Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV15MA169.pdf: 682086 bytes, checksum: e66cb9ecfd276d4b0dca8a7c5e02653d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / The state of Santa Catarina is a major producer and consumer of corn kernels. Much of this cereal is used by agribusinesses in the production of animal protein. The stalk rot (PC) and ear can harm the quality and quantity of grain produced. The objective of this study was to quantify damage caused by PC in different altitudes in the state of Santa Catarina, identify the pathogens involved, assess the quality of grains and relate the presence of disease in the stalk to damaged kernels. Samples were taken in nine municipalities in the 2012/13 crop (Quilombo, Descanso, Petrolândia, Cunha Pora, Ituporanga, Papanduva, Campos Novos, Fraiburgo and Vargeão) and six in the 2013/14 crop (Quilombo, Palmitos, Bela Vista do Toldo, Fraiburgo and Caçador). The areas were divided according to the altitude of origin: low areas (0-400 meters), medium (400-800 m) and high (above 800 m). The work was conducted in partnership with the corn seed company Pioneer, using its commercial assays for data collection. We evaluated four commercial hybrids: 30F53YH, 30R50YH, AG8025 (PRO and PRO2) and DKB240 (PRO and PRO2). The experimental design was completely randomized factorial design with four replications. Cases and identification of causative agents were quantified at harvest, which was separated ears of patients from healthy plants. The spikes were threshed separately, the beans were weighed and dried to determine the damage caused by PC and analysis of the percentage of burnt grain (GA). The PC incidence ranged from 8.7% to 63.5%, average 26.35% in the 2012/13 crop, and 0.6 to 13.8%, averaging 5.52% in the 2013 harvest / 14. The damage caused by stalk rot ranged from 171.2 to 1248.02 kg ha-1 (average of 453.42 kg ha-1) in the first harvest and 17.1 to 338.24 kg ha-1 (mean 138.59 kg ha-1) in the second. Higher incidences and PC damage was detected in the areas of medium and high altitude. The hybrid with higher incidence of PC was DKB240 (in PRO versions and PRO2). The disease more present in Santa Catarina areas was fusarium. There were significant linear correlation between incidence and damage by 60% of the assessed areas. In the season 2012/13 the Fraiburgo had a higher incidence of GA for the four hybrids, average of 14.9%, while Campos Novos the lowest, 0.5%. In the harvest 2013/14 was not a trend, each hybrid responded differently to the site. The relationship between PC and GA for the four hybrids was low / O Estado de Santa Catarina é um importante produtor e consumidor de grãos de milho. Grande parte desse cereal é utilizado pelas agroindústrias na produção de proteína animal. As podridões do colmo (PC) e de espiga podem prejudicar a qualidade e quantidade de grãos produzidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar danos causados por PC em altitudes diferenciadas no estado de Santa Catarina, identificar os patógenos envolvidos, avaliar a qualidade dos grãos produzidos e relacionar a presença de doença no colmo com grãos ardidos. Foram realizadas coletas em nove municípios na safra 2012/13 (Quilombo, Descanso, Petrolândia, Cunha Porã, Ituporanga, Papanduva, Campos Novos, Fraiburgo e Vargeão) e seis na safra 2013/14 (Quilombo, Palmitos, Bela Vista do Toldo, Fraiburgo e Caçador). As áreas foram divididas de acordo com a altitude de origem: áreas baixas (0 a 400 metros), médias (400 a 800 m) e altas (acima de 800 m). O trabalho foi conduzido em parceria com a empresa de sementes de milho Pioneer, utilizando seus ensaios comerciais para coleta de dados. Foram avaliados quatro híbridos comerciais: 30F53YH, 30R50YH, AG8025 (PRO e PRO2) e DKB240 (PRO e PRO2). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, fatorial, com quatro repetições. A incidência de PC e identificação de agentes causais foram quantificadas na colheita, onde separou-se espigas de plantas doentes de sadias. As espigas foram trilhadas separadamente, os grãos foram pesados e secados para determinação do dano causado por PC e análise da porcentagem de grão ardido (GA). As incidências de PC variaram de 8,7% a 63,5%, média 26,35%, na safra 2012/13, e de 0,6 a 13,8%, média de 5,52%, na safra 2013/14. O dano causado por podridão de colmo variou de 171,2 a 1.248,02 Kg ha-1 (média de 453,42 Kg ha-1) na primeira safra e de 17,1 a 338,24 Kg ha-1 (média de 138,59 Kg ha-1) na segunda safra. Maiores incidências e danos de PC foram detectados nas áreas de média e alta altitude. O híbrido com maior incidência de PC foi DKB240 (nas versões PRO e PRO2). A doença mais presente nas áreas catarinenses foi fusariose. Existiu correlação linear positiva entre incidência e dano em 60% das áreas avaliadas. Na safra 2012/13 o município de Fraiburgo apresentou maior incidência de GA para os quatro híbridos avaliados, média de 14,9%, enquanto Campos Novos a menor, 0,5%. Na safra 2013/14 cada híbrido respondeu de forma diferenciada ao local. A relação entre PC e GA para os quatro híbridos avaliados foi baixa

