El trabajo de investigación se basa principalmente en el desarrollo de la marca Wayu, la cual consiste en la producción y comercialización vía online y en tiendas especializadas de granola de cereales andinos con fruta liofilizada. Esto en respuesta a la problemática de no encontrar un snack saludable que brinde las energías necesarias para realizar sus actividades diarias a nuestro público objetivo, el cual está compuesto por hombres y mujeres entre 18 y 35 años de Lima Metropolitana de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B que llevan un estilo de vida saludable. Para ello, el trabajo busca solucionar la problemática de nuestros consumidores mientras que consideramos una cuota de responsabilidad social al trabajar de cerca con las comunidades andinas de la zona Puerto Inca de Huancayo. Los experimentos realizados nos permitieron validar la intención de los consumidores finales mediante sus comentarios en las publicaciones de redes sociales y mensajes directos, asimismo, se validó el interés por parte de las tiendas especializadas de contar con nuestro producto como parte de su catálogo de bienes ofrecido al público objetivo que apuntamos. La estructura del trabajo se divide inicialmente en la descripción de la problemática a solucionar y el respectivo diseño del modelo del negocio. Todas las fases del trabajo llegan a un punto en común: justificar la viabilidad del negocio. Por último, se quiere demostrar si la inversión del proyecto puede ser recuperada en el tiempo trazado.

Quinua Power ha sido creado con el fin de brindar una nueva propuesta de consumo de cereales a todas aquellas personas que buscan cuidar su alimentación y a los que combaten alguna enfermedad alimenticia que les impida desarrollar su crecimiento o desenvolvimiento en el ámbito estudiantil. Este producto consiste en la elaboración de cereales en base a la quinua. Este es considerado como un grano andino esencial en la alimentación de toda persona, debido a sus propiedades nutricionales. En la región, el Perú y Bolivia son los principales productores de este grano y cada año se establecen metas de consumo nacional, en busca de fortalecer la salud nutricional de las personas, pero en especial de sus niños. Las operaciones de producción y venta se iniciarán en Lima Metropolitana. Este producto está dirigido a hombres, mujeres y niños que se encuentren entre los 15 a 35 años de edad y pertenezcan a los niveles socioeconómicos C y D, quienes, en la actualidad, presentan mayor crecimiento de consumo de este tipo de productos. Este proyecto tendrá una duración de 3 años; para iniciar las operaciones será necesario invertir S/23,585.00, de los cuales el 80% será aporte de los accionistas y el 20% será financiado a través de un inversionista ángel. Entre los indicaros obtenidos para este proyecto, se tiene un costo promedio ponderado de capital de 16.67%, VAN de S/19,884 que indica que en el plazo de 3 años se recupera la inversión y una TIR de 60.90% que indica que el proyecto es rentable. Finalmente, con estos indicadores podemos confirmar que el proyecto es viable pues tiene un adecuado tiempo de recuperación y altos índices de rentabilidad / Quinoa Power has been created with the purpose of providing a new option for consuming cereals to all those who seek to take care of their diet and to those who fight any nutritional disease that prevents them from developing their growth or development in the student environment. This product consists of the production of cereals based on quinoa. This is considered an essential Andean grain in the diet of everyone, due to its nutritional properties. In the region, Peru and Bolivia are the main producers of this grain and each year national consumption goals are established, seeking to strengthen the nutritional health of people, but especially of their children. Production and sale operations will begin in Metropolitan Lima. This product is aimed at men, women and children who are between 15 and 35 years of age and belong to socioeconomic levels C and D, who, at present, show the highest growth in consumption of this type of product. This project will last for 3 years; to start operations, it will be necessary to invest S / 23,585.00; of which 80% will be a shareholder contribution and 20% will be financed through an angel investor. Among the indicators obtained for this project, there is a weighted average cost of capital of 16.67%, NPV of S / 19,884 that indicates that the investment is recovered within 3 years and an IRR of 60.90% that indicates that the project is profitable. Finally, with these indicators we can confirm that the project is viable since it has an adequate recovery time and high profitability rates. / Trabajo de investigación

