Thesis (M.A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Anger Management is now a major issue affecting children and youth across societies. It often leads children and youth to criminal offences. Despite attending the anger management programme, children and youth still fail to control their emotions. There are various factors that lead them unable to control their anger-triggering situations and ultimately re-offend. Some do so because they did not benefit from the programme. There are few studies, particularly within the anger management programmes tailored for children and youth in South Africa. This study aimed at exploring the anger management programme. The study argues that the anger management programme has an influence on the re-offending behaviour of children and youth who have gone through the programme. The study focused in Limpopo Province using Mankweng area as a case. Behaviour Modification, Social Learning and Strain were used as theories to evaluate the effectiveness of the anger management programme amongst children in conflict with the law. The study applied the qualitative approach, with the exploratory case study design. Purposive and convenient sampling techniques were used to select thirteen (13) respondents, wherein ten (10) were youth who have gone through the anger management programme while they were still children, and three (3) social workers who facilitate the programme at NICRO in Mankweng. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, guided by an interview schedule with open-ended questions. The Nvivo software was used to organise and manage the data, and Creswell’s steps of data analysis were used to thematically analyse the data. The findings of this study indicate that lack of anger management skills amongst children increases the likelihood of juvenile delinquency. These children act aggressively and violently when faced with anger-triggering situations. The study further revealed that peer-relationship, poor parenting skills, family background, lack of support, abusive parents and strenuous predicaments are factors that affect children and youth to manage their anger, leading to re-offending. Despite attending the anger management programme, these factors still pushed children and youth into committing criminal offences again. This study unearthed that the competency of the anger management programme facilitators equally plays an important role in recidivism. It helps children to benefit from ways of dealing with anger and avoid being aggressive and violent. The study further viii revealed that most youth participants in the study understood what the programme seeks to address and achieve. Participants benefitted from the programme, and it was easy for them to learn about anger management, and never reoffended. The study concluded that children who lack anger management skills are likely to commit criminal offences again. Factors such peer-relationship, poor parenting skills and strenuous predicaments affect the ability of children and youth to manage anger emotions. It was further concluded that abusive parents, family background and lack of support also cause the reoffending behaviour amongst children and youth. Facilitators’ competency and children’s challenges in understanding the programme affect the impact of the programme to prevent criminal behaviour. The study recommended proper assessments of children’s circumstances, involvement of peers and parents, training of social workers who offer the anger management programme and supplementary programmes to support the programme.

A series of five individual studies explored: (1) Whether a treatment focus emphasizing active anger expression would alter the subject's awareness of and ability to express anger and (2) Whether such a treatment focus would alter the subject's experience of illness in the form of her report of pain and stiffness as "better", "the same", or "worse" than yesterday's experience. The treatment strategy utilized general Gestalt principles and was further focused on specific techniques of Anger Therapy as an agent of change. Evaluation of outcome in this time-lagged multiple baseline design viewed the overall process from the beginning of a baseline observation period through a maximum of one week following the conclusion of the last six weekly treatment sessions; daily measurement of the process of change during treatment; and clinical description of the subjects and of the treatment process itself. The overall process was formally assessed in pre and post treatment testing which included the Novaco Anger Inventory, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and FIRO-B. Daily telephone interview measured the frequency of anger awareness, anger expression; and ratings of anger intensity, overall daily mood, pain, and stiffness. Information from the treatment process was integrated with that obtained from other sources in discussing the outcome for each subject. It was concluded that intense anger expression appeared to effect temporary or transitory improvement in pain; that there was a relationship between each subject's perceived daily anger intensity and pain which appeared consistent for all subjects studied; and that issues of need for approval and control appeared related to anger awareness and expression as measured by the psychometrics utilized. These were recommended as potentially fruitful areas of future investigation. Background data revealed striking similarities in birth order and parenting practices which seemed worthy of further study as well.