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoPFG_DISSERT.pdf: 1458535 bytes, checksum: fae41c0cfc4b0b09e65c1f69ec230a28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / A Quadrotor is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with four rotors distributed on a simple mechanical "X"form structure. The aim of this work is to build and stabilize a Quadrotor aircraft in the roll, pitch and yaw angles at a certain altitude. The stabilization control approach is based on a transformation in the input variables in order to perform a decoupled control. The proposed strategy is based on breaking the control problem into two hierarchical levels: A lower level, object of this work, maintains the desired altitude an angles of the vehicle while the higher level establishes appropriate references to the lower level, performing the desired movements. A hardware and software architecture was specially developed and implemented for an experimental prototype used to test and validate the proposed control approach / Um Quadrirrotor ? um Ve?culo A?reo N?o Tripulado (VANT) dotado de quatro rotores distribu?dos nas extremidades de uma estrutura mec?nica simples em forma de "X". O objetivo desse trabalho ? construir e estabilizar uma aeronave desse tipo, com alta capacidade de carga, em uma determinada altitude, sob ?ngulos de rolagem, guinada e arfagem pr?-definidos. A abordagem de controle de estabiliza??o baseia-se numa transforma??o das vari?veis de entrada do sistema a fim de realizar o controle de forma desacoplada. A estrat?gia proposta se baseia na divis?o do problema de controle em dois n?veis hier?rquicos: o n?vel inferior, objeto deste trabalho, mant?m os ?ngulos e a altitude do ve?culo em valores desejados, enquanto o n?vel superior estabelece refer?ncias adequadas para o n?vel inferior, de forma a executar os movimentos desejados Uma arquitetura de hardware e software foi especialmente desenvolvida e implementada para um prot?tipo experimental usado para testar e validar a abordagem de controle proposta

Orientador: George John Shepherd / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meireles_LeonardoDias_D.pdf: 52013493 bytes, checksum: d5034b3efafae60949067d81a6753f38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A Serra Fina é o nome de umas das áreas da Serra da Mantiqueira Meridional, uma cadeia montanhosa na divisa geográfica entre Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. A Serra Fina compreende um dos maciços de rochas alcalinas que forma uma das áreas de maior altitude dessa região com mais de 2.500 metros de altitude em vários locais. Ela apresenta um destacado gradiente altitudinal que permite a ocorrência de diferentes formações vegetacionais altimontanas. Sua vegetação apresenta-se ainda relativamente conservada, mas pouquíssimo conhecida. Nós objetivamos analisar a composição florística de suas formações vegetacionais altimontanas, descrever a estrutura fitossociológica das florestas nebulares, verificar a similaridade dessa floresta com outras florestas montanas brasileiras e verificar como mudanças climáticas quaternárias influenciaram a distribuição geográfica das espécies que as compõem. Nos campos de altitude, matas de candeias e nas florestas nebulares foram coletadas 393 espécies das quais sete são provavelmente novas para a ciência. As famílias Asteraceae, Poaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae e Ericaceae apresentaram as maiores riquezas específicas. Duas espécies novas da família Asteraceae restritas aos campos de altitude acima de 2.500 metros de altitude foram descritas e ilustradas e as demais necessitam de estudos detalhados por especialistas. A riqueza específica amostrada denota a importância das áreas de altitude na diversidade da Floresta Atlântica e denotam a importância fitogeográfica da Serra Fina por apresentar um grande número de espécies endêmicas ou com distribuição geográfica restrita e comportar espécies com fortes relações com a flora dos Andes, oeste da América do Sul. As florestas apresentaram características típicas de florestas nebulares como menor riqueza, elevada densidade e um dossel reduzido. Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Symplocaceae e Cunoniaceae foram as famílias de maior valor de importância. As florestas alto-montanas da Serra da Mantiqueira apresentaram alta similaridade florística com florestas nebulares sulinas e em parte com as florestas alto-montanas do interior de Minas Gerais e do topo da Serra do Mar em São Paulo, que apresentam uma composição florística relativamente diferenciada. A similaridade dessas florestas com florestas em altitudes mais baixas é relativamente menor. Os modelos de distribuição potencial para espécies florestais montanas destacaram intensas modificações na área de ocupação dessas espécies em cenários climáticos para o Quaternário Tardio e sugerem que estas espécies possam ter ocorrido em altitudes e latitudes menores e longitudes maiores do que atualmente observado. Esses resultados sugerem que florestas com composição florística similar às atuais florestas alto-montanas possam ter ocupado uma área mais extensa no passado, formando em algumas regiões florestas mais extensas que foram posteriormente fragmentadas e confinadas ao topo de cadeias montanhosas na região leste ao sul do Brasil. / Abstract: The "Serra Fina" is the name given to a block of the Serra da Mantiqueira, a mountain chain that forms the boundary between the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The Serra Fina largely corresponds to a massif of alkaline rocks and forms the highest part of the range, rising to more than 2500m at several points. It offers an exceptionally extensive altitudinal gradient, with the occurrence of several high-montane vegetation formations. These formations are still relatively well-conserved, but are very poorly known. The main objectives of the present study were to analyze the floristic composition of some of the high-montane vegetation types, describe and analyze the phytosociological structure of the cloud forests, determine the degree of similarity between these forests and other montane forests in Brazil and to investigate possible explanations of the patterns seen, especially with regard to climate changes in the quaternary. A total of 393 species, of which seven are probably new to science, were collected in the grasslands, "candeia" scrub and cloud forests. The greatest species-level richness was found in the families Asteraceae, Poaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae and Ericaceae. Two new species of Asteraceae, confined to grasslands above 2500m have been described and illustrated, and the remainder await more detailed studies by specialists. The species richness encountered demonstrates the importance of the contribution of high altitude areas to the overall diversity of the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil, and the phytogeographic importance of the Serra Fina with a large number of endemic species or species with restricted distributions with strong links to the Andean flora of western South America. The forests showed a number of characteristics typical of cloud forests, such as low richness, high density and a reduced canopy, with Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Symplocaceae and Cunoniaceae as the most important families. The Serra da Mantiqueira upper montane forests showed their greatest floristic similarity to be with the cloud forests of southern Brazil and to some extent with the upper montane forests of the interior of Minas Gerais and the crest of the coastal range ("Serra do Mar") in São Paulo, though with a somewhat differentiated floristic composition. Similarities with the surrounding forest matrix at lower altitudes were much less. Models of potential distribution for montane forest species using scenarios for Late Quaternary conditions suggest that extensive modifications of currently observed distributions are likely to have occurred, with many species occupying much lower altitudes and latitudes, together with much greater longitudes. These results suggest that forests similar in composition to current upper montane forests may have occupied much more extensive areas in the past, forming an almost continuous forest that has subsequently been fragmented and confined to high mountain areas in the east-south Brazil. / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Many studies pointed out to the effects of acute or chronic hypoxia in order to study the adaptation in response to high altitudes. Recently, some studies have tried to