CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / nÃo hà / Neste trabalho, abordamos as anÃforas indiretas e associativas, fazendo uma rediscussÃo dos critÃrios classificatÃrios desses tipos de anÃfora. Analisamos o fenÃmeno anafÃrico, indo alÃm do que à determinado nas classificaÃÃes encontradas. Observamos que considerar apenas o aspecto formal como fator definicional ou distintivo das anÃforas indiretas e associativas à insuficiente para descrever um fenÃmeno tÃo amplo quanto o anafÃrico. Temos como objetivo comprovar que o que distingue uma anÃfora da outra sÃo os nÃveis de inferÃncia realizados nas suas realizaÃÃes/interpretaÃÃes. Para embasar a tese de que nÃo hà uma classificaÃÃo bipolar de anÃfora indireta e anÃfora associativa, utilizamos como base teÃrica a Teoria da Acessibilidade, de Ariel (1996, 1998, 2001), por considerarmos o aspecto cognitivo do processo anafÃrico o mais relevante. Argumentamos que o que ocorre nas diferentes formas existentes de tais expressÃes anafÃricas sÃo nÃveis diferentes de inferenciaÃÃo, estabelecendo, de acordo com o percurso cognitivo feito para a interpretaÃÃo da anÃfora, uma escalaridade, e nÃo uma distinÃÃo. Utilizamos como procedimentos metodolÃgicos a anÃlise das definiÃÃes e dos critÃrios dados pelos autores para diferenciar uma anÃfora indireta de uma associativa; a verificaÃÃo dos aspectos relevantes nessas definiÃÃes e a reconsideraÃÃo dos conceitos e dos exemplos da literatura sobre o assunto a partir da Teoria da Acessibilidade, enfatizando os aspectos cognitivo e interacional na realizaÃÃo e/ou interpretaÃÃo de uma anÃfora. Constatamos que nÃo à a forma que distingue tais expressÃes, mas, sim, os aspectos sociocognitivos interacionais, o que trouxe um alargamento nos critÃrios que devem ser considerados para a classificaÃÃo das anÃforas. / In this study we work with indirect and associative anaphors, making a rediscussion of its classificatory criteria. We analyze the anaphoric phenomenon, going beyond what is determined in the found classification. We observed that considering only the formal aspect as a definition or a distinctive factor of indirect and associative anaphors is insufficient to describe such a wide phenomenon as the anaphoric one is. Our aims are to prove that what distinguishes one anaphor from the other are the levels of inference which are applied in its realizations/interpretations. To support the thesis that there is no bipolar classification between indirect and associate anaphors, we use the Theory of Accessibility (ARIEL, 1996, 1998, 2001), because we consider the cognitive aspect of the anaphoric process as the most important one. We argue that what happens in the different existent forms of these anaphoric expressions are different levels of inferentiation, establishing a scale, and not a distinction, according to the cognitive course which is done to interpret the anaphor. Our methodological procedures are the analyzes of the definitions and the criteria used by the authors to differ one indirect anaphor from an associative one; the verification of relevant aspects in these definitions; and the reconsideration of the concepts and examples of the literature about this theme based on the Theory of Accessibility, emphasizing the cognitive and interactional aspects in the realization/interpretation of an anaphor. We conclude that the form does not distinguish those expressions, but the interactional sociocognitive aspects, which brought an expansion of the criteria that must be considered in the anaphor classification.

