As espécies reativas são associadas a processos toxicológicos e fisiopatológicos, agindo como importantes mediadores, por exemplo, na sinalização celular. Diversas classes de compostos têm sido utilizadas como possíveis biomarcadores de estresse redox, destacando-se os aldeídos &#945;,&#946;-insaturados, capazes de alquilar biomoléculas como o DNA. Para evitar efeitos deletérios, estes aldeídos são detoxificados por glutationilação e posterior metabolização a derivados mercaptúricos. Contudo, avaliar o estado redox em sistemas biológicos ainda é tarefa bastante complexa, sendo a dificuldade em quantificar de forma prática e acurada os efeitos de sinalização e/ou dano molecular o maior problema dos estudos redox. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver métodos acurados e sensíveis de análise de potenciais biomarcadores de estresse redox, isto é: nucleosídeos modificados, aldeídos endógenos e exógenos, glutationa e produtos de glutationilação, e avaliá-los em sistemas modelos, celular e animal, e em humanos. A avaliação dos níveis urinários de três nucleosídeos modificados por metodologia de HPLC-MS/MS desenvolvida pelo grupo em moradores da cidade de São Paulo - região com poluição atmosférica - demonstrou aumento significativo de 1,N2-propanodGuo comparado aos moradores de região não poluída. Ademais, comprova-se pela primeira vez que células deficientes em reparo de ligações cruzadas apresentam níveis basais elevados de 1,N2-propanodGuo, em duas linhagens independentes, colocando este aduto como potencial mediador de carcinogênese em pacientes portadores de Anemia de Fanconi. Utilizando cérebro de ratos SOD1G93A (modelo de Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica - ELA), verificou-se aumento de 50% nos níveis de 1,N2-propanodGuo e de 100% nos de 1,N6-&#949;dAdo em fase sintomática, sugerindo influência do conteúdo lipídico cerebral, levando a comprometimento do metabolismo neuronal e morte celular. O perfil de aldeídos determinado em cérebro de ratos SOD1G93A demonstrou aumento de trans-hexa-2-enal e trans,trans-hexa-2,4-dienal em fase assintomática e de trans,trans-deca-2,4-dienal em fase sintomática, não sendo observada nenhuma alteração na medula. Conhecer estas variações permite direcionar estudos de modificações em biomoléculas, além de a metodologia per se corroborar com as áreas de análises lipidômicas. Técnicas distintas e o preparo de amostras refletiram nos níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e oxidada (GSSG) relatados. A técnica de espectrometria de massas mostrou-se mais precisa que a detecção eletroquímica; e a alquilação do grupo tiol minimizou interferências de matriz. Por análise de HPLC-UV/Vis-ESI-MS/MS, a quantificação de trans-4-hidroxi-2-nonenal (HNE) e crotonaldeido conjugados com GSH demonstrou não haver alterações em cérebro e medula de ratos SOD1G93A. Contudo, há formação esteroespecífica dos adutos de HNE in vivo. Ressalta-se que a metodologia desenvolvida é extremamente sensível e específica e permite análise simultânea de GSH, GSSG, cisteína, cistina e dos adutos supracitados, servindo para análise de outros adutos de glutationilação de aldeídos que possam ser importantes em doenças associadas a estresse redox. / Free radicais and oxidant species are associated with toxicological and pathophysiological processes. It has been demonstrated that production of reactive oxygen species may be involved in cell signaling and regulation. Several biomarkers of redox processes have been used, including adducts formed through the reaction of &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated aldehydes with biomolecules such as DNA. In order to avoid these deleterious effects, aldehydes are detoxified through glutathionylation and further metabolized to mercapturic derivatives. However, assessing the redox status in biological systems is still a very complex task, and the difficulty in practical and accurate quantification of signaling effects and/or molecular damage is a major problem in redox studies. The objective of this work was to develop accurate and sensitive methods for analysis of potential biomarkers of redox stress, i.e., modified nucleosides, endogenous and exogenous aldehydes, glutathione and glutathionylation products, and their evaluation in cell, animal model and humans. Evaluation of urinary levels of 1,N2-propano-2\'-deoxyguanosine (1,N2-propanodGuo), 1,N2-etheno-2\'-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2\'-deoxyguanosine in residents of São Paulo City - polluted region - showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in 1,N2-propanodGuo levels compared to residents of an unpolluted region by a HPLC-MS/MS methodology developed by the group. Moreover, it was proven, for the first time, that repair deficient cells have basal levels of 1,N2-propanodGuo higher than proficient cells in two independent strains, placing 1,N2-propanodGuo as a potential mediator of carcinogenesis in Fanconi Anemia patients. In an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) animal model (SOD1G93A rat) , a 50% increase in the levels of 1,N2-propanodGuo and 100% in the 1,N6-etheno-2\'-deoxyadenosine in brain tissue in the symptomatic phase was observed, suggesting that the high brain lipid content may play a role, leading to impairment of cell metabolism and neuronal cell death. There is an increase of trans-hex-2-enal and trans,trans-hexa-2,4-dienal in asymptomatic SOD1G93A rats brain and of trans,trans-deca-2,4-dienal in symptomatic ones. However, no alteration was observed in spinal cord. Our approach contributes to a better understanding of the aldehyde status in vivo and allows us to predict biomolecule modifications. The developed methodology can contribute to lipidomic studies. The use of different techniques and sample preparation reflected in the reported levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The mass spectrometry technique proved to be more accurate than the electrochemical one, and the use of thiol alkylating agent minimizes matrix interference. No changes were observed in the levels of the GSH conjugates of trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and crotonaldehyde in brain and spinal cord of SOD1G93A rats quantified by HPLC-UV/Vis-ESI-MS/MS compared to controls. However, it was observed stereospecific HNE adducts formation in vivo. Note that this methodology is extremely sensitive and specific and allows simultaneous analysis of GSH, GSSG, Cys, cystine and the aforementioned adducts, serving for analysis of other aldehyde-glutathionylation adducts that may be important in pathologies associated with stress redox.

