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Texte remanié de la tesis doctoral: Facultad de filosofía y letras--Valladolid, 1979. / Résumé du livre publié sous le titre : "La Desamortización de Mendizábal en la provincia de Valladolid, 1836-1853" dans "Investigaciones históricas", n °= 2, 1980, Universidad de Valladolid. Bibliogr. p. 633-645. Index.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-06-15T13:37:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 8206754 bytes, checksum: 021939cbd3fccc15e2722888c92df444 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-15T13:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 8206754 bytes, checksum: 021939cbd3fccc15e2722888c92df444 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / A lo largo de nuestro estudio, abordamos dos novelas, Caramelo, de Sandra Cisneros y En el nombre de Salomé, de Julia Alvarez, con nuestra mirada crítica centrada en las protagonistas de ambas narrativas. Las voces de estas mujeres, y las historias que desvelan, construyen puentes entre culturas diversas – las de sus comunidades de origen, latinoamericanas, y la de arribada, estadounidense. El trayecto de un lado al otro conlleva marcas de tensiones, prejuicios, violencias, pero también resistencias y traducción cultural. Las habilidades para el tránsito (cultural, linguístico, entre otros) se fundamentan en los vestigios de memorias y en los propios cuerpos de los personajes, pues, gracias a ellos, estos se desplazan y rememoran momentos fundamentales, con el fin de reestructurar alguna noción de self en el entre-lugar. A tal efecto, las historias del pasado se vinculan con las del presente, tejiendo un lastre cultural que no es homogéneo, al integrar, por lo menos, dos vivencias, dos mundos yuxtapuestos y en diálogo tenso. Elegimos cuerpo y memoria como nuestras principales categorías de análisis, ambas tratadas a partir de una perspectiva comprometida con los estudios de género y culturales, contando con Sarlo (2007), Bordo (1993; 1990), Klahn (2003; 2000), Anzaldúa (1987; 2014), Smith y Watson (2010), y Almeida (2013) como nuestros principales apoyos teóricos. Buscamos constatar si, en las dos novelas, la memoria va más allá y habla a través de los cuerpos de las protagonistas, arrancando del silencio sujetos en ocasiones invisibilizados y silenciados y, al mismo tiempo, verificar si tal fenómeno se manifiesta de forma semejante en las dos narrativas y cuáles son los impactos de esta revelación. / In our study, we analyze two novels, that are, Caramelo, by Sandra Cisneros, and En el nombre de Salomé, by Julia Alvarez, focusing the two protagonists of both narrative, mainly interested in these women's voices and the stories they unveil while constructing bridges between these diverse cultures - the one of their original, Latin American culture, and the one in which they get inserted afterwards - the North American one. The trajectory from one side to the other is marked by tension, prejudice, violence, but also by resistence and cultural translation. The abilities for the transit (cultural, linguistic, among others) find their basis on the residues of memory and in the bodies of the subjects, since it is through these elements that they are able to move and remember fundamental moments so as to reestructure their notion of self in between. So, stories from the past are juxtaposed to those of the present, producing a cultural support that is not homogeneous, integrating at least two ways of living, two worlds brought together in a tense dialogue. Thus, we elect as our main categories of analysis the memory and the body, both looked at from a perspective compromised with gender and cultural studies, having Sarlo (2007), Bordo (1993; 1990), Klahn (2003; 2000), Anzaldúa (1987; 2014), Smith and Watson (2010) and Almeida (2013) as our main theoretical foundation. We verify, in a comparative way, how memory crosses the bodies of both protagonists, speaking through them while taking these subjects out of their previous silent positions, critically considering the results of such unveiling in each narrative. / Ao longo de nosso estudo enfocamos dois romances, Caramelo, de Sandra Cisneros e En el nombre de Salomé, de Julia Alvarez, centrando nosso olhar crítico nas protagonistas de ambas as narrativas. As vozes destas mulheres e as estórias que desvelam constroem pontes entre culturas diversas – as de suas comunidades de origem, latino-americanas, e a de chegada, estadunidense. O trajeto de um lado a outro tem marcas das tensões, preconceitos, violências, mas também resistências e tradução cultural. As habilidades para o trânsito (cultural, linguístico, entre outros), apoiam-se nos vestígios de memórias e nos próprios corpos das personagens, pois é através deles que elas se locomovem e relembram de momentos fundamentais a fim de reestruturar alguma noção de self no entre-lugar. Para tanto, as histórias do passado se alinham às do presente, tecendo um lastro cultural que não é homôgeneo, por integrarem pelo menos duas vivências, dois mundos justapostos e em diálogo tenso. Elegemos como nossas principais categorias de análise corpo e memória, ambas enfocadas a partir de uma perspectiva comprometida, com os estudos de gênero e culturais, tendo Sarlo (2007), Bordo (1993;1990), Klahn (2003; 2000), Anzaldúa (1987; 2014), Smith e Watson (2010), e Almeida (2013) como nossos principais apoios teóricos. Buscamos verificar se nos dois romances a memória perpassa e fala através dos corpos das protagonistas, arrancando do silêncio sujeitos por vezes invisibilizados e silenciados e, ao mesmo tempo, verificando se tal fenômeno se mostra de forma semelhante nas duas narrativas e quais os impactos desse desvelamento.

