O debate sobre a regulamentação do mercado livreiro inglês, no final do século 17 e ao longo do século 18, criou um direito de publicação exclusivo ao autor por meio do Estatuto da Rainha Ana de 1710. A finalidade dessa lei era romper com o monopólio da Stationers´ Company, exercido desde o século 16. A presente pesquisa pretende demonstrar que não houve uma ruptura com esse monopólio, pois a lei criou um copyright dentro da noção de privilégio que não contemplou de forma equilibrada os interesses do editor, do autor e do público. Os argumentos de common law do autor e do direito limitado, conferido pelo Ato de Ana, contribuíram para a instituição da propriedade literária moderna. A finalidade dessa pesquisa é proporcionar uma perspectiva histórica acerca das origens do sistema de propriedade intelectual moderno, muito tratado sob as visões jurídica e econômica, cujas raízes estão no antigo sistema de privilégio. / The debate on the regulation of the English book market, in the end of the 17th century and all along the 18th century, created the author\'s exclusive publishing right, due to the Statute of Anne, in 1710. The target of this law was to break the Stationers Company monopoly, exercised since the 16th century. This research intends to evidence that there was no disruption with that monopoly, because the law created a conception of copyright in the notion of privilege that didn\'t include, in a balanced way, the interests of the publisher, the author and the public. The plea of the authors common law, and the limited right, given by the Statute of Anne, contributed to the institution of the modern literary property. The finality of this research is to provide a historical perspective on the origins of the modern intellectual system of property, frequently addressed under the legal and economic perspectives, whose roots are in the old privilege system.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-09-30T21:27:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oRennan.pdf: 4490372 bytes, checksum: 039d0f02973936571e87f3337f4d71b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-30T21:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oRennan.pdf: 4490372 bytes, checksum: 039d0f02973936571e87f3337f4d71b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-04 / This thesis had as research object the various cultural manifestations in the Festa de Sant?Ana in the twentieth century, between the years 1920-1987. Noteworthy among these cultural manifestations the Festa de Largo, which occurred in the area outside the religious temple, composing some of the steps of the celebration of Senhora Sant?Ana, who is the patroness of the city of Feira Santana. These manifestations of popular and profane character, as the Bando Anunciador, the Lavagem da Igreja, and the Levagem, which were aggregators spaces of a myriad of religious and political expressions, producing diverse cultural practices. Another objective of the analysis was to understand the representations, appropriations and cultural practices undertaken by the participants in the festivities, as well as understand the shock of representations present in the celebrations, resulting from the opposition of the ways the party was experienced by participants ahead to how the festival were idealized by the Catholic Church. / Esta disserta??o teve como objeto de pesquisa as diversas manifesta??es culturais presente na Festa de Sant?Ana no s?culo XX, entre os anos de 1920 a 1987. Destacam-se entre estas manifesta??es culturais as chamadas Festas de Largo, que ocorriam na ?rea externa do templo religioso, compondo algumas das etapas da celebra??o a Senhora Sant?Ana, padroeira da cidade de Feira Santana. Estas manifesta??es de car?ter popular e profano, como o Bando anunciador, a Lavagem da Igreja e a Levagem, eram espa?os agregadores de uma mir?ade de express?es pol?ticas e religiosas, produtoras de diversas pr?ticas culturais. Tamb?m foi objetivo da an?lise compreender as representa??es, apropria??es e pr?ticas culturais realizadas pelos participantes dentro dos festejos, al?m de entender os choques de representa??es presentes nas celebra??es, advindos da oposi??o das formas como a festa era vivenciada pelos seus participantes frente ao modo como os festejos eram idealizados pela Igreja Cat?lica.

