Feminist criminologists have a long history of arguing against the use of imprisonment and other formal justice system processes for criminalized women. Often feminist analyses of the formal criminal justice system end with a call for community alternatives. There has not, however, been a corresponding analysis of community programs. Critical criminologists have examined informal justice and have shown the variety of ways that seemingly alternative programs reproduce and support the formal criminal justice system. This dissertation draws from both of these criminological literatures and examines alternative justice programs for criminalized women. Based on interviews with staff at community justice programs in Winnipeg MB, I argue that these programs are neither the complete alternatives called for by feminists nor spaces which simply reproduce dominant justice system norms as found by critical criminologists. Rather, they are complex spaces of governance of criminalized women. The community programs exhibit both informal and formal characteristics. These programs engage in a variety of informal justice practices. The programs also offer informal care, advocacy, and culture services. Alongside these informal aspects of the programs, staff also engage in highly formal criminal justice work of supervision and case processing. I account for the presence of both informal and formal practices using governmentality theorists’ concepts of government-at-a-distance and responsibilization of the community. This makes them spaces in which dominant discourses and practices are reproduced. However, a close examination of the ways in which the programs construct the subject of governance, the Criminalized Woman, shows the influence of feminist discourses and reveals these spaces to be spaces of resistance as well. The specific ways that the programs respond to criminalized women and the mentalities embedded in them also reflect a tension between neoliberal and social justice approaches. Both a neoliberal mentality of proper self-governance and an ethic of care are present in the work the programs do. I argue that the presence of the multiple types of work, the alternative subjectivities offered to criminalized women, and ethic of care and practices of self-care all make the alternative justice programs spaces of resistance to dominant neoliberal strategies of governance. / February 2016

The Rohingya population of Myanmar have been called one of the most persecuted ethnic minorities on earth. Beyond the systemic discrimination and ongoing violations of basic human rights, Tatmadaw operations against Rohingya communities in Rakhine State in recent years have amounted to ethnic cleansing, if not genocide. Reports of widespread sexual violence by security forces have garnered significant international attention, increasing our collective awareness of how rape is used as a weapon of war. In light of Canada’s Special Envoy to Myanmar’s report recommending that investigation take place to establish an evidence base for future prosecutions, it is critical that sexual and gender-based violence crimes be adequately factored into documentation strategies. This strategy will send a message that abuses upon women’s bodies are no longer regarded as mere inevitable ‘spoils of war’, but instead belong among the gravest of crimes, worthy of international resources and expertise to address. In order to minimize further intrusion into the lives of Rohingya survivors, it is necessary to consider the various possible justice mechanisms that may be used, and the different methods and standards of documentation that may be required for each. While early documentation efforts are encouraged so that relevant evidence is not lost, these considerations call for careful research, planning and ethical reflection. In order to contribute to this process, this thesis explores how law may operate to bring about justice for sexual and gender-based violence, and provides guidance on how to document evidence to be used for this purpose. At the same time, it recognizes that the form of justice international criminal trials can offer is inherently limited in scope. It further explores how “justice”, a contested concept, is not always defined or achieved through the punishment of perpetrators alone. It therefore draws on critiques of international criminal justice to imagine other ways that justice might manifest, and then identifies the methods of documentation possible to facilitate these efforts. / Graduate / 2019-09-07