Peruvian composers Armando Guevara Ochoa (1926–2013) and César Vivanco (b. 1949) borrow and transplant musical elements from Andean folk tradition into their compositions for the modern classical flute. Guevara Ochoa's Yaraví, Danza y Huayno and Vivanco's Fantasía Andina are solo flute pieces rooted in Peruvian folklore traditions and Andean instrumental performance. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide flutists with technical and interpretative guidance in preparing these pieces. Yaraví, Danza y Huayno, a suite of three short dances, and Fantasía Andina, a free-meter piece in an improvisational style, incorporate elements that utilize the performance techniques of Andean instruments, with use of quotations from traditional Andean folk music. References to quenas (traditional vertical flutes), zampoñas (panpipes), pututos (ceremonial natural horns), charangos (Andean guitars) and Andean harps are integrated within the works and fused with themes borrowed from iconic pieces such as El cóndor pasa, and traditional harmonic, melodic and rhythmic structures of the huayno (fast festive dance) and yaraví (slow melancholic song). The techniques and traditions borrowed from Andean folk music are not notated in these scores due to the limitations of musical notation. Performers are expected to portray the Andean musical identity of the composers' intent. This dissertation assists performers unfamiliar with the traditions of Andean music to identify and understand the implicit Andean roots in both works and develop techniques to accurately represent sounds of Andean Peruvian traditions, with a deeper, culturally informed interpretation of this music.

<p>Archaeology in Bolivia has two strong tendencies: nationalism and regionalism. The proposal aims for an academic reconstruction and expansion of this science in order to develop new scientific criteria, that can be institutionalized and become normative to the whole country to cover the expectations of different regions with regard to its past.</p><p>A fundamental aspect of providing Bolivian archaeological research with new perspectives is the study of formation and development of Andean central places of historic, infrastructural and ritual importance, such Huari, Quillacas, Sevaruyo, Pampa Aullagas and San Miguel de Uruquilla. Research conducted in the south basin of the Lake Poopo identifies evidence of early settlement in Huari towards the Late Archaic period (approximately 4000 to 2000 BC) and the Formative (2000 BC to AD 300), when the first villages were established. This indicates that the formation of agricultural towns was produced by consolidation of multiethnic central places that first consisted of ayllus, socio-dynamic units that gathered together settlers from different regions that simultaneously formed an ample network of centres interconnecting the Andean complex geography, interweaving their cultural diversity owing to the common ideology of Tiwanaku. Routes and llama caravans (llama trekking) integrated this network of central places.</p><p>As indicated by surveys and excavations, convergence of groups from different regions has been recognized in rests of material culture as shown in the ceramic distribution: Local Tiwanaku, Tiwanaku from Cochabamba, Yura, Huruquilla, Puqui, Mojocoya and remains of festivities at the centres during redistribution ceremonies, as well as ritual offers during the Early Regional Development period (300 to AD 900). This dynamic and preponderant ideology was completely transformed during Late Regional Developments (900 to AD 1460) when a series of regional conflicts determined the formation of the regional confederation known as Quillacas- Azanaques. At the time of the Inka Conquest (1460– AD 1530), the Lake Poopo basin was integrated into the Tawantinsuyo region through the implementation of the Royal Road and construction of Paria, Quillacas, San Miguel de Uruquilla and the Sevaruyo lodgings.</p><p>During the Colonial (1530 - 1825) and Republican periods (1825 - ), the Spaniards made changes that imply a deterioration of the socio-political structures of the ayllus, its territorial fragmentation and creation of new reductions for mining operations.</p><p>Recent archaeological research supports the proposition that populated centres in the Andean region of Bolivia were adapted to take advantage of the ecological variability through the social construction of the ayllu and the markas, centres that maintain dynamics, fluctuants and confluence in productive and ritual places.</p>

