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Although in the classical Chinese outlook the world can only be made sense of through the means devised by the ancient sages and handed down by the tradition, the art of exegesis has long been a neglected subject. Scholars have been all too eager to dispute what their chosen text says than to pay attention to the nuanced ways in which it hones its tools. This dissertation aims to somewhat redirect the discipline's attention by focusing on Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi. I approach this compendium of Han philology, typically regarded as a repository of disparate linguistic data, as underlied by a tight theoretical framework reducible to one simple idea. I begin with the discussion of the competing visions of the six principles, for two millenia the basis of instruction in the arts of letters. I identify the relationship between abstraction and representation and the principle of convergence as the main points of contention. I take Xu Shen's convergence to pertain to the Han practice of relating words through sound similarity. This in turn I interpret as one particular manifestation of dispositional categorization (類情), a fortunes turning term in the exegetical tradition of the Change. The third chapter illustrates Xu Shen's twin techniques of relating and differentiating along with the worldview of the Change from which they derive. It introduces the concepts of matching and extension, and pits them against their counterparts of mirroring and analogy. The leitmotifs of the fourth chapter are Xu Shen's argument against the arbitrariness of sign and the relationship between linguistic and cognitive categorization. The fifth chapter compares the Shuowen to other works of Han lexicography, character primers in particular. The phenomenon of paronomastic glossing is examined here in detail. I argue that Xu Shen's ordering of classical vocabulary on the basis of graphic resemblance and the concomitant explanations are but projections of paronomasia into the realm of semiotics. The final chapter situates this likeness driven interpretative strategy against earlier attitudes to language. I close by intimating the creative potential entailed in Xu Shen's recasting of fragmentary diachronic knowledge as a comprehensive synchronic system. / East Asian Languages and Civilizations

The concept of 'ageism' has often been thought to be of limited moral concern, especially in comparison to other forms of discrimination such as racism and sexism. Nevertheless, there are also those who believe that ageism is morally significant, and there are diametrically opposed views within liberal and egalitarian theory as to whether age discrimination is or is not just. This thesis has two objectives. Firstly, it seeks to overcome the apparent vagueness of the concept that has given rise to such diametrically opposed views concerning ageism by examining exactly what the phenomenon involves. It defines the wrongfulness of much age discrimination as originating in either the nature of the reasons for which people discriminate against the old or the nature of the consequences for the individuals affected. In the course of the thesis I make several important distinctions, the most important of which are between the social and moral worth of a person, and between the synchronic and diachronic interests of a person. These distinctions allow us to distinguish between a culturally oppressive ageism and ageism that is justified by reasons of equality and efficiency. The former is intrinsically morally wrong, the latter extrinsically wrong. The second aim of the thesis is to develop an anti-ageist ethical principle capable of challenging both forms of ageism in a comprehensive way, and which is consistent with a broader liberal egalitarian political theory. This is achieved by drawing on the distinction between the irreducible nature of each person's synchronic and diachronic interests. I have identified the principle that we should protect the synchronic interests of older persons with a democratic social egalitarianism that seeks to equalise the social relations between citizens rather than concentrating upon an equality of distribution. It is in this way that I also connect the debate about the morality (or otherwise) of age discrimination with debates within contemporary liberal egalitarian philosophy.

Les études linguistiques les plus récentes admettent que les noms propres sont souvent traduits, ou adaptés, par opposition aux anciennes théories sur la non-traduisibilité des noms propres.Ce qui distingue les toponymes du reste de l’onomastique, ce sont les implications politiques, sociologiques et historiques qui concernent une bonne partie des noms géographiques. Dire « Breslau » pour la ville polonaise « Wrocław » peut avoir une connotation négative selon le contexte. Et pourtant, nous rencontrons très fréquemment cette forme surInternet. De plus, on observe avec la mondialisation la multiplication de nombreuses versions du même toponyme.Le travail présenté ici est composé de trois parties. La première partie présente de manière brève les théories concernant les noms propres, mais adaptées aux toponymes, et la deuxième décrit leurs fonctions, ainsi que leur statut linguistique par rapport à la normalisation internationale. Le concept de la toponymie synchronique-contrastive et les méthodes d’analyse des toponymes selon cette approche sont introduits dans la partie 2.La partie trois est une analyse du corpus qui a pour le but d’observer les structures et l’intégration des toponymes polonais dans la langue française ainsi que leur usage populaire dans les publications courantes (sur Internet, dans les brochures touristiques, dans les applications et réseaux sociaux, etc.), qui diffère de l’usage officiel, censé être politiquementcorrect. / The most recent linguistic studies show that proper names are often translated or adapted, in contrast to the traditional theories of untranslatability of proper names.What distinguishes toponyms from the rest of onomastics are political, sociological and historical implications that affect many geographical names. Using the name "Breslau" for the Polish city "Wrocław" may convey negative connotations depending on the context. Nevertheless, this form is often found on the Internet. Moreover, due to globalization we arewitnessing the multiplication of many versions of the same toponym. This work is composed of three parts. The first part presents theories of proper names,but adapted to toponyms, and the second describes their functions and their linguistic status according to the international standardization. The concept of synchronic-contrastive toponymy and methods of analysing toponyms according to this approach are introduced as well in the second part.The third part is an analysis of the corpus with the purpose of observing the structure and the integration of Polish toponyms into the French language, as well as their popular use in current publications (Internet, tourist brochures, in applications and social networks, etc.) different from the official use, which is supposed to be politically correct.