South African schools are quickly, and progressively, becoming arenas for violent behaviour. These days, schools are no longer considered safe and protected environments where children can go to learn, develop, enjoy themselves, and feel secure. Rather, schools are being defined as unsafe and dangerous settings for teaching and learning, plagued by various forms of school violence (Van Jaarsveld, 2008). According to De Wet (2003), the causes of school violence are numerous and exceptional to each violent incident. Research indicates that most perpetrators of school violence are in the adolescent stage of development (O‟Toole, 2000). Adolescence as a transition stage implies severe changes on both an anatomical and a psychological level, presenting psycho-social adjustment demands that could be too much for certain adolescents and end in dysfunctional adaptive behaviour such as aggression (Louw & Louw, 2007; Sigelman & Rider, 2006). According to Meece and Daniels (2008), there seems to be no single cause for aggression and it is seen as an interaction of the adolescent’s own characteristics, family environment, culture, peer relations and community. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intra- and inter-psychological factors such as self related well-being, coping self-efficacy, general health and inter-personal relations contribute to manifested anger/hostility/aggression of learners in secondary schools. A quantitative research design of the cross sectional survey type was used to reach the aims of this study. The population included grade nine learners of four secondary schools who fitted the selection criteria. The size of the research group was N=512, which included male (N=217) and female (N=295), African (N=311) and White (N=201) adolescent learners. Quantitative data collection was done by means of the Personal, Home, Social and Formal Relations Questionnaire (PHSF) of Fouché and Grobbelaar (1971), the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale (CSE) of Chesney, Neilands, Chambers, Taylor, and Folkman (2006), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) of Goldberg and Hillier (1979) and the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) of Buss and Perry (1992). A biographical questionnaire was also included to collect the participants‟ socio-demographic information. The empirical research was described and results reported in two manuscripts intended for publication. Descriptive statistics, reliability and validity of the measuring instruments used, correlations among the operationalized constructs, significance of differences on the scales for subgroups and regression analyses to identify predictors of aggression and moderating variables, were calculated. The results of the study indicated that although means and standard deviations correspond to those reported in literature for the same scales, the participants in this study manifested only moderate levels of the phenomena measured. The reliability and validity of the measuring instruments were mostly acceptable, with a few exceptions. Correlational results indicated that psychological factors have significantly negative relationships with aspects of aggressive behaviour, suggesting that the more psychological wellness and adjustment youth experience, the less they will experience or express aggressive behaviour. Significance of differences on several of the variables investigated was found between the gender and racial sub-groups with moderate to large practical effect. Furthermore, aspects of personal and social adjustment and of coping self-efficacy and mental health, significantly predicted features of aggression in youth who participated. Intra- and inter-personal aspects of psychological adjustment significantly moderated the strength of the relationships between coping self-efficacy and aggression as well as general mental health and aggression. These findings were theoretically expected and could be explained by means of research findings reported in literature and relevant theories. Conclusions and recommendations were discussed. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

Recently, social media has become a sociopolitical hotbed for discussions of racism. However, no extant studies have questioned if social media use increases how often African Americans vicariously and/or personally experience discrimination in America. The current study sought to answer this question. By examining the relationships between social media use, general stress, race-related stress, and anger expression, and the mediating role of perceived racism, this study explored if frequent social media use influences young African American adults’: a) perceptions of racism, b) experiences with general and race-related stress, and/or c) expressions of anger. The current study conducted an online survey of 199 young African American adults between the ages of 18-29 using Amazon Mechanical Turk (M-Turk). Results showed Facebook interactive use significantly predicted anticipatory bodily alarm response and anger expression, but not anticipatory race-related stress. Facebook and Twitter use predicted anticipatory race-related stress, anticipatory bodily alarm response, and anger expression. Neither Facebook interactive use or Facebook and Twitter use predicted general stress. However, serial multiple mediation analyses revealed perceived racism and everyday discrimination fully mediated the relationship between Facebook interactive use and anger expression, such that the more young African Americans perceive racism and everyday discrimination via social media the more anger they experience. Findings also revealed perceived racism and everyday discrimination indirectly affected relations between Facebook interactive use and anticipatory bodily alarm response, anticipatory race-related stress, and general stress. Health implications and directions for future research are discussed.

