b *), and collected samples for subsequent evaluation of shear force (SF), cooking weight loss (CWL) and products of lipid oxidation after 30 days of freezing (TBARS 30). There was an interaction between time and treatment for lactate and was observed a linear effect at the time T2, with increased (P = 0.0111) values of this variable in the animals receiving 20 IU of vitamin E. A linear effect of treatment (P = 0.0149) on the TAS values was observed. Deviation from linearity effect for albumin, L * and b * were seen. Animals that received 10 IU of vitamin E showed lower concentrations of albumin (P = 0.0447) and higher (P = 0.0042 and P = 0.0082) L * and b * values. Except for rectal temperature and GR, moment effect was observed for all other markers of oxidative and physiological stress. The short road transportation, even when done properly, produces stress in animals. Potentially harmful stimuli at the time prior to slaughter led to higher stress intensity than that coming from the transport. Intramuscular administration of alpha-tocopherol increased serum total antioxidant status of lambs subjected to short duration road transport, however was not able to minimize changes arising from physiological and oxidative stress and improve the meat quality of these animals.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da administração parenteral de vitamina E no desempenho produtivo e na sensibilidade à insulina de cordeiros nascidos de ovelhas suplementadas ou não com vitamina E no 108º dia de gestação. Foram utilizados 28 cordeiros em delineamento de blocos casualizados, considerando o sexo dos cordeiros e tipo de gestação, se única ou gemelar; com planejamento fatorial 2X2, em que foram considerados cordeiros de ovelhas que receberam ou não vitamina E e cordeiros que receberam ou não vitamina E na dosagem de 60 UI/kg PV até 24 horas após o nascimento, distribuindo em quatro grupos: EE: Cordeiros e ovelhas que receberam vitamina E; EC: Cordeiros que receberam veículo oleoso (controle) nascidos de ovelhas que receberam vitamina E; CC: Cordeiros e ovelhas que receberam veículo oleoso; CE: Cordeiros que receberam vitamina E nascidos de ovelhas que receberam veículo oleoso. Para detecção da sensibilidade à insulina, aos 28 dias de vida (T1) os cordeiros foram submetidos ao teste de tolerância à glicose (TTG). Foram determinados aos dois (T0) e aos 28 (T1) dias de vida as atividades de CK, AST, GGT, SOD, GSH-Px; o status antioxidante total (TAS); a habilidade de redução do ferro plasmático (HRFP), as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARs); as concentrações de ácido úrico, glicose, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), betahidroxibutirato (BHB), triglicerídeos, colesterol, cálcio total, cálcio ionizável, proteína total, albumina, ureia, creatinina e a concentração plasmática de vitamina E (alfa-tocoferol). Foram calculados os valores de RQUICKI e de RQUICKI BHB em T0 e em T1. Semanalmente foram acompanhados o peso e o escore de condição corporal dos cordeiros (ECC). Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o pacote estatístico STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SAS) e para todos os testes foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. A administração parenteral de 60 UI/kg de vitamina E em ovelhas no 108o dia de gestação e/ou nas primeiras 24 horas de vida de cordeiros não influenciou as concentrações de cálcio total, proteína total, ureia, albumina, TAS, cortisol, insulina; as concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, colesterol, triglicérides, AGNE, HRFP; as atividades de AST, GGT, GSH-Px e SOD; e os valores de RQUICKI, peso e ECC. Foi observada diminuição da sensibilidade à insulina e concentração de alfa tocoferol no T0 para cordeiros nascidos de ovelhas suplementadas com vitamina E. A suplementação dos cordeiros melhorou o status antioxidante no T0 e a produção de BHB no T1. A suplementação com alfa tocoferol não influenciou no peso vivo e no ECC até a quarta semana de vida do cordeiro. / The objective of this work was to study the effects of parenteral administration of vitamin E on the productive performance and insulin sensitivity of lambs born from ewes supplemented or not with vitamin E on the 108th day of gestation. Twenty-eight lambs received intramuscularly 60 UI/kg BW of vitamin E or oily vehicle until 24 hours after birth and were distributed according to their sex and type of pregnancy (single or twin) into four groups using a 2x2 factorial design: EE: lambs and ewes treated with