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Between 1860 and 1940 approximately 1,1 million Swedish citizens emigrated to North America. But over 200 000 of them returned to Sweden. In this essay I have tried to estimate the impact of these people on the Swedish society. To make a deeper analyze possible, I have studied the parish of Glimåkra in southern Sweden and tried to trace the immigrants’ lives after their return to Sweden and thus estimate their impact on society. By statistical analysis of migrants between Sweden and USA and between the parish of Glimåkra and USA I have concluded that the result can be used as a model for Sweden on a national basis. The impact of returned emigrants on the parish of Glimåkra is significant. I have been able to identify important areas in the development of the local society that are clearly linked to these people, returning with new knowledge, ideas and money. This is especially obvious in the establishment of independent religious congregations and in the organizations for sobriety.

This Diploma thesis consists of two basic parts. In the first section includes research on specialist geographical literature, nonfiction literature, travel and didactic literature and geography textbooks for the upper primary school. The second section of the thesis comprises of my own teaching manual which focuses on the regional geography of North America, specifically the United States of America. Based on his own traveling experience the author presents the pupils the geographic curriculum of the upper primary school through the medium of a travel story. The teaching manual was created in Microsoft Publisher 2010. The travel book is complemented by extended definitions of terms, tables, colour schemes and a number of personal photographs which were taken during journeys around the USA.

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The topic of this thesis is "Comparison of foreign aid of USA and China with the concentration on the region of Latin America". In the past several years, the foreign aid of People's Republic of China has grown dramatically to the region of Latin America and Caribbean. The United States is a traditional donor and Latin America is its long-term sphere of influence. Until recently, China had been recognized more as a foreign aid receiver, not as a donor. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, China has massively increased the support of developing economies. China, as an emerging donor, is not very transparent and it is very hard to estimate its future. Chinese government treats the foreign aid data as a national secret and it releases only very comprehensive data. As states, USA and China are very different, from historical or economical point of view, both have different political regimes, or standards of living. This work aims to point out the similarities and differences between the two countries and their motivation to provide foreign aid to Latin-American countries. Through the qualitative comparison I would like to prove/disprove two hypothesis: 1) Both countries provide foreign aid to develop the region of Latin America, however, both have different motivation - while for USA the...