This study examines Julia Alvarez's best-known works, García Girls and In the Time of the Butterflies, to explore the intertextuality within Dominican-American fiction through the vocabulary and methodology of trauma studies and witnessing. Alvarez's work indicates that traditional academic discourse about witnessing often translates trauma survivors into tourists by legally dispossessing them from the witnesses they could provide as they seek to assign blame and pass judgment on the source of their traumatic experience. This process of exclusion threatens to hinder the ability of Dominican-Americans to work through their shared, traumatic experience with the Trujillo regime. Furthermore, this study contends that as Alvarez privileges fiction and the imagination, instead of historiography, as the appropriate sites for witnessing, she invites other members of the collective to share their witnesses in an effort to populate the structure of the trujillato in order for the collective to better come to terms with their shared trauma.

No decorrer do século XX, a arquitetura moderna transformou as relações entre o edifício e a cidade, permitindo aos arquitetos repensar a Planta Térrea das edificações como um espaço fundamental de conciliação entre ambos. Esta é a cota do projeto onde ajustes à estrutura formal do objeto arquitetônico são inevitáveis, e onde se faz implícita a coordenação do programa funcional dos pavimentos superiores com os fluxos e condicionantes do ambiente urbano. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal identificar e explicitar as estratégias formais relevantes encontradas no aparato teórico e prático do arquiteto Mario Roberto Álvarez, utilizadas na construção formal dos pavimentos térreos de seus edifícios em altura. Como procedimento metodológico foi adotado o estudo de caso de obras selecionadas do arquiteto, visando reconhecer e classificar as operações formais envolvidas na concepção dos projetos. Pretende-se, através da sistematização do conhecimento acumulado, reunir material teórico e gráfico que contribua para o reconhecimento das operações formais envolvidas no projeto da planta térrea de edifícios em altura. / During the twentieth century, modern architecture has transformed the relationship between the building and the city, allowing architects to rethink the Ground Floor plan as a key area of reconciliation between them. This is the level of the project where adjustments to the formal structure of the architectural object are inevitable, and where it is implied the coordination of the functional program of the upper floors with the flows and constraints of the urban environment. This research aims to identify and clarify the relevant formal strategies found in the theoretical and practical apparatus of the architect Mario Roberto Alvarez, used in the formal construction of the ground floors of his high-rise buildings. It was adopted the case study of selected works of the architect as methodological procedure, aiming to recognize and classify formal operations involved in the design of these projects. It is intended, through the systematization of accumulated knowledge, gather theoretical and graphic material that contributes to the recognition of formal operations involved in design of the Ground Floor plan of high-rise buildings.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2007. / Thesis directed by Kate Baldwin and Glenn Hendler for the Department of English. "July 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-215).

No decorrer do século XX, a arquitetura moderna transformou as relações entre o edifício e a cidade, permitindo aos arquitetos repensar a Planta Térrea das edificações como um espaço fundamental de conciliação entre ambos. Esta é a cota do projeto onde ajustes à estrutura formal do objeto arquitetônico são inevitáveis, e onde se faz implícita a coordenação do programa funcional dos pavimentos superiores com os fluxos e condicionantes do ambiente urbano. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal identificar e explicitar as estratégias formais relevantes encontradas no aparato teórico e prático do arquiteto Mario Roberto Álvarez, utilizadas na construção formal dos pavimentos térreos de seus edifícios em altura. Como procedimento metodológico foi adotado o estudo de caso de obras selecionadas do arquiteto, visando reconhecer e classificar as operações formais envolvidas na concepção dos projetos. Pretende-se, através da sistematização do conhecimento acumulado, reunir material teórico e gráfico que contribua para o reconhecimento das operações formais envolvidas no projeto da planta térrea de edifícios em altura. / During the twentieth century, modern architecture has transformed the relationship between the building and the city, allowing architects to rethink the Ground Floor plan as a key area of reconciliation between them. This is the level of the project where adjustments to the formal structure of the architectural object are inevitable, and where it is implied the coordination of the functional program of the upper floors with the flows and constraints of the urban environment. This research aims to identify and clarify the relevant formal strategies found in the theoretical and practical apparatus of the architect Mario Roberto Alvarez, used in the formal construction of the ground floors of his high-rise buildings. It was adopted the case study of selected works of the architect as methodological procedure, aiming to recognize and classify formal operations involved in the design of these projects. It is intended, through the systematization of accumulated knowledge, gather theoretical and graphic material that contributes to the recognition of formal operations involved in design of the Ground Floor plan of high-rise buildings.