En la presente investigación se analiza la literatura nacional e internacional a fin de evaluar el Autoconcepto y la Ira en niños de colegios estatales del nivel de educación primaria básica regular. Se examina las diferencias y relación entre las variables planteadas, considerándose los factores de sexo y el ciclo escolar IV (3ero y 4to de primaria) y V (5to a 6to de primaria), cuya agrupación de los ciclos se ha realizado en base del sistema educativo del Perú planteado por el ministerio de Educación (2010). El tipo de muestreo fue no probabilístico por juicio, seleccionándose una muestra de 181 estudiantes (51.9% de mujeres y 48,1% de varones) pertenecientes a Instituciones Educativas Estatales de Chorrillos, a quienes se les administró las Escalas de Autoconcepto (BSCI- Y) e Ira (BANI – Y) de Beck (2001); lo cual fue desarrollado bajo un enfoque cuantitativo no experimental, de diseño transeccional - correlacional. A su vez, se demostró su validez y confiabilidad, lo cual resultó altamente satisfactoria. Las conclusiones principales fueron: no existen diferencias en el Autoconcepto según el sexo; sin embargo, sucede todo lo contrario cuando se evalúa el ciclo de estudio, obteniendo los estudiantes de IV un Autoconcepto mayor sobre los de V ciclo. Por último, con respecto a la Ira, no se halla diferencias según el sexo y el ciclo. In this research the national and international literature is analyzed to assess self-concept and anger in children from public schools of Elementary School. The differences and relationship between the variables proposed review, considering factors sex and school year IV (3rd and 4th) and V (5th and 6th). The sampling was non-probabilistic for judgment, selected a sample of 181 students (51.9% women and 48.1% men) belonging to public schools of Elementary School of Chorrillos, who were administered the scales of self-concept (BSCI- Y) and anger (BANI - Y) Beck (2001); which was developed under a non-experimental quantitative focus, of transeccional - correlational design. Its validity and reliability was demonstrated highly satisfactory. The main conclusions were: there are no differences in self- concept according sex; however, the opposite happens when the study cycle is evaluated, getting IV students more self-concept than V cycle students. Finally, with regard to anger, there aren´t differences in sex and cycle.

The facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is a measure of the cheekbone width divided by the height of the face from the upper lip to the brows. The metric is hypothesised to have evolved as an intra-sexual competition mechanism in males, where large fWHRs are thought to signal both threat and aggression. The fWHR is suggested to subtly resemble angry facial expressions, which, in turn, also signal threat. The late positive potential (LPP) and the vertex positive potential (VPP) are two event-related potentials (ERPs) especially sensitive to emotional content. Studies have also found that viewing angry compared to neutral facial expressions elicit a stronger response on the LPP. However, no study has tested how responses to the fWHR and angry facial expressions elicit changes in the LPP or VPP. In this study, participants firstly rated how threatening faces were with either low or high fWHRs with neutral or angry facial expressions. Secondly, EEG-activity was recorded during a picture-viewing task of the same faces. In the first task, participants rated the faces with angry facial expressions as more threatening compared to all other faces, regardless of fWHR, although the high fWHRs were rated as more threatening than the low fWHRs. In the second task, LPP and VPP mean amplitudes were significantly higher for the angry, high fWHR face compared to all other faces tested. This suggests that an additive effect of both angry facial expressions and high fWHRs together creates the highest threat level in both subjective ratings as well as in ERP mean amplitudes. Further ERP research is needed on the relationship between fWHRs and anger to establish how the two features work both separately and together.