Denna uppsats behandlar en del av historien med ett nytt perspektiv. Den handlar om hur kvinnor i Amerika/USA skildras utifrån reseskildringar av Fredrika Bremer och Lovisa Mathilda Nettelbladt. Detta skede genom att undersöka dem genom att analysera reseskildringarna utifrån genusperspektiv och den svenska kulturmötens-perspektiv som innebar att svenskarna var mer tillvägagående i möten med andra kulturer. Genom att lyfta ut de amerikanska kvinnornas situation, författarnas attityder om kvinnorna och egenskaper kunde denna analys ske och dessutom även se vilka skillnader det fanns mellan amerikanska kvinnor och europeiska. Även en jämförelse sker mellan författarnas reseskildringar.      Syftet var att utveckla och fördjupa den svenska synen på 1800-talets Amerika och genom de tre frågeställningarna uttyda beskrivningen av kvinnor i Amerika på 1850-talet samt en jämförande fråga mellan materialet för att svara på syftet. Metoden som användes under läsningen och som strukturerade undersökningen var en kvalitativ analysläsning med hjälp av Eva Blocks bild-begrepp. Teorierna som används är en konstruerad utifrån tidigare forskningens Kenneth Nybergs och Björn Moens arbeten samt ett genusteoretiskt utifrån Joan Scott.      I den tidigare forskningen har det studerats svenska folkets åsikter om Amerika med stora undersökning som tidningsstudier och emigrationsstudier i formen av platsspecifika undersökningar. Två arbeten i den tidigare forskningen, Kenneth Nybergs Bilder av Mittens rike och Eva Blocks Amerikabilden i svensk dagspress 1948–1968, var extra betydande då de gav analysverktyget med bild-begreppet och en grund för hur tidigare studier av andra kulturer utförts. I slutändan saknades det tidigare forskning som undersökt kvinnan i Amerika utöver vad Bremer skrivit om dem och ingen använde någon teori kopplad till kulturmöten och genus.      Efter att undersökningen var utförd var resultatet en mycket positiv bild av kvinnan i Amerika. Hennes situation tillät henne ha stora friheter, som att bli undervisad i alla skolämnen, vänta med giftermål till senare i livet och kunna resa ensam utan en make eller far som skydd. Kvinnan hade också stor respekt i många städer, däribland Columbia där om man endast sa det minsta illa om en kvinna fick man vara bered på att stå för orden i dueller eller slagsmål. Bremers och Nettelbladts attityder mot kvinnorna var mycket positiva, vanligen på grund av egenskaperna de besatt och deras utbildning. Det fanns flera exempel på när de båda ogillade kvinnorna, men överlag var dessa tillfällen små och obetydliga jämfört med den stora bilden. Egenskaperna som de amerikanska kvinnorna besatte var kopplat både till det yttre och inre, däribland att de alla tycks vara vackra, trevliga, arbetsamma och självständiga. Bremer som träffade indianer i Amerika beskriver även dessa kvinnor med positiva attribut inom de tre kategorierna, men att de ändå hade svårare än resten utav de amerikanska kvinnorna.      Slutligen avslutas uppsatsen och arbetet med en diskussion mot den tidigare forskningen och en del andra tankar. Bland dessa bekräftar uppsatsen att författarna till reseskildringarna var mer tillmötesgående mot kvinnorna och i slutänden mot kulturen som de mötte i Amerika. Bremer och Nettelbladt uttrycker att kvinnorna i Amerika har flera inre och yttre attribut som är positiva. De vanligaste var bland annat att kvinnan var självständig gentemot mannen och inte hade kravet på att gifta sig ung eller att göra sig fin för mannens skull. Ett andra uttryck var att kvinnor innehade generellt stor respekt, vilket gav uttrycktes genom olika berättelser där mannen skyddade kvinnans värdighet ifall hon fick höra onda ord om henne eller att kvinnan kunde utan problematik studera flera områden som fysik och medicin. Mot teorin om kulturmöten bryter detta inte mönstret, Bremers och Nettelbladts beskrivningar visar på att svenskar var mycket tillmötesgående.      Genusteoretiskt tycks kvinnorna i Amerika haft en starkare ställning att bryta maktförhållandet mellan man och kvinna samt i Scotts fyra aspekter påverkar dessa på ett eller annat sätt. Undersökningen visar att kvinnan i Amerika tycks bryta maktförordningen enklare än i Europa då Bremer och Nettelbladt ger uttryck för detta genom deras observationer. Ett exempel är att kvinnan studerar många ämnen enligt Bremer och Nettelbladt, Bremer anmärker på att lärarinnor får lära ut till även pojkar i de högre skolorna. Utifrån de fyra aspekterna fanns ändå hindren för att fullt utveckla jämställdheten, som att kvinnor inte hade lika lön inom visa yrken (ett uttryck för Scotts institutionella aspekt), kvinnan blev lärd att vara ”en lyxartikel” för mannen och inte någon arbetande kvinna (ett uttryck för Scotts reproducerande aspekt).      Om den amerikanska ursprungsbefolkningen uttrycks inte för mycket på grund utav bristen i att endast ett material skriver om dem. Genusteoretiskt dock kan man uttrycka att kvinnornas levda världar var skilda likt natt och dag. Amerikanska kvinnan levde fritt och var väl respekterad medan ursprungsbefolkningens kvinna liknades av Bremer med slaven, där kvinnan gjorde allt arbete och mannen styrde över henne. Scotts teori uttrycker detta som att de institutioner och den uppfostran som de olika samhällena bygger på skiljer sig mycket ifrån varandra. De två andra aspekterna kommer inte i uttryck här, då de är språkliga och Bremers beskrivningar inte tillåter dessa tolkningsaspekter.      Slutligen föreslås i en didaktisk reflexion att elever kan utveckla sina kunskaper med denna uppsats, fördjupa dem om kvinnors ställning och om det förflutna. Författaren till uppsatsen föreslår att flera uppsatser kring ämnet ”Bilden av Amerika” utförs för att skapa en fullständig bild av 1800-talets Amerika och om andra kulturer för att utvinna mer om dåtidens förståelse av den andre och des kultur. / The following essay works to achieve a deeper understanding of how Swedish bourgeois women saw on the status of women in America (USA). Therefore, in the process creating more knowledge about Swedish 19th century thought pattern about America with focus on women. This was done by analysing the travel accounts of two authors’, Fredrika Bremer and Lovisa Mathilda Nettelbladt, travels though America.  The main questions addressed in the essay were how the two authors Bremer and Nettelbladt described the American women’s situation, attributes and lastly to understand their stance toward the women they meet. This was achieved with the help of a method from Eva Block and Kenneth Nyberg called “image-concept” (“bild-begreppet”) in which an image is produced according to several factors; facts, opinion of X and proposal of action. The theories that were used for analysing the descriptions and overall results was a synthesis of Nyberg’s thesis- and Björn Moen’s essay results that the Swedish people were more accommodating towards foreign cultures then other Europeans. And lastly, Joan Scott’s theory about gender was used in the study.      The results showed that Bremer and Nettelbladt had a very opened mind towards the women of America. Almost everything about women’s situation in America were positive; their attitude towards women, while affected by small personal inconveniences, was also positive to a large degree. Lastly the attributes of the women of America were of both inner and outer qualities, with attractive, gracious/cheerful, diligent and independent being most significant. Analysing the results, women of America were overwhelmingly described with positivity. The negative traits and opinions about the women were not significant, the only common opinion being that Americans in general could show too much hospitality. This showed that Bremer and Nettelbladt were following the pattern of Nyberg’s and Moen’s results, showing that Swedish people might have been more accommodating towards foreign cultures. Scott’s theory helped show that women of America had a more powerful position than in Europe, due to authors admiration about what women did and how respected they were, and secondly how women were breaking the power relationship between women and men. A short didactic reflection about how this work could move towards a deeper understanding about the social status of women for the pupils in history. Lastly the author of this work propose that more essays of history like this should be done to create a more complete image of the Swedish 19th century thought patterns about America; and of other cultures to expand the knowledge about the past individuals that we have been taught by.