vitamin E; EC: Lambs that received oily vehicle (control) born from ewe treated with vitamin E; CC: Lambs and ewe that received oily vehicle; EC: Lambs that received vitamin E born from ewe treated with the oily vehicle. At 28 days old, all lambs were submitted to the glucose tolerance test (GTT). At 28 days old, all lambs were submitted to the glucose tolerance test (GTT) to detect insulin sensitivity. The activities of CK, AST, GGT, SOD, GSH-Px; total antioxidant status (TAS); the ability to reduce plasma iron (HRFP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs); the concentrations of uric acid, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), betahydroxybutyrate (BHB), triglycerides, cholesterol, total calcium, ionizable calcium, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine and plasma concentration of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) were determined at 2 (T0) and at 28 (T1) days of life. The RQUICKI and RQUICKI BHB values were calculated in T0 and T1. The body condition score (BCS) and the live weight were measured every week. The data were analyzed using the statistical package STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SAS) and for all the tests was adopted the level of significance of 5%. Parenteral administration of 60 IU / kg vitamin E in sheep on the 108th day of gestation and / or during the first 24 hours of lamb life did not influence the concentrations of total calcium, total protein, urea, albumin, TAS, cortisol, insulin; plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, NEFA, FRAP; the activities of AST, GGT, GSH-Px and SOD; and the RQUICKI, weight and BSC values. There was only effect related to the age of the lambs for these variables. Decreased insulin sensitivity and increased alpha tocopherol concentration was observed in T0 for lambs born from ewe supplemented with vitamin E. The supplementation of the lambs improved the antioxidant status in T0 and the BHB production in T1. Alfa Tocopherol supplementation did not influence the live weight and BSC until the fourth week of life of the lambs.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da suplementação com vitamina E na alimentação de bovinos Nelore, sobre as características químicas e físico-químicas da carne desses animais. Esses estudos compreenderam: i) coleta de dados objetivos da cor de vários cortes cárneos para realização de um banco de dados; ii) estudo das características físico-químicas de cortes do contra filé (traseiro) e do peixinho (dianteiro) frescos e maturados por até 21 dias; iii) e verificação de possíveis alterações das características físico-químicas, inclusive da cor, de pedaços de contra filé e de carne (patinho) moída mantidas a –18ºC, durante 6 meses. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos Nelore, com 30 meses e peso médio de 279 kg, confinados, com dieta altamente energética, por 98 dias. 12 animais foram submetidos ao tratamento com 1000 mg de acetato de alfa-tocoferol, misturados a 100 g de farelo de milho, enquanto a outra metade recebeu apenas 100 g do farelo de milho. Os animais foram abatidos quando a espessura média da gordura atingiu média de 6 mm, medida por ultra-som, entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas. Coletaram-se então diversos cortes de carnes para a determinação das análises já descritas. No contexto atual das pesquisas, pode-se considerar que a suplementação com Vitamina E em bovinos Nelore não apresentou efeito positivo sobre as características químicas e físico-químicas da carne maturada por até 21 dias e congelada por até 6 meses de congelamento. / In general, the modern consumer uses to evaluate the meat quality through its attributes, such as, muscle color, thickness, tenderness and juiciness, among others. Withstanding the efforts done by Animal Science researchers for the last decades, meat quality can be lost during refrigerate or even frozen conservation due to the occurrence of fatty insaturated acid oxidation. An outlet to avoid this situation might be the use of vitamin E, as a diet supplement for animal feed. The objective of this work was to study the effects of diet supplementation with vitamin E on the physical and chemical characteristics of Nellore bovine meat. This study involved: i) objective data acquisition of color parameters of different muscle sections for data base storing; ii) study of the physical and chemical characteristics of the Longissimus dorsi and Quadriceps femuris muscles fresh and aged for 21 days; iii) and, verification of the