Danos em biomoléculas podem ocorrer a partir de uma interação direta entre as biomoléculas e espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio como também, pela reação de produtos secundários dessas espécies como eletrófilos gerados na peroxidação lipídica. Alguns desses produtos secundários possuem estabilidade química maior que as espécies reativas das quais foram derivadas e podem se ligar covalentemente as biomoléculas comprometendo o funcionamento normal das mesmas. Portanto, modificações em proteínas por aldeídos gerados na lipoperoxidação têm sido investigadas por suas implicações com desordens patológicas relacionadas à agregação proteica, e modificações em diversas vias de sinalização amplificando os efeitos deletérios em sistemas biológicos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foi contribuir na elucidação dos mecanismos moleculares associados ao desenvolvimento da esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) através da identificação, caracterização e quantificação de modificações póstraducionais em proteínas pelos aldeídos 4-hidroxi-2-hexenal (HHE) e trans-4-hidroxi-2-nonenal (HNE) in vitro (citocromo c) e in vivo (modelo ELA) a partir de técnicas de Western blot, imunoprecipitação e espectrometria de massa com abordagem proteômica de \"shotgun\" em ratosSOD1G93A modelo de esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA). Estudos com citocromo c mostraram a ligação dos aldeídos ao citocromo c e mecanismos de reação foram propostos. Foram encontrados seis peptídeos modificados por HHE e um para o HNE, e o peptídeo TGPNLHGLFGR se mostrou modificado pelos dois aldeídos paralelamente. Foi demonstrado que a histidina 33 é um \"hot spot\" frente as adições pelos aldeídos. Nas análises por western blot das proteínas ligadas a aldeídos foi possível observar uma tendência de aumento na concentração de proteínas ligadas ao HNE nos animais ELA, mais acentuada nas amostras de 70 dias comparadas ao controle. Com relação aos resultados obtidos com HHE tanto os animais pré-sintomáticos quanto os sintomáticos não apresentaram diferenças de HHE-proteína, tantonos controles quanto nos animais ELA. Nas amostras dos animais sintomáticos não detectamos diferença significativa na concentração de aldeído-proteína entre os grupos. Já as análises proteômicas revelaram 24 proteínas diferencialmente expressas, com destaque para proteínas com os maiores valores de significância (p-value), como a ubiquitina no grupo dos pré- sintomáticos e a neurogranina, no grupo dos animais sintomáticos e várias proteínas de metabolismo energético, de neurofilamentos, proteínas de processos redox e proteínas ligadas o metabolismo de cálcio (fundamentais na fisiopatologia em ELA). Algumas proteínas importantes foram encontradas com exclusividades nos grupos pré-sintomáticos e sintomáticos pelo diagrama de Venn. Com relação a proteínas modificadas pelos aldeídos, foram encontradas algumas relevantes como a proteína 2 de interação com a polimerase delta que foi modificada por HNE via adição de Michael encontrada nos animais ELA pré-sintomáticos e sintomáticos, a catalase que foi encontrada modificada por HNE via base de Schiff apenas nos ELA pré- sintomáticos, e a tiol redutase induzível por interferon gama no grupo dos animais ELA sintomáticos. Com relação a proteínas modificadas por HHE, foram encontradas a Janus quinase e proteína 3 de interação com microtúbulo, modificadas tanto por adição de Michael quanto via base de Schiff nos animais ELA sintomáticos. É interessante ressaltar que algumas modificações encontradas em proteínas não caracterizadas podem indicar proteínas novas ainda não descritas como modificadas por esses aldeídos. Os resultados mostram que algumas das proteínas modificadas por HNE e HHE encontradas neste trabalho, estão relacionadas ao estresse redox, vias metabólicas energéticas, proteínas envolvidas na resposta a danos oxidativos, e processos inflamatórios. Tais modificações ocorrem não só no modelo de neurodegeneração, mas foram previamente descritas em outros processos patológicos, como doença cardiovascular, lesão hepática por uso crônico de álcool. / Damage to biomolecules can occur from a direct interaction between biomolecules and reactive of oxygen and nitrogen species as well as from the reaction of secondary products of these species as electrophiles generated in lipid peroxidation. Some of these by-products have greater chemical stability than the derived reactive species and can bind to biomolecules compromising their normal function. Therefore, protein modifications by aldehydes generated during lipoperoxidation have been investigated for their implications with pathological disorders related to protein aggregation and modifications in signaling pathways amplifying the deleterious effects in biological systems. The aim of this work was to contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) through the identification, characterization and quantification of posttranslational modifications in proteins by 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and trans-4-hydroxy-2- nonenal (HNE) in vitro, cytochrome c, and in vivo, rat model (SOD1G93A) of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), throught Western blot techniques, and mass spectrometry with shotgun proteomics approach. The results showed the binding of aldehydes to cytochrome c. Six peptides were modified by HHE and one by HNE. The peptide TGPNLHGLFGR was modified by the two aldehydes. Histidine 33 has been shown to be a hot spot against aldehydes additions. By western blot analysis of the aldehyde-bound proteins, it was possible to observe a tendency of