Magister Artium - MA / The purpose of this study is to investigate how subject PRO of the infinitive in Sesotho is assigned an antecedent The general framework which is assumed is the Government Binding theory of generative grammar, in particular one of its subtheories, namely the Control theory which is concerned with the assignment of an antecedent to the subject PRO in the infinitive. A survey of the work done by various linguists on the Infinitive in Bantu languages shows that much has been written on the properties of the infinitive. In the Nguni languages, especially in Xhosa, considerable research has been done to establish the syntactic nature of the infinitive in the various constructions that it may occur. The Infinitive in Sesotho has, however, not been studied extensively. The central issue of this study relates to establishing the antecedent of the subject PRO of the infinitive in the various constructions in which it may appear. It is demonstrated that in some instances it is possible for two different NP arguments in a sentence to serve as a possible antecedent of the empty category PRO. This examination of control of the subject PRO in the infinitive in Sesotho has revealed the following: The subject PRO in the infinitive must have antecedent. In such cases the empty category PRO which is obligatory control is considered to behave like an anaphor, because as an empty of the clausal complement it must take its referential index from either the subject or object argument of the matrix sentence. This implies that the empty category PRO has no capacity for independent reference. 2. The subject PRO in the infinitive may have an In such cases the empty category PRO which is subject to non-obligatory control is considered to behave like a pronoun, because the empty category PRO may either refer to individuals independently or co-refer to individuals already named on a given sentence. Finally the subject PRO in the infinitive can at times have no antecedent at all In such cases the empty category PRO is subject to arbitrary control, because its antecedent may be implicit This has been established in the following instances: 3.1 There are cases where the infinitive is a complement of a Verb or a Copulative with the subject position occupied by an empty existential pronominal which is associated with the existential morpheme Ho. This pronominal is an empty category just like PRO, but is in a non-argument position, for it lacks a thetha-role. This is attributed to the fact that the existential pronominal associated with Ho, which signifies "it" or "there" is a dummy element and has therefore no semantic role. Therefore the antecedent of the subject PRO in the infinitive can be "anyone in general". The interpretation thereof is known as arbitrary control. It has also been established that, the Nominal infinitive, which has in Sesotho, like all other nominals, a class prefix which is morphologically marked with a prefix Ho, is subject to arbitrary control (see 3 above). This is attributed to the fact that its subject NP-argument has a non-referential expression which is thus ungoverned, because it has no agreement (-AGR) and can therefore not be assigned Case.

ALVES, Antonia Suele de Sousa. Anáforas indiretas: uma rediscussão dos critérios classificatórios. 2009. 116f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-06-25T12:38:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_diss_ASDESAlves.pdf: 1082136 bytes, checksum: efb36fff2a0d4fa4eb452d61db6af49c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-28T11:55:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_diss_ASDESAlves.pdf: 1082136 bytes, checksum: efb36fff2a0d4fa4eb452d61db6af49c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-28T11:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_diss_ASDESAlves.pdf: 1082136 bytes, checksum: efb36fff2a0d4fa4eb452d61db6af49c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / In this study we work with indirect and associative anaphors, making a rediscussion of its classificatory criteria. We analyze the anaphoric phenomenon, going beyond what is determined in the found classification. We observed that considering only the formal aspect as a definition or a distinctive factor of indirect and associative anaphors is insufficient to describe such a wide phenomenon as the anaphoric one is. Our aims are to prove that what distinguishes one anaphor from the other are the levels of inference which are applied in its realizations/interpretations. To support the thesis that there is no bipolar classification between indirect and associate anaphors, we use the Theory of Accessibility (ARIEL, 1996, 1998, 2001), because we consider the cognitive aspect of the anaphoric process as the most important one. We argue that what happens in the different existent forms of these anaphoric expressions are different levels of inferentiation, establishing a scale, and not a distinction, according to the cognitive course which is done to interpret the anaphor. Our methodological procedures are the analyzes of the definitions and the criteria used by the authors to differ one indirect anaphor from an associative one; the verification of relevant aspects in these definitions; and the reconsideration of the concepts and examples of the literature about this theme based on the Theory of Accessibility, emphasizing the cognitive and interactional aspects in the realization/interpretation of an anaphor. We conclude that the form does