Les travaux communautaires sont de manière générale un travail exécuté sans rémunération par un contrevenant pour le compte de la société. Dans ce mémoire, nous cherchons d’une part à appréhender la perception qu’ont les acteurs de la réalisation des travaux communautaires au Québec et d’autre part à savoir si les acteurs judiciaires (avocats, procureurs et juges) et non judiciaires (intervenants des organismes de justice alternative, délégués à la jeunesse et organismes d’accueil) ainsi que les jeunes contrevenants donnent un sens réparateur aux travaux communautaires. Nous abordons ces questions à partir de deux schèmes : le schème fonctionnel pour comprendre la/les fonction(s) des travaux communautaires et le schème herméneutique afin de saisir la valeur symbolique, le sens qui est donné aux travaux communautaires. Les résultats de cette étude montrent des variations entre les points de vue en fonction des différents groupes et cela autour des trois grands thèmes principaux : la nature des travaux, les objectifs des travaux et les effets de ces derniers. Malgré certaines divergences de points de vue et quelques difficultés dans l’application des travaux, les acteurs sont pour la plupart satisfait de cette mesure. / Community work services are usually unpaid work performed by an offender in the interest of the society. In this paper, we seek both to understand the perceptions of actors carrying out the community work services in Quebec and secondly whether legal actors (lawyers, prosecutors and judges) and non-judicial (alternative justice agencies, youth workers and host organizations) and young offenders do give a restorative aspect to community work services. We address these questions using two schemes: the functional scheme to understand the function(s) of community work services and the hermeneutic scheme to capture the symbolic value, the meaning that is given to community work. The results of this study show variations between the points of view of the different groups and that, around three main themes: the nature of community work, community work objectives and effects of the latter. Despite some differences of views and some difficulties in the implementation of the community work services, the actors are mostly satisfied with this measure.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ABILIO WOLNEY AIRES NETO.pdf: 1818311 bytes, checksum: 2c88d17cd63dd5cf393a12535ad19234 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / The present study aims at the analysis of Constitutional Amendment No. 45/2004, which entered the principle of reasonable duration of the process within the fundamental guarantees assured to each individual and is insculpido in item LXXVIII of art. 5, of the Constitution of 1988, in view of the judicial protection must be effective, timely and appropriate. It is seen that this issue is of paramount importance, since the introduction of the term reasonable in adjudication as a constitutional principle brings a commitment of the state to the citizen in order to give greater effectiveness to the process and ensure the fundamental right of access to justice . To reach this conclusion, we used literature search, legislative, administrative and judicial, with theoretical frameworks in several authors, starting with Barroso and converging into arguments which support the applicability of this Amendment, from a historical analysis (ontological) and evaluative (axiological). Then, there was the jurisprudential research on the subject in the main Brazilian courts, celing in the Superior Courts, to then undertake a comparative analysis with the bibliographic material. The importance of the principle stands out as a precondition for full citizenship in Democratic States of law, guaranteeing citizens the realization of their rights are constitutionally guaranteed. The principles of speed and duration of the process should be applied with observation of the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, ensuring that the process does not extend beyond the reasonable deadline, nor will compromise other principles such as defense and full of contradiction. It is certain, however - and for the benefit of people who need an effective justice - that Constitutional Amendment 45/04 (which among other novelties inserted explicitly the principle of reasonable duration of the process) seeks to reform the judiciary means for ensuring that become more agile and stronger, which is essential in a society like ours so devoid of enforcing rights to citizens. The current concern guiding procedures and the right to a speedy and effective duration of the process, summons us to an analysis of the role of the National Council of Justice - CNJ and programs, like the "Update" in the Goiás FONAJE and Process Judicial E-EO, as these tools, among others, that result in responses necessary for today's social and economic problems. On the other hand, alternative means of conflict resolution, complementary to the formal judicial process, even because of its informality and adaptability, suggest the solution many cases, in the antechambers of mediation and conciliation (consensus building). It would be a paradigm shift, erecting alternative model judicialization as a counter-archetype adjunct to mitigate the culture of demanda.Daí the idea of the Courts or adoptive Forums Multiport as promoting integrative means for the settlement of disputes. The traditional process would be for more complex cases, adapting to the American experience to our reality, given the similarity. / O presente estudo tem por objeto a analise da Emenda Constitucional nº 45/2004, que inseriu o princípio da razoável duração do processo dentro das garantias fundamentais asseguradas a cada indivíduo e está insculpido no inciso LXXVIII, do art. 5º, da Constituição Federal de 1988, na perspectiva de que a tutela jurisdicional