Myocardial infarction (MI) induced heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality over the world. Regular exercise improves quality of life and decreases hospitalization and mortality of patients with HF. In animals, exercise post MI attenuates progressive cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction, and decreases neuronal activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which are key brain nuclei contributing to sympathetic hyperactivity post MI. The peripheral and central molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of exercise are not well understood. We studied one possible mechanism, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an exercise-induced factor, which via binding to its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) may contribute to improvement of cardiac function post MI. In the brain, the ratio between two isoforms of the TrkB receptor, full-length and truncated forms (TrkB.FL/TrkB.T1) determines the extent of intracellular responses to mature BDNF (mBDNF; an active form of BDNF) and a decrease in this ratio may reflect down-regulation of BDNF-TrkB.FL signaling. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase B (Akt) are intracellular factors of BDNF-TrkB signaling in hippocampal/cortical neurons. Activation of cardiac BDNF-TrkB signaling may increase cardiomyocyte survival and myocardial contractility. In hypertensive rats, the role of BDNF-TrkB signaling in the PVN and RVLM appears opposite with activation of this axis in the PVN increasing, but in the RVLM decreasing sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). However, activation of CaMKII and Akt in the PVN and RVLM both mediate increase in SNA. The specific role of BDNF-TrkB signaling in the PVN and RVLM of rats with HF post MI has not yet been studied. We hypothesized that exercise training post MI enhances BDNF-TrkB signaling pathways in the left ventricle (LV) and RVLM, but inhibits in the PVN, and thereby preserves cardiac structure and function post MI. We evaluated changes in BDNF-TrkB axis and intracellular factors CaMKII and Akt in the non-infarct area of the LV, PVN and RVLM in sedentary and exercising rats with MI. The impact of systemic blockade of BDNF-TrkB signaling was assessed with ANA-12, a selective non-competitive antagonist of TrkB receptors. In the infarct area of the LV, mBDNF protein decreased and TrkB.T1 protein increased. In the non-infarct area, mBDNF tended to be decreased without change in TrkB.T1 expression. The activities of CaMKII and Akt were decreased in the non-infarct area of the LV. In the PVN and RVLM, the TrkB.FL/TrkB.T1 ratio was decreased but without changes in mBDNF and downstream factors except for decrease in Akt activity in the RVLM. Exercise training improved ejection fraction (EF), cardiac index and LV end-diastolic pressure, but only the exercise-induced improvement of EF was blocked by ANA-12. In the non-infarct area of the LV, exercise prevented decreases in mBDNF, CaMKII and Akt, and these effects were prevented by ANA-12. In the PVN, exercise increased mBDNF and decreased Akt activity, whereas in the RVLM, exercise had no effect on mBDNF but decreased CaMKII activity. The exercise-induced increase mBDNF in the PVN and decrease in p-CaMKIIβ expression in the RVLM were prevented by ANA-12. Our findings suggest that down-regulation of BDNF-TrkB signaling post MI is prominent in the LV with decreases in mBDNF protein in the infarct area and intracellular factors CaMKII and Akt in the non-infarct area. Increases in mBDNF, CaMKII and Akt in the LV by exercise may contribute to improvement of EF. In the PVN and RVLM, despite a decrease in the ratio of TrkB.FL/TrkB.T1 in both brain nuclei, only Akt activity decreased in the RVLM post MI. Exercise-induced decreases in activities of CaMKII in the RVLM and Akt in the PVN may both contribute to reduction in sympathetic hyperactivity post MI.

Pro-anorexia content, or content that promotes the development and sustainment of eating disorders, is an important topic that has been understudied in the literature. Previous research has primary examined the content featured on pro-anorexia websites, but few researchers have conducted experimental studies examining the direct impact viewing pro-anorexia content has on individuals struggling with an eating disorder. The current study was an experimental study that exposed participants to three conditions: proanorexia content, pro-recovery content, and a control group. The researcher examined the impact that viewing the three levels of content for 10 minutes had on individuals who met criteria and who did not meet criteria for an eating disorder on the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale. Participants were examined using the Eating Attitudes Test to examine eating disorder symptomology and the Body Assessment Scale to examine body satisfaction after every condition. The results of this study showed that participants who met criteria for an eating disorder reported increased eating disorder symptomology after viewing the pro-anorexia condition.

Rhinichthys osculus, the Speckled Dace, is one of the most ubiquitous fish in western North America. Within the Southern California region, the local taxon is known as the Santa Ana Speckled Dace. The purpose of this study was to characterize and identify polymorphic microsatellite markers for R. osculus in which twenty-three were identified through Illumina pair-end sequencing. Seven of these loci were then used to examine the patterns of genetic variation and population structure that occurred within and among the watersheds in the Southern California. The study also examined the regional relationships among Southern California, Central California and Owen’s River Valley. Analysis of the microsatellite data revealed highly significant moderate levels of population structure exist within the Southern California region (RST=0.160, p=0.001). This structure is best explained by watershed as well as isolation by distance (R2=.2286, p=0.010). Highly significant geographic structure also exists among the geographic regions of Southern California, Central Coast, and Owen’s River Valley regions (RST= 0.600, p-value=0.001) that are congruent with the regional differentiation elucidated by mtDNA sequence data. In both cases, the degree of population differentiation was correlated with isolation by distance. Utilizing this information we were able gain a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships among the Southern California populations of Santa Ana Speckled Dace. Within the Santa Ana Speckled Dace populations we examined four models to explain the geographic structure: watershed, mountain range, tributary, and isolation by distance. While all were significant, the tributary model exhibited the higher level of population structure (RST= 0.160, p-value=0.001) and a significant correlation was exhibited between geographic distance and population structure, suggesting isolation by distance may be playing a role. The results of the microsatellite analysis are congruent with an earlier broad scale analysis of mtDNA sequence data that suggests the Central California and the Owens Valley populations diverged from each other prior to the divergence of the Santa Ana Speckled Dace populations from the Colorado Basin populations, and that the Central Coast populations were not established as a result of a migration event from the Southern California populations, as was previously hypothesized. Primarily due to human activity, Santa Ana Speckled Dace habitat has become highly fragmented resulting in some populations becoming extirpated. We hope this study will guide the strategies for the conservation of the remaining populations of Santa Ana Speckled Dace and watershed management in Southern California.