Reform Judaism is based precisely on the intellectual heritage of the Enlightenment (Haskalah) and its origins is dated back to the late 18th century. This movement was born in Germany, but the real boom and reform in the true sense of the word occurred in the first half of the 19th century in America with the arrival of European immigrants who brought with them new ideas influenced by European reform movement. The extraordinary success of the reform movement, that quickly spread across North America, resulted mainly from the religious tolerance. This dissertation deals with the issue of the impact of European Reform Judaism on American Reform Judaism in the 19th century in the context of cultural history, focusing on the characteristics, trying to describe different religious, ideological, political and socio- economic challenges affecting the Jewish community in the United States. Keywords Reform Judaism, USA, Europe, religion, state, tradition, woman, 19th century

The content of this thesis is an analysis of North-South regionalism within the American continent. Specifically, the approach of the United States as a representative of developed countries and Latin American countries as representative of developing countries to the liberalization of mutual economic relations. Chapter one deals with the issue of North-South regionalism and approaches of the most developed countries to this type of liberalization. Chapter two analyses the attitude of the U.S. and Latin American to the liberalization of their relations. Chapter three describes the approaches of concrete Latin American countries (Chile, Venezuela, Brazil) with respect to their different economic and business strategies applied in their foreign policy.

The thesis deals with the causes of emergence of the most important Latin American integration groups in a period since the end of the World War II till the present days. The set of groups consists of ALADI, CAN, SELA, OTCA, MERCOSUR, ACS-AEC, ALBA, UNASUR, CELAC, and the Pacific Alliance. The main goal of the thesis is to discover how did the power predominance of the United States contribute to the emergence of Latin American integration groups. The tested hypothesis is based on the concept of soft balancing, and assumes that the primary cause of emergence of Latin American integration groups was the fear of the power predominance of the United States. The causes of emergence are always examined from the perspective of the historical context and the founding treaty. If needed, other relevant documents are examined as well. Moreover, the thesis deals with the direct predecessors of the selected groups, too. Pursuant to 4 basic criteria, the selected integration groups were divided into 3 categories according to their relevance to represent the region of Latin America as a whole. Thanks to that, the qualitative evaluation of the causes of emergence of the groups could have been done. Apart from an overview of development of the Latin American integration process, the thesis also provides an answer...

Diploma thesis "Effect of NAFTA agreement on drug trafficking between the U.S. and Mexico" analyzes the phenomenon of illegal drug trade in the Americas. The aim of the thesis was to seek causes of drug trafficking based on the proven asymmetry of the U.S. - Mexico political and economic relations and analyze its development to the present. Particular emphasis was placed on NAFTA agreement and evaluation of its effect on drug trafficking. The last chapter provides possible solution proposals globally applicable.