increase in the concentration of HNE-bound proteins in the ALS animals, more pronounced in the samples of 70 days compared to control samples. Regarding the results obtained with HHE, both pre-symptomatic and symptomatic animals did not show HHE-protein differences, both in controls and in ALS animals. We did not detect a significant difference in the aldehyde-protein concentration between the groups in the samples of the symptomatic animals. Proteomic analysis revealed 24 differentially expressed proteins, with emphasis on proteins with thehighest values of significance (p-value), such as the ubiquitin in the pre-symptomatic group and neurogranin in the group of the symptomatic animals and several proteins of the energetic metabolism pathways, neurofilaments, proteins of redox processes and proteins linked to calcium metabolism (fundamental in the pathophysiology of ALS). Some important proteins were found exclusivity in the pre-symptomatic and symptomatic groups by the Venn diagram. With regard to aldehyde-modified proteins, some relevant ones such as Delta-2 polymerase interaction protein, that was modified by HNE via the addition of Michael found in presymptomatic and symptomatic ELA animals, catalase that was found to be modified by HNE via Schiff\'s base only in pre-symptomatic ALS, and gamma interferon-inducible thiol reductase in the group of symptomatic ALS animals. Janus kinase and microtubule interaction protein 3, were found to be modified by Michael addition and Schiff base pathway respectively in symptomatic ALS animals. It is interesting to note that some modifications found in uncharacterized proteins may indicate new proteins not yet described as modified by these aldehydes. The results show that some of the proteins modified by HNE and HHE found in this work are related to redox stress, energetic metabolic pathways, proteins involved in the response to oxidative damage, and inflammatory processes. Such modifications occur not only in the neurodegeneration model, but were previously described in other pathological processes, such as cardiovascular disease, liver injury due to chronic alcohol use

Mutações na enzima Cu,Zn-superóxido dismutase (SOD1) estão associadas a casos familiares de Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA), uma doença neurodegenerativa motora fatal. Entretanto, a toxicidade das SOD1s mutantes não está totalmente compreendida. Sabe-se que o desenvolvimento da doença está associado ao acúmulo de lesões oxidativas em biomoléculas, mas o papel da SOD1 neste processo não está claro. Estudos com sistemas modelo são, ainda, necessários para desvendar os mecanismos envolvidos. Para contribuir na compreensão dos mecanismos de danos em DNA promovidos pela SOD1, foram realizados estudos in vitro com SOD1/H2O2/HCO3-, e estudos com neuroblastomas em cultura transfectados com SOD1 mutante G93A, característica de ELA. Através da quantificação de quebras em DNA plasmidial e dos níveis de 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2´-desoxiguanosina (8-oxodGuo) e 1,N2-eteno-2\'-desoxiguanosina (1,N2-&#949;dGuo) em DNA de timo de bezerro, concluiu-se que o cobre liberado da SOD1 tem um papel central na formação de lesões no DNA promovidas pela SOD1 na presença de H2O2, e que o bicarbonato pode modular a reatividade do cobre liberado. Níveis aumentados de quebras no DNA, 8-oxodGuo e 1,N2-&#949;dGuo foram encontrados nos neuroblastomas transfectados com SOD1 G93A. Maior atividade de p53 foi também observada nestas células, indicando que o acúmulo de lesões no DNA pode desencadear o processo de apoptose neste modelo celular de ELA. Observou-se que a SOD1 pode estar associada à cromatina, e que a SOD1 G93A possui maior afinidade pelo DNA e maior atividade peroxidásica no núcleo. Estes resultados indicam que as lesões no DNA observadas no modelo celular de ELA podem ser diretamente promovidas pela SOD1 mutante. / Mutations in the gene encoding Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been linked to familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a fatal motor neuron disease. However, the toxicity of mutant SOD1s was not completely understood. It is known that the development of the disease is associated with oxidative damage to biomolecules, but the role of SOD1 in this process is not clear. Model studies are still necessary to reveal the mechanisms involved. To understand the mechanism of DNA damage promoted by SOD1, in vitro studies with SOD1/H2O2/HCO3-, and studies with neuroblastoma cells transfected with the G93A ALS-mutant SOD1, were performed. Through the quantification of strand breaks in plasmid DNA and the quantification of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2´-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) and 1,N2-etheno-2\'-deoxyguanosine (1,N2-&#949;dGuo) levels in calf thymus DNA, it was concluded that copper liberated from SOD1 has a central role in DNA damage promoted by SOD1 in the presence of H2O2, and that bicarbonate can modulate the reactivity of released copper. Increased levels of DNA strand breaks, 8-oxodGuo and 1,N2-&#949;dGuo were found in neuroblastoma cells transfected with G93A SOD1. Increased p53 activity was also observed in these cells, indicating that accumulation of DNA damage can lead to apoptosis in this ALS cellular model. Western blot analysis showed that G93A SOD1 is present in the nucleus, being associated to the DNA. Nuclear G93A SOD1 has identical superoxide dismutase-activity but displays increased peroxidase activity, when compared to wild-type. These results indicate that DNA damage observed in this ALS cellular model may be directly promoted by mutant SOD1.

La Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative au cours de laquelle les motoneurones meurent. Le premier dysfonctionnement des motoneurones est la rétractation de leurs jonctions neuromusculaires. La présence de vacuoles a été décrite dans l’axone et les dendrites des motoneurones avant la dénervation dans les souris SOD1G93A, modèle murin de la maladie. L’origine des vacuoles n’est pas connue. On peut toutefois se demander si elle pourrait résulter d’un stress excitotoxique. L’excitotoxicité pourrait provenir soit d’une hyperexcitabilité intrinsèque du motoneurone, soit d’une hyperexcitation (balance des entrées excitatrices et inhibitrices modifiées au profit d’une plus grande excitation). Or il a été montré que si les motoneurones sont hyperexcitables au stade embryonnaire dans les souris SOD1G93A, seuls les motoneurones résistants à la SLA (type S) sont hyperexcitables à la deuxième semaine postnatale tandis que les motoneurones vulnérables (types FF et FR) deviennent hypoexcitables avant leur dégénérescence chez l’adulte. Nous avons donc étudié les entrées synaptiques reçues par les motoneurones, pour savoir si la balance excitation/inhibition est déplacée et s’ils sont ainsi hyperexcités. Pour cela nous avons réalisé des enregistrements électrophysiologiques de motoneurones lors de la stimulation de circuits pré-moteurs, et des marquages intracellulaires de motoneurones combinés avec des marquages immunohistochimiques des boutons VGlut1, VGlut2 et Vgat. Nous avons montré que l’amplitude des PPSE monosynaptiques Ia était diminuée dans les souris SOD1, les PPSI di- et trisynaptiques étaient moins nombreux et les interneurones inhibiteurs moins excitables. Cette modification des entrées synaptiques n’était pas due à un changement du nombre de synapses. En revanche, les synapses sont particulièrement nombreuses aux domaines dendritiques qui se vacuolisent dans les souris SOD1, suggérant un lien entre l’activité synaptique et la vacuolisation. Des marquages intracellulaires de motoneurones de souris SOD1, montrent que les vacuoles grandissent avec l’évolution de la maladie, suggérant leur implication dans le processus de dégénération. Grâce à des révélations immunohistochimiques, nous avons montré que ces vacuoles apparaissent dans l’espace intermitochondrial lors de la dégénérescence des mitochondries. Le réticulum endoplasmique est également impliqué. Enfin, l’autophagie, mécanisme d’élimination des organites cellulaires, est déficient au moment de l’apparition des vacuoles, expliquant pourquoi elles s’accumulent avec le temps. Ces résultats amènent à reconsidérer l’hypothèse de l’excitotoxicité supposée comme mécanisme à l’origine de la mort des motoneurones. / Glutamate excitotoxicity arising from excessive entry of calcium in the cell, has long been suggested to contribute to the degeneration of motoneurons in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). This hypothesis is enhanced by the observation of vacuoles on motoneurones dendritic tree. Such vacuoles were previously observed on neurons under excitotoxic stress. Excitotoxicity may stem from an intrinsic hyperexcitability of the motoneurons or from a shift of the balance of excitatory / inhibitory inputs received by the motoneurons toward more excitation. Thanks to an in vivo preparation that allows us to make intracellular recordings of motoneurons in adult mice, it was shown that spinal motoneurons do not display an intrinsic hyperexcitability just prior to their degeneration in SOD1 G93A mice, the standard model of ALS. Thus, to study excitotoxicity hypothesis, we decided to study dendritic vacuoles and undersand their genesis, and then to study synaptic inputs on motoneurons, to decipher if there is a hyperexcitability. We have shown, with intracellular labelling and immunohistochemistry, that vacuoles grow with age, that they appear in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, and that deficiency in autophagy prevent their elimination. With electrophysiological recordings, we have shown that monosynaptic EPSP amplitude is reduced in SOD1 mice. IPSP were less numerous and inhibitory interneurons were less excitable. These alterations were not due to synapses numbers, however synapses are preferentially localised on dendritic places that vacuolate, suggesting a link between synaptic activity and vacuolation. These results suggest that excitotoxicity might not be the mecanism of motoneuron death.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:47:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabella Bastos de Quadros.pdf: 525864 bytes, checksum: 3b2418c0bf5a7af2e07ce0ab5da4f6bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The history of Leide Moreira, with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and whose eye globe is the single voluntary muscle movement preserved, was used as a metaphor to discuss how inhospitable life conditions may suggest, besides extreme fragility, capacity to modify one&#8223;s life. Although this is about a life experience not belonging exclusively to old age, it may be enhanced in this phase due to proximity to finitude. Reflection on a body beyond the physical body, deconstructing the mind-body dichotomy and, as a result, think old age and longevity without saying no to body changes and human finitude and, through each individual&#8223;s journey, consider the last phase of life, just like all the others, must be vested in both individual and group purposes and meanings, constantly building a personal history together with the hero that lies inside us all.The reflection on the hero&#8223;s journey is what this study is based upon because it emphasizes the fact that crisis need a lonely diving into personal and group unconsciousness which lead to changes, discoveries and, as a consequence, new perception towards the world by seeking a more conciliatory position between consciousness and unconsciousness. A wider horizon and the never seen before, always present throughout life, point out conflicts and inequalities, whose rejuvenated body cannot help to mitigate, on the contrary, it deepens the human abysm between what one wants to be and what one actually is. Fable, myth and poetry itself are means through which human beings trigger their own personal development which are getting more and more neglected