This dissertation is a formal and iconographic study of a distinctive engraved motif found on Cupisnique style vessels that were excavated in what is now northern Peru. The Cupisnique style was developed approximately between 1200 – 200 B.C.E., and was mainly centered in the Jequetepeque and the Chicama Valleys in the northern coastal region of Peru. This study includes an analysis of two ceramic vessels in the collection of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (henceforth VMFA). The purpose of this dissertation is to document and analyze the Cupisnique engraved head motifs and to argue that these motifs reflect the influence of early Formative Ecuador ceramics on the later coastal Cupisnique as well as on the highland Chavín style. In addition to the two VMFA vessels, this study documents and analyzes an additional one hundred seventy seven (177) Cupisnique ceramics vessels that were also engraved with head motifs. These belong to various museums and private collections in South and North America. This study also presents a catalog of all documented head motifs, including those captured on photographs and in original drawings. The Cupisnique head motifs are classified by individual elements, and iconographies of Cupisnique head motifs are presented based on the origin and influence of the motifs.

This thesis analyzes the structure, technique and iconography of an embroidered burial mantle from Wari Kayan Necropolis on the Paracas Peninsula, Peru, which dates between approximately 100 B.C. and A.D. 100. The mantle is currently in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City (Accession no. 41.2/632), and will be referred to subsequently as the AMNH mantle. This study will consist of a structural analysis of the burial mantle, addressing the design of the textile and the iconography. In addition to examining the origin and iconography of the double-headed bird motif which appears throughout the mantle, this study analyzes technical and design considerations involved in the creation of the mantle, including style of embroidery, structure, and color repeats. Ethnographic studies of Andean cultures will also be considered in the analysis of the symbolic and ritual aspects of textiles, and how they relate to the symbolic function of the mantle in its burial context.

The function of a ceramic vessel is often evaluated in relation to its form. Vessels with complex forms can be challenging to analyze from this perspective and require a different approach. One such example is an overlooked yet long-lived specialized vessel type in the form of conjoined lúcuma fruits found throughout the ancient Andes. The main object of this study is a Nasca version of this vessel type in the Virginia Museum of Fine Art. This study explores the relationship between form and iconography, rather than function. It examines how Nasca potters adopted the conjoined lúcuma form vessel and adapted it to into their fertility iconography.

El cultivo de Chenopodium quinoa “quinua" posee un alto potencial genético para contribuir con la seguridad alimentaria en países en vías de desarrollo, por esta razón se encuentra en proceso de revalorización. No obstante, la creciente demanda del cultivo ha centrado su interés en las variedades comerciales, descuidando las variedades nativas de la región andina, lo cual podría ocasionar la pérdida de diversidad. Por tal motivo, es necesaria la investigación de los ecotipos nativos así como su conservación en los bancos de germoplasma con la finalidad de describir la diversidad genética, elucidar la estructura de la población de quinua en nuestro país y dar a conocer el valor del germoplasma. En el presente trabajo se estimó la diversidad genética de los ecotipos de quinua procedentes de valles interandinos y altiplano mediante la genotipificación con 23 marcadores microsatélites mediante un sistema de PCR-Multiplex. Se detectaron 294 alelos en total con un promedio de 12.78 alelos por locus, siendo los ecotipos de valles interandinos los que presentaron un mayor número de alelos exclusivos (60 alelos), por lo tanto esta población presentó mayor riqueza alélica. Asimismo mediante un PCoA, se identificaron dos subpoblaciones de quinua con diferenciación genética moderada (Fst=0.059), las cuales guardaron relación con la procedencia de las muestras. Finalmente, se identificaron 10 marcadores altamente polimórficos los cuales permitirán la evaluación de la diversidad genética del germoplasma de quinua.Chenopodium quinoa “quinoa” has a high genetic potential to contribute to food security in developing countries, therefore it is in a valorization process. However, the growing demand has focused his interest in the cultivation of commercial varieties, neglecting the native varieties of the Andean region, which could lead to loss of diversity. Therefore, it is necessary the research of native ecotypes and its conservation in genebanks in order to describe the genetic diversity also elucidate the structure of the population of quinoa in our country and publicize the value of its germplasm. In this study the genetic diversity andean valleys and highland quinoa ecotypes was determined by genotyping 23 microsatellite markers using a PCR-Multiplex system. A total of 294 alleles were detected with an average of 12.78 alleles per locus, where the valleys ecotypes showed a greater number of private alleles (60 alleles), i.e. a higher allelic richness. In addition, using PCoA, two subpopulations of quinoa with moderate genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.059) were observed which were related to the origin of the samples. Finally, 10 highly polymorphic loci were identified, which will allow the evaluation of the genetic diversity of quinoa germplasm.

