Analogies are considered a cognitive core mechanism, that is applied in many everday reasoning processes. Heuristic-driven theory projection (HDTP) is a logic-based framework that allows to model analogies with the aim of making analogical reasoning techniques available for artificial intelligence systems. The formal properties of HDTP are investigated, refining and extending some of the original ideas. A special form of restricted higher-order anti-unification is proposed as a means for the generalization process, allowing to account for flexibility in the mapping while staying computationally tractable. Concerning the semantics, it is argued that a sensible interpretation can be given to the syntactic processes, based on an understanding of the involved mappings as a decent type of theory morphisms. The logical nature of HDTP also allows for a notion of re-representation that is discussed from a theoretical and algorithmic point of view. Moreover, the framework of HDTP is also analyzed from the abstract perspective of institution theory, suggesting that the main ideas can be spelled out in other logical formalisms as well. To collect support for the practical utility of HDTP, it is applied to different fields in a series of studies. The domain of geometric analogy serves as an arena to demonstrate the operation of HDTP, including the treatment of ambiguous problems based on thoughts from Gestalt psychology. Another line of research explores how the idea of conceptual blending can be related to analogies and a formalization building on HDTP is presented, leading to the notion of theory blending. These ideas are applied to a classical problem of the field, the interpretation of noun-noun compounds, but they proof to be applicable in other areas as well, demonstrated by a framework for counterfactual reasoning. Furthermore, applications of analogical reasoning and theory blending in mathematics are discussed, including the formal modeling of an example from the history of mathematics and a framework to support mathematical discovery.

No description available.

This essay examines the role of metaphoric thought at the symposium Beyond reductionism: New perspectives in the life sciences organised by the Hungarian-born writer Arthur Koestler in 1968. The symposium can be interpreted in part as a protest against the metaphor of man as a machine, which was connected by the participants to reductionism in a broader, cosmological sense. Metaphors were widely utilised by the participants to communicate scientific and philosophical ideas, but the use of metaphors was also criticised for over-simplifying a complex reality. Different variants of general system theory were explored by some participants as a way of avoiding the limits of specific metaphoric imagery. Analogies based on modern linguistics were repeatedly used to explain biological and behavourial processes, as an alternative to the established mechanistic, reductionist models. Reductionism was also connected to existential concepts of meaning and alienation in connection with the concurrent student riots. Using Max Black's interactive theory of metaphor, this essay argues that the symposium produced a more coherent anti-reductionist position than is apparent at first sight, while also highlighting the importance of metaphors and analogies in the life sciences discourse of the late 1960's.

In Computational aeroacoustics, hybrid approaches first resolve the source and nearfield regions of the flow field by employing Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, Large Eddy Simulations (LES) or Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS).The source region data is used to form source terms, which are, in turn, applied to either empirical models or equations linearized around a mean flow. An acoustic analogy type of model is used to propagate the acoustics to the farfield regions. The aim of this research is twoold: to introduce and test a hybrid acoustic analogy, based on a coupling between the Navier-Stokes equations, applied in the source region, and the Non-linear Euler (NLE) equations applied in the acoustic propagation region; and to test and validate a recently derived generalized acoustic analogy theory in the framework of jet noise with acoustic source information obtained from RANS or LES. In the first part, the coupling between the Navier-Stokes and the NLE equations is accomplished via a buffer region, which is used to interpolate and penalize the flow variables of interest from the source region. The penalized flow variables are then applied as source terms in the NLE equations, to calculate the acoustic propagation. The non-linear Euler equations, discretized using highurate dispersion-relation preserving schemes constitute a very efficient approach for jet noise predictions in complex environments, especially for supersonic and hypersonic jets, where nonlinearities may propagate over long distances. In the second part, a RANS- or LES-informed model, which is used to provide data for Goldstein's generalized acoustic analogy, is presented. The generalized acoustic analogy of Goldstein is considered, wherein the effects of non-parallelism are taken into account and an asymptotic expansion is utilized to simplify the adjoint Green function equations. The use of the adjoint Green's function leads to a simple model for jet noise predictions for low frequencies and small observation angles, in the linear regime. Both approaches are extensively tested and validated against numerous benchmark problems and applications.

A room with many well-preserved artifacts was excavated at Tell Halif in a level associated with Ancient Judah. By using analogy the use of these artifacts can be compared with that of other similar objects. Analogy is at the heart of archaeological interpretation and allows a more explicit determination of the possible uses of artifacts and their patterning. The artifacts serve as evidence for reconstructing life in and around an archaeologically excavated space. By discerning the patterns of artifact distribution we can interpret how the space might have been used. The room excavated at Tell Halif has strong evidence for food processing, closely integrated with storage. Textile production was also carried out in the room. Other artifacts point to food consumption, play, personal ornamentation and the use of symbolic images. The patterning of the artifacts indicates a busy multi-use space.

No description available.

No description available.

Manos and metates are ubiquitous at archaeological sites in Mesoamerica. Unfortunately, grinding stones are understudied, and thus, not much is understood about them. Understanding that archaeology is based on the use of analogy to infer past life-ways, little work has been done to create analogies specifically for manos and metates. The purpose of this thesis is to study modern grinding stones used by Mayans living in Guatemala to better understand manos and metates used by ancient peoples. I worked for two field seasons in Guatemala recording the life histories of manos and metates used by the Q'eqchi' and K'iche', two contemporary Mayan groups. I conducted surveys with 97 people which highlighted the history of their grinding stones, associated cultural beliefs, their physical descriptions, and metate use-location. I also interviewed several men who manufacture manos and metates at two of the few existing metate quarries in Guatemala. After analyzing the information gathered, I determined many new ways to interpret manos and metates found within the archaeological record. Some of the implications of my study are the identification of wear patterns and the behaviors that cause these patterns. I also show that manos and metates can be multi-generational and are often passed from one generation to the next. Taboos that determine how people handle and use grinding stones as well as other cultural beliefs are discussed in my thesis. I also compare the use-location of manos and metates among the modern Maya to help interpret the locations of these tools among the Maya of the pre-Columbian site Cerén, El Salvador. Other contributions of this study include a correlation between the size and function of manos and metates and many ethnographic implications such as the manifestation of gender roles through grinding stones and the gradual loss of cultural traditions due to economic development. Finally, this study has preserved information on the production and use of manos and metates. These traditional utilitarian tools will soon be abandoned by the Mayans of Guatemala and further study may not be possible.

No description available.

No description available.