O presente estudo, incluindo a tradução do texto grego, dedica-se à natureza e sentido da Mãe-Terra, mostrando que o Hino Homérico comemora o inviolável e eterno ser de Deméter e sua filha Perséfone, narrando a reação repulsiva da mãe diante da violência paterna que dá a filha deles como esposa ao rei do Hades, ignorando os laços consangüíneos que as unem. Irada, a Mãe-Terra age, pondo em risco a estabilidade cósmica até que, limitada por sua moîra coercitiva, encontra e propõe um acordo mediador, que põe fim ao conflito e leva seu poder a ascender na sagrada ordem do poder de Zeus pai. / The present study, including the translation of the Greek text, dedicates itself to the nature and sense of the Earth Mother, explaining that the Homeric Hymn commemorates the inviolable and eternal being of Demeter and her daughter Persephone, narrating the mother’s repulsive reaction before the paternal violence who gives their daughter as wife to the king of Hades, ignoring consanguineous laces that associate them. Angry, Earth Mother acts, putting in risc the cosmic stability until, limited by her coercive moîra, finds and proposes mediator accord, which ends the conflict and makes her power to ascend to the sacred order of the Zeus father’s power.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina Cipriano Castelli.pdf: 991133 bytes, checksum: a2837748331d69c07816c333a24085b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-03 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas / Metabolic Syndrome represents a group of risk factors which are metabolic in origin which can promote the development of cardiovascular diseases. According to criteria furnished by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) - Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) in 2001, the following characteristics are evident: Obesity (particularly abdominal obesity), i.e. the circumference of the waist: Men ? 102 cm (40 in) and Women ? 88 cm (35 in), elevated blood pressure (? 130/85), triglycerides ? 150, HDL cholesterol (men < 40 mg/dL and Women < 50 mg/dL) and fasting glucose > 110 mg/dL (including Diabetes Mellitus). The Metabolic Syndrome diagnosis is characterized by the presence of 3 out of 5 of these elements. This study evaluated the level of stress and the expression of anger (inward or outward) in women with metabolic syndrome. The study consisted of twenty patients with metabolic syndrome, in the 50 to 65 age bracket, coming from cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics at a university hospital in a city in upstate S?o Paulo. The patients were referred following diagnosis by their doctors. After referral, they underwent a psychological evaluation which was conducted by way of interview. In addition, the following tools were employed: Lipp s Stress Symptoms Inventory (ISSL); and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). The interviews were conducted with each patient individually and lasted between 30 and 50 minutes, depending on the patient. Results showed that 75% of women presented stress in the exhaustion phase and 85% of these had a prevalence of psychological symptoms. As far as anger is concerned, a significant association was established between stress and trait anger and stress and anger reaction. Moreover, it was found that approximately 11 women presented a tendency to repress their anger inwards, i.e. they had difficulty in adequately expressing their anger. The results suggest the need for further studies that involve psychological treatment for stress, as the vast majority of the participants presented a high level of stress. / A S?ndrome Metab?lica (SM) representa um conjunto de fatores de riscos de origem metab?lica que podem promover o desenvolvimento de doen?as cardiovasculares. Segundo os crit?rios da National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) de 2001 est?o inclu?dos os seguintes componentes: obesidade (especialmente a obesidade abdominal), ou seja, a medida da circunfer?ncia abdominal:Homens ? 102 cm e Mulheres ? 88 cm, n?veis press?ricos elevados( ? 130/85), triglicer?deos ? 150, colesterol Hdl, para homens < 40 e para Mulheres < 50 e glicemia de jejum > 110 (incluindo Diabete mellitus).O diagn?stico de SM ? caracterizado pela presen?a de 3 dos 5 desses componentes. Este trabalho avaliou o n?vel de stress e a express?o da raiva (para fora ou para dentro) em mulheres com s?ndrome metab?lica. Foram estudadas 20 pacientes com s?ndrome metab?lica provenientes do ambulat?rio de cardiologia e de endocrinologia de um hospital universit?rio de um munic?pio do interior paulista, na faixa et?ria de 50 a 65 anos. As pacientes foram encaminhadas ap?s o diagn?stico dos m?dicos. Ap?s o encaminhamento passaram por uma avalia??o psicol?gica que foi realizada por meio de uma entrevista. Al?m disso,foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL); e o Invent?rio de Express?o de Raiva como Estado e Tra?o (S.T.A.X.I). A entrevista foi realizada individualmente com cada participante e teve dura??o de 30 a 50 min dependendo de cada paciente. Os resultados revelaram que 75% das mulheres apresentaram stress na fase de exaust?o, 85 % das que estavam em exaust?o tinham predomin?ncia de sintomas psicol?gicos. No que se refere a raiva verificou-se uma associa??o significativa entre stress e tra?o de raiva e stress e rea??o de raiva. Al?m disso, verificou-se que cerca de 11 mulheres apresentaram a tend?ncia a reprimir a raiva para dentro, ou seja, apresentavam dificuldades de expressar sua raiva de maneira adequada. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de outros estudos que envolvam o tratamento psicol?gico para o stress, j? que a grande maioria das participantes apresentou um alto n?vel de stress.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreia Cristina dos Santos Kleinhans.pdf: 1304307 bytes, checksum: b48ee8803ae01d7e3e971161a1351010 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas / A Androgenic Alopecia (AA) is characterized by progressive hair loss and thinning and it may start at any age. It is identified as a genetically determine case, in which androgenic steroid hormones play a role. The objective of this study was to verify the existence of its possible association between stress and feelings of anger, in a sample of 20 diagnosed with AA, patients at a dermatology clinic in Curitiba. The instruments utilized for data collections were: identification sheet; Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which had the function of verifying the level of discomfort to the problem; Lipp s Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults (LSSI); and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Data analysis was both quantitative and qualitative. For responses obtained from LSSI and STAXI, the tables and norms from their respective manuals were utilized. The analysis of the answers obtained from the question was performed according to Bardin. The results show that 85% of individuals in the sample, (n=17), presented stress. Most women with stress were in the resistance phase 55% (n=11) whereas, 15% (n= 3) were at the almost exhaustion stage, 10% (n=2) where at the exhaustion phase and only 5% (n=1) was at the alert phase, in accordance with the LSSI. In agreement with STAXI, a higher score was observed for the internal anger factor, with an average percentage of 56 (standard deviation of 18), whereas for the external anger factor, such percentage was 18 (standard deviation of 21). An important association between anger expression and the presence of stress was found (p= 0.03). There was no association between the analogue visual scale and stress. Considering the number of participants with stress and the tendency of directing anger outwardly, in addition to a high percentage for internal anger in participants of this research, there is a necessity of further studies involving psychological treatment for stress and an adequate anger management. / A Alopecia Androgen?tica (AA) ? caracterizada pela perda e afinamento progressivo dos cabelos e, pode surgir em qualquer idade. ? identificada como um quadro geneticamente determinado com a participa??o dos horm?nios ester?ides andr?genos. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a exist?ncia de poss?veis associa??es entre o stress e o sentimento de raiva, de uma amostra de 20 mulheres com diagn?stico m?dico para (AA), pacientes de uma cl?nica de Dermatologia em Curitiba. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram: ficha de identifica??o; Escala Anal?gica Visual (EVA), cuja fun??o, foi verificar o n?vel de desconforto frente ao problema; Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL); Invent?rio de Express?o de Raiva como Estado e Tra?o (STAXI). A an?lise dos dados foi quantitativa e qualitativa. Para respostas obtidas a partir do ISSL e do STAXI utilizaram-se as tabelas e normas dos respectivos manuais. A an?lise das respostas obtidas a partir da pergunta foi realizada de acordo com Bardin. Os resultados apontaram que 85% do total da amostra, (n=17), apresentaram stress. A maioria das mulheres com stress estavam na fase de resist?ncia 55% (n=11) enquanto, 15% (n= 3) encontravam-se em quase exaust?o, 10% (n=2) na fase de exaust?o e apenas 5% (n=1) apresentou-se na fase de alerta segundo o ISSL. De acordo com o STAXI observou-se um escore superior para o fator de raiva para dentro com percentil m?dio de 56 para o fator (desvio-padr?o de 18), ao passo que para o fator raiva para fora, o percentil m?dio foi 18 (desvio-padr?o 21). Uma importante associa??o entre a express?o da raiva para fora e a presen?a de stress foi encontrada (p= 0.03). N?o houve associa??o entre a escala anal?gica visual e stress. Levando-se em considera??o o n?mero de participantes com stress e tend?ncia em direcionar a raiva para fora, al?m do alto percentil de raiva para dentro das participantes dessa pesquisa, atenta-se para a necessidade de outros estudos que envolvam o tratamento psicol?gico para o stress e o adequado manejo da raiva.