Este estudo utilizou três simulações do RegCM4 forçado por três diferentes modelos globais (GFDL, HadGEM2 e MPI) do CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) para avaliar o clima presente (1981-2005) e o cenário futuro RCP8.5 (2006-2096) sobre regiões de topografia complexa dos Andes. A avaliação do desempenho do modelo na cordilheira dos Andes (CA) foi feita através de comparações com dados de estações meteorológicas e dados interpolados (CRU - Climate Research Unit, CHIRPS - Climate Hazard Group InfraRed Precipitation e CPC-Climate Prediction Center) em quatro sub-regiões representativas, obtidas por análise de cluster. No clima presente, as três simulações do RegCM4 superestimam a precipitação em regiões situadas em alturas entre 3000 e 4200 m. Em geral, nas montanhas dos Andes, as amplitudes dos ciclos anuais de precipitação são maiores no RegCM4 do que nas observações. Indica que o RegCM4 simula grande disponibilidade de vapor de água na atmosfera, resultando em maiores taxas de precipitação, principalmente quando ocorre o período úmido (Decembro, Janeiro e Fevereiro). Em termos de circulação, no clima presente os ventos em 850 hPa, através do Jato de Baixos Níveis (JBN), indicam forte convergência de massa sobre os Andes favorecendo movimentos ascendentes intensos que estaria contribuindo o aumento de precipitação nos modelos e um deslocamento para oeste da AB comparado com a reanálise (ERA-Interim). Estes fatores contribuem para explicar a superestimativa de chuva na região nas simulações. As simulações representam a variabilidade interanual de temperatura e precipitação, mas em geral, nota-se uma intensificação desse sinal em comparação com as observações. As projeções climáticas futuras em função da latitude foram analisadas em um período de 30 anos (2030-2060) e mostram predominância de tendência de aquecimento em todas as latitudes e de redução da chuva no futuro, exceto na simulação do RegCM4 forçado pelo MPI. Para a temperatura do ar, as funções densidade de probabilidade de (PDF) mostram um deslocamento para a direita no clima futuro (20302060), com consequente aumento de eventos extremos o que pode afetar o ciclo hidrológico na CA. / This study used three simulations of RegCM4 forced by three different global models (GFDL, HadGEM2 and MPI) of CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) to evaluate the present climate (1981-2005) and future scenario RCP8.5 (2006-2096) over regions of complex topography like the Andes. The evaluation of the performance of the model in over Andes (CA) was made through comparisons with data from meteorological stations and interpolated data (CHIRPS) in four sub-regions, obtained by cluster analysis. In the present climate, the three RegCM4 simulations overestimate the precipitation in regions located at heights between 3000 and 4200 m. In general, in the Andes mountains, the amplitudes of annual precipitation cycles are higher in RegCM4 than in observations. It indicates that RegCM4 simulates high availability of water vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in higher precipitation rates, especially when the wet period occurs (December, January and February). In terms of circulation, in the present climate the 850 hPa winds through the Low Level Jet (JBN) indicate a strong mass convergence on the Andes favoring intense upward movements that would be contributing to the increase of precipitation in the models and a displacement towards the west compared to the reanalysis (ERA-Interim). These factors contribute to explain the overestimation of rainfall in the region in the simulations. The simulations represent the interannual variability of temperature and precipitation, but in general, an intensification of this signal is observed in comparison with the observations. Future latitudinal projections were analyzed over a 30-year period (2030-2060) and show a predominance of warming trend at all latitudes and rainfall reduction in the future, except for the simulation of RegCM4 forced by MPI. For air temperature, the probability density functions of (PDF) show a shift to the right in the future climate (2030-2060), with consequent increase of extreme events which can affect the hydrological cycle in the CA.