Motivée par Mervyn ALLEYNE (1980) qui met en évidence certaines spécificités des langues afro-américaines à bases lexicales différentes (verbes sériels, clivage du prédicat, TMA…), cette étude contrastive adopte une perspective synchronique d’un point de vue fonctionnel et structural afin d’établir les caractéristiques communes et les traits distinctifs des langues créoles de la Jamaïque (JC) et de la Martinique (CM) au-delà de leurs bases lexicales anglaise (CBLA) et française (CBLF). Les spécificités dégagées en JC & CM ne fonctionnent ni en anglais, ni en français, mais dans des créoles de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique quelle que soit leur base lexicale (CBLE, CBLP, CBLH). Elles se trouvent également dans certaines langues africaines du substrat. Selon la méthode comparative élaborée par OBENGA (1993) pour définir une famille de langues, la comparaison aborde les domaines phonétique, phonologique, syllabique, morphologique, syntaxique et sémantique afin d’évaluer des similitudes structurelles en JC & CM. Cette étude permet de conclure qu’il s’agit d’une nouvelle famille de langues pour lesquelles les langues européennes s’avèrent déterminantes au niveau lexical, les langues africaines étant essentielles au niveau des structures phonologique, prosodique, syllabique, sémantique et morphosyntaxique. / This contrastive approach was impulsed by Mervyn ALLEYNE (1980) who pointed out, « Some Similarities of Afro-American » regardless of lexifier, like serial verbs, topicalization, TMA verbal system…In a synchronic perspective, the purpose of this research is to estabish structural and functional similarities between Jamaican Creole (JC) based on English lexicon (CBEL) and Martinican Creole (CM) based on French lexicon (CBFL) in order to identify distinctive features of Creole Languages.After a survey of the linguistic fields according to the method to determine a family of languages of Theophile OBENGA (1993), it becomes obvious that these specific structures are more than similar in these two Afro-American languages.Opposed to flexional languages like English and French, widely spread in West African languages, these characteristics are functioning in Creole Languages on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, and can be considered as distinctive features. In this new family of languages, European languages are decisive at a lexical level, while African languages are essential for phonemic, prosodic, syllabic, semantic and morphosyntactic structures.

The process of language development is quite complex, it occurs under the interactions between diachronic derivation and synchronic derivation. This paper examines the development of Chinese language through the scope of disposal construction to provide evidence that diachronic and synchronic derivations could affect the development of a language simultaneously. From the progression of disposal prepositions in Mandarin based on historical documents, we can observe how diachronic derivation took place. Also, through diachronic derivation, it is safe to say that the earlier sentence structures can have an impact on later sentence structures. By comparing the disposal constructions between Mandarin and Min dialect, the syntactic characteristics and limitations present the possibility of synchronic derivation, which is the result of language contact. The findings of this paper demonstrates the features of language contact through the borrowing of disposal prepositions, and the similarities and differences between the syntax of disposal sentence structure of Mandarin and Min dialect.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the synchronic variation in usage of the word bro in English speaking TV shows that aired 2017, by extracting data from The TV Corpus. In today’s society bro is becoming more and more frequent in use and the increase seems to be partly due to the high level of nuance the word has. It can be used in several situations. This is shown in the results where the categories of gender, age, race/ethnicity, relationship and context are presented. Combined, the examined material shows that the most common situation for the usage of bro is a white adult male saying it to his white adult male friend in a work-related context. This suggests a trend where bro has developed from only meaning brother to also mean friend or more specifically, male friend, nowadays. This kind of development is not unusual for clipped words, that is, shortened words that retain a meaning similar to the original word.  The results of this study suggest that bro is becoming more integrated into the language and that bro seems to be a word tied to a masculine stereotype. However, further studies are needed to determine all the nuances of the word bro and how it will continue to evolve in the future.

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The intention of this thesis is to try to uncover the meaning of the sin offering once again. To get to this new point of view, it uses synchronic methods and thorough analysis of defined texts of Leviticus (from the first, the fourth and the sixth chapter) and it even uses analysis of single words in a wider context. First it is concerned about getting deeply into the understanding of what sin is, then that the sacrificial animal probably becomes the sin and the sin is killed. Also there is a priest, who makes rites with the blood and the fat. It is likely that both of these rites have very deep sense. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)