nowadays due to reluctance to look beyond rationality. Such a metaphor makes explicit how health does not necessarily mean the elimination of a disease and it shows that there are possibilities to achieve emotional well being and keep on giving meaning to what is there to be lived, despite conflicts inherent to human beings and under any human condition whether in health or in sickness. As for such a destructive phase of life, the whole capability inside it to rebuild or modify should also be considered because a resistant power emerges through it, able to generate a new order of existence. The immovable and unresponsive body, in spite of such important limitations, is still a surface of contact: it can affect and be affected. Leide Moreira&#8223;s journey as a metaphor helps us increase our understanding of what longevity means within the contemporary society and mainly of what the limitations and capacity for reformulation in old age are. Facing the longevity scenery whose experience serves as a guide to events never seen before, it is relevant to consider how far we are preparing ourselves to such extended existence / A história de Leide Moreira, com Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica e cujo único movimento muscular voluntário preservado é o globo ocular, foi utilizada como metáfora para refletir acerca de como condições inóspitas de vida sugeririam, além de fragilidade extrema, capacidade de reformulação da própria vida. Trata-se de vivência não exclusiva da velhice, mas que pode se potencializar nessa fase pela proximidade com a finitude. Reflexão sobre um corpo para além do físico, desconstruindo a dicotomia corpo-mente e, por meio disso, pensar o envelhecimento e a longevidade sem negar as alterações corporais nem a finitude humana e, pela jornada de cada indivíduo, considerar que a fase última da vida, como todas as demais, precisa ser investida de propósito e significado individual e coletivo, formando incessantemente uma história pessoal em parceria com o herói que nos habita a todos. A reflexão sobre a jornada do herói baseia este estudo justamente por enfatizar que as crises necessitam de um mergulho solitário no inconsciente pessoal e coletivo que promove transformações, descobertas e, consequentemente, novas percepções de mundo a partir da busca de um caminho conciliatório entre consciente e inconsciente. O horizonte mais amplo e o inédito que se faz sempre presente ao longo da vida evidenciam os conflitos e desigualdades, cujo corpo rejuvenescido não ajuda a amenizar, pelo contrário, intensifica o abismo humano entre o que se quer ser e o que se é. A fábula, o mito e a poesia são instrumentos utilizados pelo ser humano como propulsores do seu desenvolvimento pessoal, cada vez mais negligenciados na contemporaneidade por causa da relutância de se enxergar além do racional. Essa metáfora explicita o quanto saúde não significa implicitamente a eliminação da doença, mostrando que há possibilidades apesar dos conflitos inerentes ao ser humano. E em qualquer condição humana de saúde ou doença, de produzir bem-estar emocional e continuar conferindo significado para o que é vivido. Ao considerarmos a faceta destrutiva da vida, é preciso ressaltar toda a capacidade de reconstrução ou de reformulação nela contida porque, por meio dela, emerge um poder que resiste, capaz de gerar nova ordem de existência. O corpo imóvel, inerte. Mas apesar das limitações significativas, continua superfície de contato: afeta e é afetado. A trajetória de Leide Moreira como metáfora ajuda a melhor compreender a condição da longevidade na sociedade contemporânea, principalmente as limitações e capacidade de reformulação na velhice. Considerando o cenário da longevidade, cuja vivência é permeada por acontecimentos inéditos, é relevante pensar até que ponto nos preparamos para uma existência tão alongada

La sclérose amyotrophique latérale (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative due à la dégénérescence des motoneurones supérieurs dans le cortex moteur et des motoneurones inférieurs situés dans la moelle épinière et le tronc cérébral. La perte des neurones moteurs provoque l’atrophie et la paralysie progressive des muscles. Notre laboratoire a démontré en 2013 que la dégénérescence associée à la SLA n’était pas limitée aux motoneurones mais aussi aux neurones sérotoninergiques chez les patients et les modèles animaux de SLA. L’objectif de ma thèse a été de caractériser le rôle des neurones sérotoninergiques dans la SLA. On a observé une augmentation de l’expression du gène codant pour le récepteur 2B de la sérotonine (5-HT2B) chez les modèles murins de SLA. L’analyse du rôle du récepteur 5-HT2B dans le cas de SLA a montré que ce dernier est un modulateur de la maladie. La perte du récepteur 5-HT2B accélère la progression de la maladie et modifie la régulation de la réponse inflammatoire. En plus, nos travaux ont révélé que la perte des neurones sérotoninergiques est à l’origine du développement de la spasticité, un symptôme douloureux chez les patients SLA. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à des approches thérapeutiques qui ciblent cette population neuronale affectée lors de la maladie pour traiter la spasticité et la neuroinflammation au cours de la maladie. / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SLA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterize by the loss of upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The loss of motor neurons leads to muscle atrophy and progressive paralysis. In 2013 our laboratory identified a new neuronal population affected in ALS. They observed the degeneration of serotoninergic neurons in ALS patients and animal models. For this, the aim of my PhD is to identify the role of serotoninergic neurons in case of ALS. We observed an upregulation of serotonin receptor 5-HT2B in ALS mice models. The investigation of the role of 5-HT2B receptor in case of ALS showed its role as a disease modulator. The loss of 5-HT2B receptor accelerated disease progression and modulated neuroinflammatory response. Moreover, our results showed that the loss of serotoninergic neurons is responsible of the development of spasticity, a painful symptom observed in ALS patients. All these opened the way for therapeutic strategies targeting spasticity and neuroinflammation in case of ALS.

La sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) se définit cliniquement par la dégénérescence combinée des neurones moteurs cortico-spinaux (NMCS) et des motoneurones bulbaires et spinaux (MnB et MnS). Quoique l’idée d’une origine corticale de la SLA soit de plus en plus considérée, la pathologie corticale, la dynamique spatio-temporelle de la dégénérescence des NMCS et les voies moléculaires impliquées restent peu connues. Ce travail de thèse a essentiellement cherché à pallier ce manque. Nous avons montré que chez les souris Sod1G86R, la perte des NMCS, qui semble se produire en l’absence de gliose réactionnelle majeure, se manifeste de manière somatotopique et précède l'apparition des symptômes moteurs et la dégénérescence des MnS. Nous avons purifié, grâce au développement d'un nouveau protocole, les NMCS adultes du cortex cérébral de souris saines ou malades à quatre stades de la maladie. L’analyse RNA-seq a permis d’identifier de nouveaux acteurs moléculaires précoces pouvant fournir une base pour le développement d'approches thérapeutiques fondées sur le maintien de NMCS sains et fonctionnels, et à long terme, à initier des stratégies thérapeutiques alternatives pour la SLA. / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is clinically defined as the combined degeneration of the corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) along with the bulbar and spinal motor neurons (BMN and SMN). While a growing body of evidence points to the cerebral cortex as the potential initiation site of ALS, little is known about the cortical pathology, the spatio-temporal dynamics of CSMN degeneration, and the molecular pathways involved. This thesis work aimed at filling this knowledge gap. In Sod1G86R, we showed that CSMN loss seems to take place without major gliosis, occurs in a somatotopic manner and precedes motor symptom appearance and SMN degeneration. We purified, thanks to the development of a novel protocol, adult CSMN from the cerebral cortex of healthy or diseased mice from early presymptomatic ages to the end stage of the disease. The RNA-seq analysis has made it possible to identify new and early molecular players in ALS. This would provide a foundation for the development of therapeutic approaches based on the maintenance of healthy and functional CSMN, and, on the long run, may in turn inform the development of alternative therapeutic strategies for ALS.

Os lipídeos abrangem uma ampla gama de moléculas hidrofóbicas presentes nas células. As características moleculares dos lipídios determinam sua localização celular e função biológica. Em geral, os lipídios são considerados componentes essenciais de membranas, reservatórios de energia e moduladores de vias de sinalização ligadas ao metabolismo celular, sobrevivência, entre outros. Em mamíferos, grande parte dos lipídios é esterificada em ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs), especialmente os ácidos docosahexaenóico (DHA) e araquidônico (ARA), essenciais para vários processos fisiológicos, incluindo o desenvolvimento normal do cérebro. No entanto, os PUFAs são muito suscetíveis à oxidação por espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) geradas endogenamente. Uma vez oxidados, lipídios são capazes de modificar grupos tióis de peptídeos e proteínas, levando à modulação das vias de sinalização e alterando o balanço redox celular. No capítulo 1, foram investigados os mecanismos envolvidos na modificação de grupos tióis de peptídeos e proteínas por produtos de auto-oxidação de PUFAs. Com as análises realizadas foi possível identificar vários adutos de glutationa (GSH) covalentemente modificados por endoperóxidos cíclicos derivados de DHA e ARA. Uma análise detalhada dos espectros de MS/MS dos adutos de GSH revelou que GSH e endoperóxidos cíclicos são provavelmente ligados através de uma ligação química de enxofre-oxigênio, em uma reação que envolve um ataque nucleofílico do ânion tiolato. Além disso, sugerimos que a eficiência da modificação do tiol por endoperóxidos cíclicos também é dependente da reatividade do tiol, como demonstrado pela modificação covalente do resíduo de cisteína mais reativo (Cys111) da enzima antioxidante superóxido dismutase 1(SOD1). Modificações químicas de tióis por endoperóxidos cíclicos podem modular a agregação proteica e o status redox celular, produzindo adutos de GSH capazes de modular a inflamação, como relatado para os conjugados de GSH gerados enzimaticamente. No capítulo 2, nós investigamos o papel dos lipídios na esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ALS), uma vez que a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo nos neurônios motores contribuem para o desenvolvimento desta doença neurodegenerativa. Usando uma abordagem lipidômica não direcionada baseada em espectrometria de massa acoplada à cromatografia líquida (UHPLC-MS/MS), nós investigamos o metabolismo lipídico no córtex motor e na medula espinhal de um modelo de ratos com ALS. A análise do córtex motor mostrou que as principais alterações lipídicas foram dependentes da idade e ligadas ao metabolismo dos esfingolipídios. Em contraste, as principais alterações lipídicas na medula espinhal foram encontradas no grupo sintomático da ALS, sendo o metabolismo de ceramidas, ésteres de colesterol e cardiolipinas os mais afetados. De acordo com os resultados obtidos e dados relatados na literatura, propusemos um mecanismo baseado em neuroproteção que envolve o acúmulo de ésteres de colesterol esterificados em PUFAs em astrócitos. Coletivamente, nossos achados sugerem que os lipídios desempenham um papel crucial na modulação de processos celulares ligado à oxidação