A região do Deserto de Atacama, norte do Chile, possui condições propícias para a conservação arqueológica. Uma grande quantidade de esqueletos ali bem preservados vem permitindo um intercâmbio rico entre estudos bioantropológicos e arqueológicos. Dentro desse contexto, o presente estudo concentra-se nos esqueletos humanos subadultos de San Pedro de Atacama. O universo amostral é de 90 esqueletos subadultos (menores de vinte anos) de três cemitérios diferentes: Solcor-3, Coyo-3 e Quitor-6; a datação desses cemitérios varia de 250 até 1240 A.D. A inferencia da qualidade de vida biológica foi feita através de oito marcadores osteólogicos. Duas abordagens foram realizadas neste estudo: a comparação do estilo e da qualidade de vida biológica entre períodos da pré-história atacamenha e a análise mundial. A primeira delas comparou quatro períodos distintos da pré-história atacamenha: anterior à influência do Império Tiwanaku, auge da influência Tiwanaku, fase final da influência Tiwanaku e posterior à influência Tiwanaku. A hipótese central a ser testada nesta abordagem é a de que houve uma melhoria significativa na qualidade de vida biológica na região de San Pedro de Atacama durante o auge da influência Tiwanaku. A segunda abordagem consistiu na junção dos quatro períodos em uma amostra única. Estes dados caracterizaram a qualidade de vida biológica dos subadultos atacamenhos, e foram comparados com populações do restante do mundo. Objetivou-se testar se a qualidade de vida biológica em San Pedro enquadrava-se na estratégia de subsistência agricultora. Os resultados da comparação entre os períodos corroboraram a hipótese inicial apenas para o marcador cáries, uma vez que os demais marcadores apresentaram um padrão bastante variado. Os resultados da análise mundial, por sua vez, mostraram que San Pedro de Atacama se encontra dentro da amplitude de variação da categoria \"agricultores\". No entanto, foi constatado que, com exceção de cáries, os marcadores osteológicos apresentaram alta variação nas diferentes populações mundiais de uma mesma estratégia de subsistência. Os marcadores cáries, abcessos e hipoplasias em San Pedro ficaram acima da média agricultora enquanto hiperostose porótica, infecções e traumas ficaram abaixo. Em suma, encontrou-se um padrão complexo, no qual cada marcador osteológico é sensível a um conjunto de condições culturais e naturais próprias da história da população atacamenha / Desert of Atacama region, northern Chile, shows excellent conditions to preserve archaeological remains. A high number of skeletons exumated allows a rich interchange between archaeology and biological anthropology. This study analyzed subadult skeletons from San Pedro de Atacama. The sample is composed by 90 subadult skeletons (less than twenty years) from three burial sites: Solcor-3, Coyo-3 e Quitor-6; they are dated from between 250 to 1240 A.D. Style and biological quality of life were infered throught eight osteological markers. Two approaches were carried out in this study: comparison of style and biological quality of life between Atacameneans prehistoric periods and world-wide groups. The first compared four prehistoric periods of San Pedro: before the influence of Tiwanaku Empire, peak of Tiwanaku influence, final period of Tiwanaku influence and after Tiwanaku influence. The main hypothesis tested in this approach is the significative improvement of biological quality of life in San Pedro de Atacama during the peak of Tiwanaku influence. The second approach joined the skeletons from the four periods in a single sample. These data caracterized the biological quality of life of Atacameneans subadults. The aim was testing if the biological quality of life in San Pedro de Atacama would be within the variation found in agricultural subsistence strategy. The results of the periods\' comparison show that only caries frequencies corroborated the main hypothesis, while the other markers presented a variable pattern. Results of the world-wide analysis showed that San Pedro is within the range of agriculture category. However, it was found out that, except for caries, the osteological markers showed high variation in different world-wide populations within the same subsistence strategy. Caries, abscess and hypoplasias in San Pedro de Atacama were above the world-wide agricultural mean, while porotic hyperostosis, infections and traumas were below. In brief, it was found a complex pattern, in which each osteological marker responds to a particular group of natural and cultural characteristics of the prehistory of Atacamenean population.