In this study, I sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to elucidate the extent and pattern of genetic variations among and within populations of Rhinichthys osculus (Santa Ana Speckled Dace) found in the different watersheds in Southern California, Central California Coast and Eastern California Desert. I described and analyzed the structural characteristics and pattern of base sequence substitutions in the cytochrome b gene to understand the molecular evolution of the gene. The Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Southern California Santa Ana Speckled dace is a distinct population from the Central California Coast dace population and Eastern California Desert dace population, and is more closely related to the Colorado River speckled dace population. There is a high degree of genetic variation among all populations including a significant genetic structure associated with watersheds, mountain ranges, and geographic grouping based on locations. The SWISS-Model automated protein structure homology elucidated the conserved and invariant residues within the cytochrome b gene where the amino acid substitutions are located in the trans-membrane of the protein sequence. The implication for conservation and management of the Southern California Santa Ana Speckled dace is high because of habitat lost for this distinct dace population. The data from this study will contribute to preserving the genetic variability of the Santa Ana Speckled Dace as a separate taxa and species, as well as to help maintain intact the population in the different Southern California creeks.

In writing this thesis, I plotted where the streams of whiteness theory, life-writing theory and practice, and Daphne Marlatts novel <i>Ana Historic</i> converge. In the introduction, I outline the development of my own subjectivity, focusing on my identification with multiple ethnic communities, and on my racial and working class identity. My second chapter surveys current whiteness theories, accepting some and rejecting others, and drawing significantly upon theory that is accessible and personal, a decision that undoubtedly resulted because of my working class practicality. In this chapter, I conclude that whiteness and white solipsism (theoretically comparable to Simone de Beauvoirs challenge that masculinity as the neutral and positive gender renders femininity and other gendered constructions negative), actually envelope multiple identities, but argue that the way in which whiteness is experienced by those on its margins is often monolithic. In the third chapter, I investigate Marlatts biography and her life writing theory, arguing that her experience as a once immigrant foregrounds many issues relevant to the Canadian white identity, and that because her theory is so conscious of how identity is constructed, relying on fact and fiction, <i>Ana Historic</i> provides a portrait of white Canadian identity and the context in which that identity has been constructed. In Chapters 4 and 5, I apply the theories of life writing and whiteness to the characters of Ana, Ina, and Annie, challenging that their identities as colonizer, emigrant, and immigrant, respectively, illustrate the evolution resulting in the current white Canadian identity. Further, because Marlatt chooses these characters who occupy different positions in history, she shows her reader that contemporary Canadian white identity has grown out of colonial times, creating a continuum. The history out of which each of these women emerges is never contained because aspects of their identity carry forward into subsequent generations.

In writing this thesis, I plotted where the streams of whiteness theory, life-writing theory and practice, and Daphne Marlatts novel <i>Ana Historic</i> converge. In the introduction, I outline the development of my own subjectivity, focusing on my identification with multiple ethnic communities, and on my racial and working class identity. My second chapter surveys current whiteness theories, accepting some and rejecting others, and drawing significantly upon theory that is accessible and personal, a decision that undoubtedly resulted because of my working class practicality. In this chapter, I conclude that whiteness and white solipsism (theoretically comparable to Simone de Beauvoirs challenge that masculinity as the neutral and positive gender renders femininity and other gendered constructions negative), actually envelope multiple identities, but argue that the way in which whiteness is experienced by those on its margins is often monolithic. In the third chapter, I investigate Marlatts biography and her life writing theory, arguing that her experience as a once immigrant foregrounds many issues relevant to the Canadian white identity, and that because her theory is so conscious of how identity is constructed, relying on fact and fiction, <i>Ana Historic</i> provides a portrait of white Canadian identity and the context in which that identity has been constructed. In Chapters 4 and 5, I apply the theories of life writing and whiteness to the characters of Ana, Ina, and Annie, challenging that their identities as colonizer, emigrant, and immigrant, respectively, illustrate the evolution resulting in the current white Canadian identity. Further, because Marlatt chooses these characters who occupy different positions in history, she shows her reader that contemporary Canadian white identity has grown out of colonial times, creating a continuum. The history out of which each of these women emerges is never contained because aspects of their identity carry forward into subsequent generations.

This thesis argues that the recent erasure of digital pro-anorexia ("pro-ana") narratives by websites such as Tumblr, Pinterest, and Instagram represents an attempt to silence female self-starvers and reify the authority of medical associations to speak for female bodies. I draw parallels between these attempts and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's theory of epistemic violence, since the experiences of women are effectively discredited, through metaphors that render the thin body dangerous, to shore up professional medical authority. As an attempt to privilege the experiences of the self-starvers, I analyze one Tumblr blog with eating disorder content to listen to the letters users anonymously write to their bodies in contrast to narratives written by "recovered" self-starvers that are officially endorsed by the National Eating Disorder Association. Finally, I argue that the Internet provides us with the opportunity to foster response-able witnessing, for which Kelly Oliver has advocated. I extend Oliver's research to argue that we must foster response-ability for all attempts to bear witness. I suggest that creating response-able spaces where others might witness their different embodied experiences can enable female self-starvers to reclaim subjectivity that medicine has taken from them. In so doing, they might learn to become response-able to their eating disorders, and, eventually, their own bodies.

No description available.