possible modifications on the physical and chemical properties, or even color, of the Longissimus dorsi and Quadriceps femuris muscles grounded and kept at –18 ºC for 6 months. There were used 24 Nellore steers, with 30 months and 279 of mean live weight, confined and fed with highly energetic diets (73, 79 and 85 % of concentrate) for 98 days. Daily, half of the animals received 100 mg of acetate of alpha-tocopherol along with 100 g of corn meal, while the other animals were fed only with 100 g of corn meal. The animals were slaugtered when the backfat thickness, within the 12th and 13th ribs, measured by ultrasound, reached 6 mm. Boning and muscle sampling were done 24 hs after slaughter. During this period there were determined the color and pH of various fresh commercial cuts. There were collected 4 Longissimus dorsi and Supraspinatus steaks of every right half carcass, which were vacuum packed and aged for up to 21 days at 0 ºC. Another 7 steaks Quadriceps femuris were collected from the left half carcasses, packed and kept frozen for up to 6 months. There were also frozen in the same conditions, grounded samples of Quadriceps femuris collected from the left half carcass as well. The meat characteristics followed during aging and freezing were: the dry matter content, pH, water loss by exudation and cooking according to classical methods. The color of the samples was determined by a HunterLab colorimeter, using the CIELab color scale. The tenderness was determined using a WB probe with a texture analyzer TA.XT2, at a rate of 500 mm/min. The samples concentration of vitamin E and cholesterol were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results were statistically analyzed using the SAS software. In general, it was observed that in spite of the vitamin E concentration in the supplemented samples had been greater than from the control ones, it was not confirmed the protecting effect of this vitamin related to color or to texture of meat. The results indicated that at the acetate alpha-tocopherol concentration of the present study, vitamin E supplementation of Nellore bovine did not have influence on the physical and chemical characteristics of meat aged for 21 days and frozen for 6 months.

Synthetic antioxidants have traditionally been added directly to food products in a single initial dose to protect against oxidation of lipids and generation of free radicals. Natural antioxidants have been shown to undergo loss of activity and become prooxidants at high concentrations; therefore, a need exists to develop active packaging which can gradually deliver antioxidants in a controlled manner. The objectives of this research were to (1) form and characterize cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with the natural antioxidants, alpha-tocopherol and quercetin, (2) incorporate cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of natural antioxidants into linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), and (3) measure the release kinetics of inclusion complexes of natural antioxidants from LLDPE into a model food system. Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of alpha-tocopherol and quercetin were formed by the coprecipitation method and characterized in the solid state by NMR, IR spectroscopy, and thermal analyses. Solid inclusion complex products of alpha-tocopherol:beta-cyclodextrin and quercetin:gamma-cyclodextrin had molar ratios of 1.7:1 as determined by UV spectrophotometry, which were equivalent to 18.1% (w/w) alpha-tocopherol and 13.0% (w/w) quercetin. Free and cyclodextrin complexed antioxidant additives were compounded with a twin-screw mixer into two LLDPE resin types followed by compression molding into films. Release of alpha-tocopherol and quercetin from LLDPE films into coconut oil at 30 °C was quantified by HPLC during 4 weeks of storage. The total release of alpha-tocopherol after 4 weeks was 70% from the free form and 8% from the complexed form averaged across both LLDPE resins. The mechanism by which alpha-tocopherol was released was modified due to its encapsulation inside the beta-cyclodextrin cavity within the LLDPE matrix as indicated by its diffusion coefficient decreasing by two orders of magnitude. Molecular encapsulation of natural antioxidants using cyclodextrins may be used as a controlled release mechanism within polymer food packaging to gradually deliver an effective antioxidant concentration to a food product, thereby, limiting oxidation, maintaining nutritional quality, and extending shelf life. / Ph. D.