deve ser efetiva, tempestiva e adequada. Vê-se que tal questão é de suma importância, vez que a introdução do prazo razoável na prestação jurisdicional como princípio constitucional traz um compromisso do Estado para com o cidadão a fim de dar maior efetividade ao processo e garantir o direito fundamental de acesso à Justiça. Para chegar a essa conclusão, utilizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, legislativa, administrativa e jurisprudencial, com marcos teóricos em diversos autores, iniciando-se com Barroso e confluindo para argumentos que sirvam de suporte à aplicabilidade da referida Emenda, a partir de uma análise histórica (ontológica) e valorativa (axiológica). Em seguida, foi feita a pesquisa jurisprudencial relativa ao tema nos principais tribunais brasileiros, máxime nos Tribunais Superiores, para então proceder a uma análise comparativa com o material bibliográfico. A importância do princípio se destaca como pressuposto para o exercício pleno da cidadania nos Estados Democráticos de Direito, garantindo aos cidadãos a concretização dos direitos que lhes são constitucionalmente assegurados. Os princípios da celeridade e da duração do processo devem ser aplicados com observação aos princípios da razoabilidade e da proporcionalidade, assegurando que o processo não se estenda além do prazo razoável, nem tampouco venha comprometer outros princípios como o da plena defesa e do contraditório. É certo, porém e para benefício da população que necessita de uma justiça efetiva que pela Emenda Constitucional 45/04 (que dentre outras novidades inseriu expressamente o princípio da duração razoável do processo) procura-se reformar o Poder Judiciário garantindo meios para que se torne mais ágil e fortalecido, o que é fundamental em uma sociedade como a nossa tão carente da efetivação de direitos aos cidadãos. A preocupação atual que norteia os procedimentos e o direito a uma rápida e eficaz duração do processo, nos convoca a uma análise do papel do Conselho Nacional de Justiça CNJ e de Programas, a exemplo do Atualizar , em Goiás do FONAJE e do Processo Judicial Eletrônico PJE, estes como ferramentas, dentre outras, que resultam em repostas necessárias aos problemas sociais e econômicos hodiernos. De outro lado, os meios alternativos de solução dos conflitos, complementares ao processo judicial formal, em razão mesmo da sua informalidade e adaptabilidade, sugerem a solução de muitos casos, nas antecâmaras de mediação e conciliação (consensus building). Seria uma mudança de paradigmas, erigindo alternativa ao modelo de judicialização como um contra-arquétipo coadjuvante para mitigar a cultura da demanda.Daí a idéia adotiva dos Tribunais ou Fóruns Multiportas, como promoção de meios integrativos para a solução das controvérsias. O processo tradicional ficaria para os casos de maior complexidade, adaptando-se a experiência norteamericana à nossa realidade, dada a similitude.

Les travaux communautaires sont de manière générale un travail exécuté sans rémunération par un contrevenant pour le compte de la société. Dans ce mémoire, nous cherchons d’une part à appréhender la perception qu’ont les acteurs de la réalisation des travaux communautaires au Québec et d’autre part à savoir si les acteurs judiciaires (avocats, procureurs et juges) et non judiciaires (intervenants des organismes de justice alternative, délégués à la jeunesse et organismes d’accueil) ainsi que les jeunes contrevenants donnent un sens réparateur aux travaux communautaires. Nous abordons ces questions à partir de deux schèmes : le schème fonctionnel pour comprendre la/les fonction(s) des travaux communautaires et le schème herméneutique afin de saisir la valeur symbolique, le sens qui est donné aux travaux communautaires. Les résultats de cette étude montrent des variations entre les points de vue en fonction des différents groupes et cela autour des trois grands thèmes principaux : la nature des travaux, les objectifs des travaux et les effets de ces derniers. Malgré certaines divergences de points de vue et quelques difficultés dans l’application des travaux, les acteurs sont pour la plupart satisfait de cette mesure. / Community work services are usually unpaid work performed by an offender in the interest of the society. In this paper, we seek both to understand the perceptions of actors carrying out the community work services in Quebec and secondly whether legal actors (lawyers, prosecutors and judges) and non-judicial (alternative justice agencies, youth workers and host organizations) and young offenders do give a restorative aspect to community work services. We address these questions using two schemes: the functional scheme to understand the function(s) of community work services and the hermeneutic scheme to capture the symbolic value, the meaning that is given to community work. The results of this study show variations between the points of view of the different groups and that, around three main themes: the nature of community work, community work objectives and effects of the latter. Despite some differences of views and some difficulties in the implementation of the community work services, the actors are mostly satisfied with this measure.