de tióis e à neurodegeneração. / Lipids encompass a wide range of hydrophobic molecules present in cells. The molecular characteristics of lipids determine their cellular localization and biological function. In general, lipids are regarded as essential components of membranes, as energy reservoir and modulators of signaling pathways linked to cellular metabolism and survival, among others. In mammals, a large part of the lipids are esterified to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids, essential for several physiological processes, including normal brain development. However, PUFAs are very susceptible to oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated endogenously. Once oxidized, lipids are able to modify thiol groups of peptides and proteins leading to modulation of signaling pathways and cellular redox balance. In the chapter 1, we investigated the mechanisms involved in modification of thiol groups of peptides and protein by autoxidation products derived from PUFAs. Here, we identified several glutathione (GSH) adducts covalently modified by hydroxy-endoperoxides derived from both DHA and ARA. Detailed inspection of MS/MS spectra of GSH-adducts revealed that GSH and hydroxy-endoperoxides are likely bonded through a sulfur-oxygen chemical bond in a reaction which involves a nucleophilic attack by the thiolate anion. Also, we suggest that the efficiency of modification of thiol by hydroxy-endoperoxides are also dependent of the thiol reactivity, as demonstrated by covalent modification of the most reactive cysteine residue (Cys111) of the antioxidant enzyme Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Chemical modifications of thiol groups by hydroxy-endoperoxides may modulate protein aggregation and cellular redox status, yieldingGSH adducts capable to modulate inflammation, as reported for the enzymatically generated counterparts. In the chapter 2, we investigated the role of lipids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), since inflammation and oxidative stress in motor neurons are hallmarks of this neurodegenerative disease. Using an untargeted lipidomics approach based on mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS/MS), we investigated the lipid metabolism in motor cortex and spinal cord tissues of a rodent model of ALS. Analysis of the motor cortex showed that the main lipid alterations were age-dependent and linked to metabolism of sphingolipids. In contrast, the major lipid alterations in the spinal cord were found in ALS symptomatic group, being the metabolism of ceramides, cholesteryl esters and cardiolipin the most affected. According to our findings and data reported in the literature, we proposed a mechanism based on neuroprotection that involves accumulation of cholesteryl esters esterified to PUFAs in astrocytes. Collectively, our findings suggest that lipids play a crucial role in modulation of cellular process linked to thiol metabolism and neurodegeneration.

Introdução: A Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) é uma neuronopatia de curso progressivo, caracterizada pela morte dos neurônios motores superiores e inferiores. Devido a rápida progressão da doença e ao aparecimento dos sintomas de incapacidade funcional os indivíduos com ELA buscam uma forma alternativa de comunicação e interação. Com isso, o desenvolvimento tecnológico utilizando programas de realidade virtual com ajuda de dispositivos de interação pode viabilizar mais função e auxiliar indivíduos com ELA a obter autonomia, independência, melhor qualidade de vida e inclusão. Objetivo: Identificar qual dispositivo de interação virtual é melhor para propiciar desempenho e funcionalidade em uma tarefa de realidade virtual para indivíduos com ELA. Método: Participaram do estudo 30 indivíduos que formaram o grupo ELA e 30 indivíduos com desenvolvimento típico que formaram o grupo controle, com idade entre 44 a 74 anos, pareados por idade e sexo. A tarefa utilizada, foi um jogo no computador, que consiste em estourar o maior número de bolhas possíveis durante 30 segundos. Os indivíduos foram separados em 3 grupos, cada qual utilizando uma interface diferente (Kinect, Leap Motion Controller ou Touchscreen) na fase de aquisição e retenção da tarefa. Após essas fases, foi realizada a fase de transferência com a troca de dispositivos e assim todos os grupos tiveram contato com todas as interfaces. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o número de bolhas alcançadas para cada participante, durante as fases de aquisição, retenção e transferências. Resultados: Todos os participantes, tanto do grupo ELA como do grupo controle, apresentaram melhor performance motora na utilização do dispositivo Touchscreen, porém o grupo ELA apresentou desempenho inferior com a prática de todos os dispositivos. A prática com o dispositivo Touchscreen não permitiu a transferência para os dispositivos Leap Motion Controller e Kinect, isso significa que a prática com dispositivo de característica mais real (Touchscreen) não permitiu a transferência para os dispositivos com características mais virtuais (Kinect® e Leap Motion Controller®), porém considerando a prática com os dispositivos virtuais essa transferência ocorre. Conclusão: O trabalho apresenta um avanço na compreensão de dispositivos apropriados para a utilização na reabilitação da funcionalidade de indivíduos com ELA. O dispositivo Touchscreen foi o que apresentou melhor desempenho funcional para essa população, podendo oferecer mais funcionalidades para os indivíduos na execução de tarefas virtuais / Introdution: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive course of