No decorrer do século XX, a arquitetura moderna transformou as relações entre o edifício e a cidade, permitindo aos arquitetos repensar a Planta Térrea das edificações como um espaço fundamental de conciliação entre ambos. Esta é a cota do projeto onde ajustes à estrutura formal do objeto arquitetônico são inevitáveis, e onde se faz implícita a coordenação do programa funcional dos pavimentos superiores com os fluxos e condicionantes do ambiente urbano. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal identificar e explicitar as estratégias formais relevantes encontradas no aparato teórico e prático do arquiteto Mario Roberto Álvarez, utilizadas na construção formal dos pavimentos térreos de seus edifícios em altura. Como procedimento metodológico foi adotado o estudo de caso de obras selecionadas do arquiteto, visando reconhecer e classificar as operações formais envolvidas na concepção dos projetos. Pretende-se, através da sistematização do conhecimento acumulado, reunir material teórico e gráfico que contribua para o reconhecimento das operações formais envolvidas no projeto da planta térrea de edifícios em altura. / During the twentieth century, modern architecture has transformed the relationship between the building and the city, allowing architects to rethink the Ground Floor plan as a key area of reconciliation between them. This is the level of the project where adjustments to the formal structure of the architectural object are inevitable, and where it is implied the coordination of the functional program of the upper floors with the flows and constraints of the urban environment. This research aims to identify and clarify the relevant formal strategies found in the theoretical and practical apparatus of the architect Mario Roberto Alvarez, used in the formal construction of the ground floors of his high-rise buildings. It was adopted the case study of selected works of the architect as methodological procedure, aiming to recognize and classify formal operations involved in the design of these projects. It is intended, through the systematization of accumulated knowledge, gather theoretical and graphic material that contributes to the recognition of formal operations involved in design of the Ground Floor plan of high-rise buildings.

Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo (ruled 1930-1961) developed the reputation as one of the most violent and oppressive leaders of the Western Hemisphere in his thirty-one years of power. Authors Julia Alvarez and Mario Vargas Llosa provide insight into the effects of Trujillo's infamy by sharing the stories of Dominican women. In Alvarez's novel, In the Time of the Butterflies, the Dominican-American author fictionalizes the lives of the Mirabal sisters, historical women who were assassinated in 1961 for their involvement in the anti-Trujillo movement. Likewise, Vargas Llosa centers much of his novel, La fiesta del Chivo, on the life of Urania Cabral, a fictional female character who is raped by Trujillo at the age of fourteen. Both the Mirabals and Urania grow up amidst dictatorship and Alvarez and Vargas Llosa frequently focus on their characters' growth as they progress from childhood and adolescence into adulthood. This formative time in the protagonists' lives is often impacted by Trujillo and his actions. In particular, Alvarez and Vargas Llosa emphasize the unique process of female identity formation as a means of highlighting the cruelty of the Trujillo dictatorship. Female development is often described as a process that focuses on connection and relationships to others. As a result, women often demonstrate a high ability to respond to the needs and feelings of the people in their lives. Alvarez's depiction of the Mirabal sisters reflects these principles as her characters mature into strong women by learning the value of selflessly caring for others. The Mirabals' concern for people contrasts to Trujillo's character, which Alvarez portrays as violent, selfish and petty. Conversely, Vargas Llosa's protagonist experiences a traumatic event at the age of fourteen that severely inhibits her growth. As a result of Trujillo's cruelty Urania loses her ability to connect with others and becomes cold and distant. Urania's developmental obstacles reflect the debilitating effects dictatorship can have on individuals, and by extension, on a whole nation. In both In the Time of the Butterflies and La fiesta del Chivo the concept of female development shapes and informs the portrayal of Rafael Trujillo and his corrupt government.

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