unravel the effects of exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH), to explore the therapeutic value to patients and potential influence on the performance of athletes. Same studies show that exposure to acute or chronic hypoxia can influence the metabolism of glucose and related hormones, however, the results are still inconsistent. In horses affected with polysaccharide storage myopathy, in which horses show enhanced glucose uptake by muscle cells and increase insulin sensitivity may be the target of future studies for the potential use of IH in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of normobaric intermittent hypoxia in serum cortisol, blood glucose levels and insulin secretion in non-exercised horses. Healthy adult horses (n=8) were selected after physical examination and underwent an intravenous glucose tolerance test (0.5gr/kg) (IVGTT). Blood samples (n=11) were collected between 0 and 180 minutes after glucose administration to evaluate glycemic response and insulin secretion. Then, they were exposed to 1-hour hypoxia sessions twice a day, reaching a total of 43 hypoxia sessions. From first to last session the [O2] was gradually decreased from 17% to 12%. The heart rate and the samples to measure serum cortisol were collected before and every 15 minutes during the sessions 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 22 and 43. The IVGTT was repeated at the end of the study. The serum cortisol levels were higher in session 1 (S1) (17% O2) when compared to the levels of S10 (13% O2) and S43 (12% O2) (P<0.05). The glycemic response was not significantly altered in resting horses submitted to normobaric hypoxia sessions from 17% to 12% [O2], however, required higher insulin secretion, suggesting a decrease in sensitivity to this hormone. The decline in serum cortisol and heart rate suggests an adaption to the stimulus of hypoxia. IH is a resource that provides a wide area for further studies in horses, both as a therapeutic tool, about the potential benefits on athletic performance. / No passado a maioria das pesquisas apontou para os efeitos da hipóxia aguda ou crônica no intuito de estudar a adaptação em resposta às altas altitudes. Mais recentemente, alguns estudos têm buscado desvendar os efeitos da exposição à hipóxia intermitente (HI), objetivando explorar o valor terapêutico em pacientes e a influência potencial no desempenho de atletas. Muitos estudos demonstram que a exposição à hipóxia aguda ou crônica pode influenciar no metabolismo da glicose e hormônios relacionados, entretanto, os resultados ainda são inconsistentes, talvez devido aos vários protocolos usados até o momento. Em equinos, doenças como a miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeos, na qual os cavalos apresentam aumento na captação da glicose pelas células musculares e aumento da sensibilidade à insulina, podem ser alvo de futuros estudos para o uso potencial da HI em medicina veterinária. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da hipóxia normobárica intermitente nos níveis séricos de cortisol, resposta glicêmica e secreção de insulina de cavalos não exercitados. Cavalos adultos sadios (n=8) foram selecionados após exame físico e submetidos ao teste de tolerância à glicose intravenosa (0,5g/kg) (TTGIV). Amostras de sangue (n=11) foram coletadas entre 0 e 180 minutos após a administração de glicose para avaliar a resposta glicêmica e a secreção de insulina. Os animais foram então expostos a sessões de uma hora de hipóxia duas vezes ao dia, totalizando 43 sessões. Da primeira à última sessão o percentual de O2 foi gradativamente diminuído de 17 a 12%. A freqüência cardíaca e as amostras sanguíneas para a determinação do cortisol sérico foram coletadas antes e a cada 15 minutos durante as sessões 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 22 e 43. A TTGIV foi repetida ao final do estudo. Os níveis de cortisol sérico foram maiores na sessão 1 (S1) (17% O2) quando comparados aos níveis da S10 (13% O2) e da S43 (12% O2)(P<0,05). A resposta glicêmica não foi significativamente alterada em eqüinos não exercitados submetidos a sessões de hipóxia normobárica de 17% a 12% de O2, entretanto, foi necessária uma maior secreção de insulina, que sugere diminuição na sensibilidade a este hormônio. O declínio nos níveis de cortisol sérico e na freqüência cardíaca sugere uma adaptação ao estímulo da hipóxia. A HI é um recurso que proporciona uma ampla área para novos estudos em cavalos, tanto como ferramenta terapêutica, quanto aos possíveis benefícios no desempenho atlético.