not distinguish those expressions, but the interactional sociocognitive aspects, which brought an expansion of the criteria that must be considered in the anaphor classification. / Neste trabalho, abordamos as anáforas indiretas e associativas, fazendo uma rediscussão dos critérios classificatórios desses tipos de anáfora. Analisamos o fenômeno anafórico, indo além do que é determinado nas classificações encontradas. Observamos que considerar apenas o aspecto formal como fator definicional ou distintivo das anáforas indiretas e associativas é insuficiente para descrever um fenômeno tão amplo quanto o anafórico. Temos como objetivo comprovar que o que distingue uma anáfora da outra são os níveis de inferência realizados nas suas realizações/interpretações. Para embasar a tese de que não há uma classificação bipolar de anáfora indireta e anáfora associativa, utilizamos como base teórica a Teoria da Acessibilidade, de Ariel (1996, 1998, 2001), por considerarmos o aspecto cognitivo do processo anafórico o mais relevante. Argumentamos que o que ocorre nas diferentes formas existentes de tais expressões anafóricas são níveis diferentes de inferenciação, estabelecendo, de acordo com o percurso cognitivo feito para a interpretação da anáfora, uma escalaridade, e não uma distinção. Utilizamos como procedimentos metodológicos a análise das definições e dos critérios dados pelos autores para diferenciar uma anáfora indireta de uma associativa; a verificação dos aspectos relevantes nessas definições e a reconsideração dos conceitos e dos exemplos da literatura sobre o assunto a partir da Teoria da Acessibilidade, enfatizando os aspectos cognitivo e interacional na realização e/ou interpretação de uma anáfora. Constatamos que não é a forma que distingue tais expressões, mas, sim, os aspectos sociocognitivos interacionais, o que trouxe um alargamento nos critérios que devem ser considerados para a classificação das anáforas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LidianeMD.pdf: 340625 bytes, checksum: cdea0f3c27e1b3237debd9d6d2756eb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-14 / On recent years, it has been observed an increasing interest on referentiation processes, which involves an important field of Text Linguistics and Discourse Analysis studies. The existence of a significant number of international and national publications which focus on this perspective corroborate this finding. Given the textbook importance as a teaching instrument, and the relevance of the referentiation processes to text production and comprehension, we realize that the study of these two topics articulation is taken as a relevant research theme, with consequences to the improvement of Portuguese Language teaching. Taking this into consideration, we intend to analyze the non-coreference anaphors in texts of Portuguese Language textbooks from fifth to eighth grades, adopted in many schools of Pau dos Ferros RN, considering the frequency, genre, kind of anaphor and manifestation form. This study is classified as a documental and qualitative research. We have found out that the indirect anaphor was used in more than a half of the corpus. We have found out, as well, that the literary and press genres do not favor the use of labeling and metadiscursive anaphors. On the other hand, concerning the indirect anaphor, it is clear its abundant use in the literary genre. In what concerns the manifestation forms, we have verified that on labeling and metadiscursive anaphors it is significant the predominance of demonstrative pronouns working as determiners. On the indirect anaphor, we have verified that most of the occurrences do not present a determiner, and for the ones which present it, the majority occurs under the form of definite and indefinite articles. We believe that this work can contribute to the activities which involve questions related to text production and comprehension, since the referentiation processes are intimately related to them / Nos ?ltimos anos, tem sido crescente o interesse pelos processos de referencia??o, o que envolve um campo importante de estudos da Ling??stica Textual e da An?lise do Discurso. A exist?ncia de um n?mero significativo de publica??es, internacionais e nacionais, que aprofundam essa perspectiva, comprovam essa constata??o. Dada a import?ncia do livro did?tico, enquanto instrumento do professor em sala de aula, e a relev?ncia dos processos de referencia??o para a produ??o e compreens?o de textos, entendemos que o estudo da articula??o desses dois t?picos configura-se como um tema de pesquisa relevante, com conseq??ncias para a melhoria do ensino de L?ngua Portuguesa. Assim, pretendemos analisar as an?foras n?o-correferenciais em textos de um livro did?tico de L?ngua Portuguesa, da 5? ? 8? s?ries, adotado em diversas escolas de Pau dos Ferros RN, considerando a freq??ncia, o g?nero textual no qual se inserem, o tipo de an?fora e a forma de manifesta??o. Nosso trabalho configura-se em uma pesquisa documental, de cunho qualitativo. Conclu?mos que a an?fora indireta foi utilizada em mais da metade de todo o corpus da pesquisa. Vimos, ainda, que os g?neros liter?rio e de imprensa n?o favorecem o emprego das an?foras rotuladora e metadiscursiva, por outro lado, quanto ? an?fora indireta, podemos observar de maneira clara que esse tipo de an?fora ? mais utilizado no g?nero liter?rio. No que diz respeito ? forma de manifesta??o, constamos que, nas an?foras rotuladora e metadicursiva, ? significativa a predomin?ncia de pronomes demonstrativos funcionando enquanto determinantes. Na an?fora indireta, verificamos que a maioria das ocorr?ncias n?o apresenta determinante e que, para as an?foras que apresentam determinante, a maioria aparece sob a forma de artigos definidos e indefinidos. Acreditamos que esse trabalho possa contribuir para as atividades que envolvem quest?es relacionadas ? produ??o e compreens?o de textos, uma vez que os processos de referencia??o est?o intimamente relacionados a essas atividades