Das Ziel der experimentellen Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Einflussfaktoren auf den Ertrag, die Saatgutqualität unter verschiedenen Lagerungsbedingungen sowie die Effizienz der Expression vonRamtillkraut (Guizotia abbysinica Cass.). In Feldversuchen wurden folgende Varianten untersucht, Sorten ‚Fogera‘ und ‚Kuyu‘, Saatgutaufwand von 5, 10, 15 kg ha-1, ein Stickstoffaufwand von 13, 23 und 33 kg ha-1, sowie eine differenzierte Wasserversorgung an zwei Standorten (Adet und Koga). In Adet wurde der höchste Saatgut Ertrag mit 1.384,60 kg ha-1 ermittelt, Erträgen in Koga (ohne Bewässerung) mit 1.064,72 kg ha-1 und 967,00 kg ha-1 (mit Bewässerung). Der höchste Ölgehalt wurde im Saatgut aus Koga (ohne Bewässerung) mit 41,54% ermittelt, gefolgt von Koga (mit Bewässerung) 39,59% und Adet mit 38,67%. Signifikante Unterschiede wurden zwischen den N-Aufwandmengen in Koga mit Bewässerung und Saatgutmengen in Adet ermittelt. Die Unterschiede bei den Fettsäuregehalten in Adet waren nicht signifikant. Der Alpha-Tocopherol Gehalt betrug 80 mg pro 100 g bei hoher Saatdichte und hoher N-Düngung. Hinsichtlich des Verfahrens des Ölpressens, wurde ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Effizienz und Temperatur ermittelt. Die Dauer der Konditionierung und die Vorschubgeschwindigkeit sind negative korreliert gleichfalls mit der Effizienz der Expression. Die Temperaturen von 70°C und 80°C zeigten keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Ölausbeute, dagegen war der der Einfluss von 90°C statistisch signifikant. / The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing seed yield, postharvest handling, and the oil expression efficiency for nigerseed (Guizotia abbysinica Cass.). Based on field study on two varieties, two locations, three seed rates and three fertilizer rates the highest mean nigerseed yield was 1384.6 kg ha-1 at Adet location (rain fed) followed by location Koga (rain) with 1064.7 kg ha-1 and Koga (irrigation) with 967.0 kg ha-1 showing significant difference. The oil content by location was 41.54% for Koga (rain) followed by 39.59 and 38.67% for Koga (irrigation) and Adet (rain) respectively showing significant difference whereas the Ash content showed a reverse trend of oil content. Fatty acid composition did not show significant difference in any treatment. Significant mean alpha-tocopherol of 80 mg/100 g (70 to 89 mg/100 g) was attained for increasing seed and nitrogen rates. Based on two temperatures and seven relative humidities model evaluation and monolayer moisture content estimation, Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) models was found to best suit both varieties as compared to Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), and modified Chung &Pfost. For oil expression efficiency, 90ºC seed conditioning showed significant effect compared to 80 and 70ºC however conditioning times and feed rates did not differ significantly.

Vitamin E exhibits anti-tumor activity by regulating pathways in cancer cells, potentially the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. We studied the effects of alpha tocopherol (AT), gamma tocopherol (GT), gamma tocotrienol (GT3), and an alpha-gamma tocopherol mixture (ATGT) on the production of the LOX metabolites 13-hydroxyoctadecaenoic acid (HODE), 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 12-HETE, and 5-HETE in colorectal cancer. These metabolites were examined in the HCT-116 cell line after 24 h treatment with select vitamin E isoforms and quantified by LC/MS/MS. Under physiological conditions, we find that treatment with varying vitamin E isoforms have different effects on the production of 13-HODE, 15-HETE, 12-HETE, and 5-HETE. GT increases 13-HODE and decreases 12-HETE. AT reverses the effects of GT regulation on the LOX pathway, while GT3 has no significant effect on the metabolites tested. GT shows superiority in regulating the LOX pathway as it increases 13-HODE and decreases 12-HETE for possible prevention of colorectal cancer.