Nutrition of both professional and occasional climbers in high altitude is often discussed topic in sports nutrition. Specially with latest studies showing connection between poor nutrition and high altitude sickness development. Dehydration in particular has a huge effect on the body at these altitudes and can be responsible for many of the symptoms previously attributed to hypoxia. The research was focused on the theoretical part, in which basic issue of nutrition and hydration are shown, as well as the acute issues that climbers may have experience on their journey to high altitude. The practical part was evaluated by a quantitative approach with the help of a questionnaire survey and its evaluation. The questionnaire was anonymous, nonstandardized with open and closed questions. A total of 68 respondents participated in the research. The results of the investigation are evaluated and discussed in the final parts of the thesis. The main objective of the thesis was focused on the dietary habits of respondents during their stay in high altitude, their awareness of the risks resulting from poor nutrition and dehydration and assess how much care respondents take about nutrition and hydration during their travels. Four hypotheses were set for the thesis. Key words: Nutrition; hydratation; acute...

<p>  </p> <p>High altitude test facilities are needed for ground testing of upper stage rocket engines or small satellite thrusters with high expansion ratio nozzles to ensure full-flowing nozzle conditions. Rocket exhaust diffusers and ejector systems are essential components of these facilities and are frequently used to set desired simulated altitude/low pressure conditions and pump out rocket exhaust products. </p> <p>This dissertation combined experimental and numerical efforts on diffuser-ejector systems. The experimental efforts included the development of a Second Throat Exhaust Diffuser (STED) to aid with the qualification of space thrusters in the Purdue Altitude Chamber Facility. While performing these experiments, we characterized the single and two-stage ejector systems operating in conjunction with the diffuser to obtain and maintain specific simulated altitudes. </p> <p>The concurrent numerical effort focused on validating a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations flow simulations. After validating the ejector CFD, we used it to derive a corrective coefficient of a lumped parameter ejector model (LPM) developed previously for the ejectors used in the Purdue Altitude Facility. We created variable coefficient maps for the stages of the two-stage ejector system using the same LPM and the test data from one of our experiments. </p> <p>We designed, manufactured, and then validated a STED for altitude testing of a ~50 lbf hypergolic hybrid motor as a part of a NASA JPL project. The designed STED enabled the operation of the hybrid motor for the full duration of the test firing (about 2 seconds) at a simulated altitude of 102,000 feet, slightly above the targeted altitude of 100,000 feet. We also validated our diffuser CFD approach by creating a simulation using the measured diffuser back pressure and the average motor chamber pressure. </p> <p>We then devised an experiment to investigate several diffuser–ejector system configurations using cold gas thrusters with conical and bell nozzles. The main aim of that experiment was to explore the effects of different thruster nozzle geometries, diffuser geometries, and thruster/ejector operational parameters on the performance of a diffuser–ejector system. For all the configurations tested, we reported on the minimum starting and operating pressure ratios and corresponding correction factors on the normal shock method. The large hysteresis regions obtained mostly with bell nozzles having a high initial expansion angle provided an opportunity to economize the facility resources. In some cases which were later found to violate STED second throat contraction limits, we experienced a choking flow at the second throat. Then, we studied the second throat contraction limits in detail using CFD in addition to the experimental data and explored minimum diffuser second throats enabling diffuser starting and improving aerodynamic efficiency. </p> <p>Finally, we machined a larger scale cold gas thruster with different nozzle geometries (having throat diameters in the range of 0.367 – 0.52 inches) from acrylic rods to study possible flow separation and gas condensation events that could occur during tests in the altitude chamber. The main difference here with the previous experiment was that the diffuser (JPL STED) was fixed, and the two-stage ejector system was used to create the necessary back pressure. With the experiments performed at varying axial gaps between the nozzle exit and diffuser inlet, we were able to investigate the effect of that on the diffuser performance. The experimental data collected in this work and the complementary numerical efforts served to generate the operating envelope of the Purdue Altitude Chamber Facility.  </p>