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Maximo Plens Pinelli.pdf: 4672954 bytes, checksum: fc0a5be2d4fa58aa24e37d484dc4c0f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aims to present an analysis of the discourse reference in digital forums, especially concerning to the role of indirect anaphors in the discursive topic development. This way, we will bring together studies about the hypertextual writing (Xavier, 2002; Crystal, 2001; Marcuschi, 2004; Espéret, 1996 and Komesu, 2005), and studies about the discourse reference, concept understood as an activity by which the subjects, as partners in the interaction, build and re-build, in and by the discourse, the objects they want to refer to (cf.: Mondada and Dubois, 2003; Koch, 2004, 2005 and 2008; Marcuschi, 2001, 2005, 2006 and 2007). Among the discourse reference studies, it s relevant to mention here the phenomenon named indirect anaphors as the way it s understood by Schwarz (2000) and Marcuschi (2005). Owing to the objective of this research, we selected a digital forum, set on the worldwide web and, from this forum, we extracted messages produced by users during the discussion of a specific discursive topic. The results of the analysis show that in the course of the interaction, the inter-actors build anaphors with no previous referent that is able to be pointed out in the text, because they are merely suggested in the discursive memory or in the co-text, using words or expressions that work as their anchors . Nonetheless, these anaphors, far from compromising the interacting, they remark the fundamental multi-linearity of a given text and contribute to the textual progression and the global coherence / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar uma análise da referenciação em fóruns digitais, mais especificamente, no tocante à constituição de anáforas indiretas no desenvolvimento de um tópico discursivo. Articularemos, desse modo, estudos voltados para a escrita hipertextual (cf.: Xavier, 2002; Crystal, 2001; Marcuschi, 2004; Espéret, 1996 e Komesu, 2005) e estudos sobre a referenciação concebida como atividade por meio da qual os sujeitos participantes de uma interação constroem e reconstroem no e pelo discurso os objetos a que fazem referência (cf.: Mondada e Dubois, 2003; Koch, 2004, 2005 e 2008; Marcuschi, 2001, 2005, 2006 e 2007). No conjunto dos estudos sobre a referenciação, ganha relevância, nesta pesquisa, o fenômeno denominado de anáforas indiretas como compreendido por Schwarz (2000) e Marcuschi (2005). Tendo em vista o objetivo da pesquisa foi selecionado um fórum digital constituído na rede mundial de computadores e, desse fórum, extraídas mensagens produzidas por participantes no curso da discussão de um determinado tópico discursivo. Os resultados da análise indicam que no curso da interação em fórum digital os interactantes constroem anáforas cujo referente não pode ser localizado pontualmente no texto, visto que estão apenas sugeridos na memória discursiva ou no cotexto por meio de palavras ou expressões que servem de âncoras . No entanto, essas anáforas, longe de comprometer a interação, assinalam a multilinearidade constitutiva do texto e contribuem para a progressão textual e o plano da coerência global

Partant du constat que le pronom IT connaît, en anglais contemporain, une grande richesse d‘emplois, cette thèse propose une étude de IT référentiel et vise à examiner ses fonctions, son positionnement phrastique et son pouvoir référentiel. Ce pronom occupe toutes les places syntaxiques au sein de la phrase. Il a la spécificité de renvoyer à une entité beaucoup plus complexe qu‘un groupe nominal. De plus, le rapport de IT avec ses antécédents est au cœur de cette étude qui examine aussi les différents facteurs jouant un rôle dans l‘identification du bon référent où la présence textuelle ou situationnelle d‘un antécédent n‘est pas une condition nécessaire pour que le pronom soit référentiel. Un traitement global de tous les emplois référentiels de IT est proposé, car quelle que soit la place de l‘objet désigné par IT, cet objet appartient à la mémoire commune du locuteur et de l‘allocutaire. / In contemporary English, the pronoun IT is used in a great variety of contexts. This doctoral thesis proposes a study of referential IT and aims at examining its functions, its phrasal positions and its referential potential. This pronoun occupies all the syntactical places in the sentence. IT also has the specificity to refer to a more complex entity than to a simple nominal group. The relationship between IT and its antecedents is also in the heart of the present study that examines the various factors playing a role in the identification of the good referent where the textual or the situational presence of an antecedent is not sufficient for the pronoun to be referential. A global treatment of all the referential uses of IT is proposed: whatever is the place of the object indicated by IT, this object belongs to the common memory of the speaker.