Orientador: Raul Aragão Martins / Banca: Ângela Mara de Barros Lara / Banca: Adriano Rodrigues Ruiz / Banca: Rita Melissa Lepre / Banca: Nelson Pedro da Silva / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo compreender qual o papel da raiva na constituição da noção de respeito pela criança. Tomando por base resultados obtidos em um primeiro trabalho, O desenvolvimento da noção de respeito pela criança da Educação Infantil, o qual também teve como foco a questão da constituição do respeito e sua relação com experiências de amor e medo vividas por quem está aprendendo a respeitar. Compreendendo, a partir deste primeiro trabalho, a vigência desta questão, buscamos aprofundar o compreendido acerca desta constituição enquanto processo, a qual envolve, além das experiências citadas, notadamente a raiva. A partir de descobertas realizadas por Jean Piaget no campo da moral, pesquisamos junto às crianças acerca do que assinalaria o aparecimento deste fenômeno, ou seja, a raiva na constituição do respeito. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma E.M. de São José do Rio Preto/SP, utilizando como instrumento de coleta de dados a Entrevista Clínica Piagetiana, realizada com 19 crianças entre quatro e seis anos de idade, com o auxílio de uma estória narrada e ilustrada, um questionário previamente elaborado, expressões faciais traduzindo seis tipos de emoções, e expressões faciais variando da contrariedade inegável ao mais amplo sorriso de satisfação. O acompanhamento às crianças foi feito durante três anos, e as entrevistas, realizadas três vezes. Como resultados dos dados compilados, ficou claro que as crianças têm noção de que devem respeitar, reconhecem uma ordem, gostam da professora mas têm dificuldade de absorverem o impacto que a raiva da ordem traz consigo. / Abstract: The present research aims at understanding the role of anger related to the formation of the idea of respect by the child. We made use of the results obtained in our first work: O desenvolvimento da noção de respeito pela criança da Educação Infantil [The development of the idea of respect by nursery school students]. We found out that the development of the idea of respect in the child was associated with experiences of love and fear while they are learning to respect. Taking into consideration this aspect, we decided to refine our study about this process, more precisely, to understand anger whilst a process. Making use of Jean Piaget's theory of moral judgment, we observed children's attitudes in order to establish the moment when the anger and the development of respect appeared. The research was carried out in a nursery school in São José do Rio Preto - São Paulo - Brazil, we observed 19 children age 4-6; to collect data, we made use of Clinical Interview derived from Piagetian investigations. We also made use of an illustrated story, a previously prepared questionnaire, facial expressions displaying six kinds of emotions, ranging from strong opposition to wide open smile. We accompanied the children during 3 years, and we interviewed them 3 times. The results show that the children accept the fact that they have to respect the others; they recognize an order, they like the teacher but they have problems to deal with the impact of anger and order. We found out that the experience of anger may or not precede the proper conditions to the development of the notion of respect. The children accept the impact of anger and sediment the acceptance of themselves, opening space to absorb the other as someone to be respected. / Doutor