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo avaliar metrologicamente os resultados dos ensaios de rendimento e consumo em aparelhos domésticos de cocção a gás e sua influência na classificação do Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem desses aparelhos. A avaliação de conformidade e como as diferentes altitudes influenciam nos ensaios, acompanhadas de suas incertezas de medição, provêm de dados históricos do início do Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem em fogões e aos constantes questionamentos sobre a representatividade dos resultados dos planos interlaboratoriais, o que motivou a realização do estudo. A metodologia utilizada fundamentou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e experimental, que teve por finalidade coletar dados dos ensaios de rendimento e consumo em duas cidades com diferentes altitudes, discussão da norma com detalhamento dos algoritmos e tratamento estatístico dos dados coletados, onde a abordagem proposta se baseia na avaliação da normalidade, tratamento de outliers, cálculo do rendimento reportado a partir da medida de posição inversamente ponderada pela medida de dispersão de cada queimador e desenvolvimento dos algoritmos do cálculo de incerteza dos ensaios de rendimento e consumo. Neste cenário, os resultados mostram que a média aritmética, atualmente usada no cálculo do rendimento dos quatro queimadores da mesa do fogão, pode ser substituída pela média ponderada por variâncias estatisticamente não compatíveis entre si. Conclui-se que a incerteza dos ensaios do rendimento e consumo não foi suficiente para colocar em risco a mudança de faixa de classificação da etiqueta de eficiência energética do produto; entretanto, se observa uma diferença entre os resultados ao nível do mar e em altitude acima do nível do mar, o que sugere estudos futuros mais detalhados sobre os algoritmos de correção da grandeza altitude. / [en] This dissertation aims to metrologically evaluate the results of performance and consumption tests on domestic gas cooking appliances and their influence on the classification of the Brazilian Labelling Program for these appliances. The compliance assessment and how the different altitudes influence the tests accompanied by their measurement uncertainties come from historical data from the beginning of the Brazilian Labelling Program on stoves and from the constant questions about the representativeness of the results of the interlaboratorial tests, which motivated the realization of the study. The methodology used was based on bibliographic, documentary and experimental research, which aimed to collect data from income and consumption tests in two cities with different altitudes, discussion of the standard with details of the algorithms and statistical treatment of the collected data. The approach proposal is based on the evaluation of normality, treatment of outliers, calculation of the reported yield from the position measurement inversely weighted by the measure of dispersion of each burner and development of the uncertainty calculation algorithms of the performance and consumption tests. In this scenario, the results show that the arithmetic mean, currently used in the calculation of the performance of the four burners on the stove table, can be replaced by the weighted average by variances that are not statistically compatible with each other. It is concluded that the uncertainty of the efficiency and consumption tests was not enough to put at risk the change in the classification range of the energy efficiency label of the product. However, there is a difference between the results at sea level and at altitude above sea level, which suggests more detailed future studies on the altitude correction algorithms.