neuronopathy, characterized by the motor neurons death (MN) upper and lower. Due to rapid disease progression and the onset of symptoms of functional disability individuals with ALS seek an alternative form of communication and interaction. Technological development using virtual reality programs with the help of interaction devices can offer more function and assist individuals with ALS to obtain autonomy, independence, quality of life and inclusion. Objective: to identify which low-cost non-immersive interaction device, using a virtual task, is better for providing performance and functionality for individuals with ALS. Method This is an analytical cross-sectional study. A total of 60 people participated in this study, 30 individuals with ALS (18 men and 12 women, mean age = 59 years, range 44-74 years), while 30 people with normal development that were matched for age and gender with individuals with ALS formed the control group. The task used was a computer game, which consists of blowing the largest possible number of bubbles for 30 seconds. The subjects were divided into 3 groups, each using a different interface (Kinect®, Leap Motion Controller® or Touchscreen) in the task acquisition and retention stage. After these phases was carried out the transfer phase with the switching devices, then all groups had contact with all interfaces. For statistical analysis we used the number of bubbles achieved for each participant during the phases of acquisition, retention and transfer. Results: All participants, both the ALS group, both the control group showed better motor performance in the use of the Touchscreen device, but the ALS group had underperformed the practice of all devices. Practice with the touchscreen device did not allow the transfer to the Leap Motion Controller® and Kinect® devices, this means that the practice more real feature device (Touchscreen) did not allow the transfer to devices with more virtual features (Kinect® and Leap Motion controller®), but considering the practice with virtual devices that transfer occurs. Conclusion: This work presents a breakthrough in the understanding of appropriate devices for use in the rehabilitation of people with ALS functionality. The Touchscreen device showed the best functional performance for this population and can offer more features for individuals in executing virtual tasks

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron death and subsequent muscle atrophy. Approximately 15% of ALS cases are inheritable, and mutations in the Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) gene contribute to approximately 5% of these cases, as well as about 2% of sporadic cases. FUS performs a diverse set of cellular functions, including being a major regulator of RNA metabolism. FUS undergoes liquid- liquid phase transition in vitro, allowing for its participation in stress granules and RNA transport granules. Phase transition also contributes to the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions found in the cell bodies of FUS ALS patients motor neurons. The nature of these inclusions has remained elusive, as the proteins localized to them have not been identified. Additionally, the functional consequence of the accumulation of cytoplasmic FUS inclusions has not been established, nor is it understood how they contribute to selective motor neuron death. We carried out two related, but independent studies to characterize the proteins that may be included in FUS-positive inclusions. In this first study, we utilized immunoprecipitation of wild-type and mutant FUS in the presence and absence of RNase, followed by LC MS/MS. The identified proteins represent those that directly or indirectly interact with FUS, with relatively high affinity that can be pulled down with immunoprecipitation. A wide variety of interacting proteins were identified and they are involved in a multitude of pathways including: chromosomal organization, transcription, RNA splicing, RNA transport, localized translation, and stress response. Their interaction with FUS varied greatly in their requirements for RNA. Most notably, FUS interacted with hnRNPA1 and Matrin-3, proteins also known to cause familial ALS. Immunofluorescent staining of proteins interacting with mutant FUS were localized to cytoplasmic inclusions. We concluded that mis-localization of these proteins potentially lead to their dysregulation or loss of function, thus contributing to FUS pathogenesis. In the second study, we developed a protocol to isolate dynamic FUS inclusions and employed LC MS/MS to identify all proteins associated with FUS inclusions. We identified a cohort of proteins involved in translation, splicing, and RNA export to be associated with the FUS inclusions. Further pathway and disease association analysis suggested that proteins associated with translation and RNA quality control pathways may be the most significant. Protein translation assays using both N2A and ALS patient fibroblasts demonstrated suppression of protein biosynthesis in mutant FUS expressing cells. However, translation initiation was not impaired. To understand how protein synthesis is suppressed by mutant FUS mediated defects in RNA metabolism, we examined changes in a well conserved RNA turnover pathway namely: nonsense mediated decay (NMD). We found that NMD is hyperactivated in cells expressing mutant FUS, likely due to chronic suppression of protein translation shifting the pathways autoregulatory circuit to allow for hyperactivation. We concluded that mutant FUS suppresses protein biosynthesis and disrupts NMD regulation. These defects together likely contribute to motor neuron death.