L'extraction des paramètres de surface est une activité essentielle des Sciences de la vie et de la Terre. Ce mémoire propose une nouvelle méthodologie pour l'analyse des paramètres biophysiques et géophysiques, appelée Réalité Terrain Étendue, et qui mêle les avantages des relevés terrain et de la télédétection. Nous nous sommes en particulier attachés aux avantages de la télédétection basse altitude et d'un système micro-drone multi-caméras pour la cartographie de la dynamique de la végétation à l'échelle des individus. Cette problématique pose de nombreuses contraintes sur notre système car l'identification des arbrisseaux nécessite des capteurs innovants et une adaptation aux cycles phénologiques pour améliorer leur capacité de discrimination. La télédétection basse altitude semble être une solution intéressante en terme de résolution spatiale et de souplesse opérationnelle, et le développement des micro-drones civils permet des outils d'autant plus performants et fiables pour les missions terrain. Nous avons donc mis en place un système complet de drone avec une charge utile spécifique emportant simultanément trois appareils photographiques pour l'acquisition à la demande d'images obliques, stéréoscopiques ou multispectrales et permettant le développement de nouvelles méthodes d'identification de la végétation. Enfin, en participant à un relevé terrain du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, nous avons validé l'intérêt de notre système pour la cartographie de la dynamique de la végétation. Ce travail s'ouvre sur de nombreuses applications et perspectives de recherche, comme l'extraction de paramètres biophysiques par stéréo-restitution et l'agriculture de précision / Retrieval of land surface parameters is an essential part of life and Earth sciences activities, as they are the key to understand the complex phenomena that take place in the biosphere. This thesis proposes a new methodology for biophysical and geophysical surface para-meters analysis, that we call Extended Ground Truth, and that mix the advantages of the field ope-rations and those of remote sensing. We have especially focused our work on the benefits of low altitude remote sensing with a multi-cameras Unmanned Aerial System for vegetation dynamics mapping at subject scale. This problematic raises strong constraints on the system, as the identification of small bushes implies new type of sensors and the adaptation to the phenological cycles to improve the discrimination capacity of the sensors. Low altitude remote sensing seems a good solution in terms of resolution and operational flexibility and the technical revolution behind the spreading of civilian micro-UAV allows all the more capable and reliable tools for field operations. We therefore developed an Unmanned Aerial System with a specific payload that can lift up three digital cameras at once, allowing on demand oblique, stereoscopic or multispectral synchronous acquisitions and thus the development of new identification methods of the vegetation. Finally, we have participated in a field operation on a test site of the National Natural History Museum and confirmed the interest of our tool for vegetation dynamics mapping. This work leads to many other researches, per example in the field of biophysical parameters extraction from stereoscopic images, and other application fields like precision farming

This thesis is focused on aspects of mountains activities as a ski touring, hiking and mountaineering. This field of sports are associated with the risk of altitude sickness. The thesis examines key parameters that contribute to the emergence of altitude sickness. The other examinees parameters are weather conditions, influence of high altitude, physical training and physiological manifestations of individual person. The aim of this thesis was find out which sports are the most affected by high altitude sickness. And what are the most common symptoms of altitude sickness. It was based on the literature and questionnaire.

Dentre as principais áreas produtoras de café no Brasil, destaca-se a região do Circuito das Águas Paulista - CAP. Devido às suas características edafoclimáticas, com clima ameno, temperaturas entre 13ºC e 26ºC e altitudes de até 1.400 m, a região, composta por nove municípios da Serra da Mantiqueira, apresenta potencial de produção de cafés especiais. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os cafés de diferentes cultivares da espécie Coffea arabica L. produzidos em duas faixas de altitude da região do CAP a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os cafeicultores e análises físicas, químicas e sensoriais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, baseado na interação entre ambiente (duas faixas de altitude - abaixo e acima de 1.100 m) e genótipos (Catucaí Amarelo, Catuaí Vermelho, Obatã, Mundo Novo, Bourbon Amarelo, Icatu Amarelo e Iapar). Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA (teste F) e ao teste de Tukey (p<0,05) (análises químicas e sensoriais). Em adição, os dados das sensoriais (SCAA e ADQ) foram submetidos às Análises de Agrupamento Aglomerativo Hierárquico e de Componentes Principais, sendo a análise de frequência das citações da ADQ submetida também ao Teste de Cochran. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre as amostras para todas as análises. Dentre as amostras estudadas, cinco foram classificadas como \"especiais\" (SCAA), com pontuação de até 84,42 e todas foram classificadas como Gourmet (ADQ), com destaque para os atributos: floral/frutado, acidez, doçura e corpo pronunciados, e sabor de nozes/avelã, evidenciando as características singulares dos cafés do CAP. Quanto às cultivares, as amostras de Obatã apresentaram as maiores notas (alta qualidade); as de Mundo Novo, notas intermediárias, com aroma da bebida pronunciado e menor adstringência; e as de Bourbon Amarelo, menores notas. Quanto à altitude, houve influência na acidez, pois parte das amostras cultivadas abaixo de 1.100 metros apresentou valores mais altos desse atributo, todavia, sem interferência negativa comprovada na qualidade final da bebida. Além disso, também influenciou a cafeína, pois as amostras de Catucaí Amarelo, Catuaí Vermelho, Obatã e Bourbon Amarelo cultivadas abaixo de 1.100 metros apresentaram valores superiores. A cultivar Bourbon Amarelo apresentou maiores teores de ácidos clorogênicos e, as amostras preparadas pela via úmida, maiores teores de trigonelina, cafeína e ácidos clorogênicos (Catucaí Amarelo e Obatã) em relação às de via seca, além de notas mais altas ou intermediárias na análise sensorial (exceto a de Bourbon Amarelo). Em suma, a região do CAP possui potencial para produção de cafés especiais, de características singulares, que envolvem tradição, história, cultura e aspectos ambientais. Contudo, podem ter ocorrido interferências no processo produtivo de algumas das amostras analisadas no presente estudo. / Among the main coffee producing areas in Brazil, there is the Circuito das Águas Paulista - CAP. Due to its soil and climate characteristics, temperatures between 13°C and 26°C and altitudes up to 1,400 m, the region consists of nine districts of the \"Serra da Mantiqueira\" and has great potential for producing high quality coffee. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the coffees of different cultivars of Coffea arabica L. produced in two altitude ranges of the CAP region from semi-structured interviews with farmers and physical, chemical and sensory analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized, based on the interaction between environment (two altitude ranges - below and above 1,100 m) and genetic (cultivars: Yellow Catucaí, Red Catuaí, Obatã, Mundo Novo, Yellow Bourbon, Yellow Icatu and Iapar). The results were submitted to ANOVA (F test) and Tukey test (p <0.05) (chemical and sensory analysis). In addition, the sensory data (SCAA and ADQ) were subjected to Hierarchical agglomerative clustering and Principal component analysis, and the analysis of frequency of ADQ quotes were submitted also to Cochran test. There were significant differences (p <0.05) between samples for all analyzes. Among the samples analyzed, five were classified as \"special\" (SCAA), with scores of up to 84.42 and all were classified as Gourmet (ADQ), highlighting the attributes: floral / fruity, acidity, sweetness and body pronounced, and nutty / hazelnut, highlighting the unique features of the CAP coffees. As for the cultivars, Obatã samples showed the highest scores (high quality); the Mundo Novo, intermediate notes, with the aroma pronounced and less astringency drink; and Yellow Bourbon, smaller notes. As for the altitude, there was influence on acidity, because of the samples grown below 1,100 m showed higher values of this attribute, however without negative interference proven in the final quality of the drink. In addition, it also influenced the caffeine, because the samples Yellow Catucaí, Red Catuaí, Obatã and Yellow Bourbon grown below 1,100 m showed higher values. The Yellow Bourbon showed higher levels of chlorogenic acids and the samples prepared by the wet method, higher trigoneline content, caffeine and chlorogenic acids (Yellow Catucaí and Obatã) in relation to dry ones, and higher and intermediate grades in analysis sensory (except for the Yellow Bourbon). In short, the CAP region has potential for production of specialty coffees, with unique characteristics, involving tradition, history, culture and environmental aspects. However, interference may have occurred in the production process of some of the samples analyzed in this study.